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Efficiency of local feeds for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Saudi Arabia
Aquaculture, 40 (1984) 363.--365 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
363 -
Printed
in The Netherlands
Short Communication EFFICIENCY OF LOCAL FEEDS FOR THE COMMON CARP CARPZO L.) IN SAUDI ARABIA
(CYPRZNUS
N.A. AL ASGAH Zoology
and R.M.
Department,
(Accepted
10 March
BEDAWI*
College
of Science,
King Saud
University,
Riyadh
(Saudi
Arabia)
1984).
ABSTRACT Al Asgah, N.A. and Bedawi, R.M., 1984. Efficiency (Cyprkus carpio L.) in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture,
of local feeds 40: 363-365.
for the common
carp
The ef’fects of feeding three local feeds (53%, 43% and 33% protein) on the growth and quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. The 43% protein feed proved most economical, with the highest biological value and has increased the protein and amino acid contents of the flesh but resulted in poor fish growth (0.10 g/day).
The importance of aquaculture in Saudi Arabia has recently been realized (Al Asgah and Bedawi, 1984) and a fish hatchery was established in Riyadh with three exotic freshwater fishes, Tilapia nilotica L., T. aurea S. and Cyprinus carpio L., without prior information on the feeding of these fish in the country. Hence, an attempt was made to formulate and test the efficiency of feeds of local ingredients for growth and quality of C. carpio in the absence of natural food organisms. Left-over rice collected from the local restaurants in Riyadh was mixed with fish offals, barley, wheat and blood meal, and three feeds (53%, 43% and 33% protein) were formulated. Cyprinus carpio (10.4-11.0 cm in length, 17.2-113.4 g average weight) were then stocked in 1.2 m3 fiber-glass tanks at the rate of 25 fish/tank and the feeds were offered at the rate of 2.5% of fish body weight per day, 5 days per week, for 8 weeks. Fish growth (g/day), net weight gain (kg/m3), feed conversion ratio, cost and biological value (PER) of each food were determined together with the chemica.1composition and amino acid contents of carp flesh. Feed addition did not seem markedly to affect the water quality as appropriate levels of pH (6.4-9.6), dissolved oxygen (7.6-8.3 mg/l) and temperature (1%30°C) were constantly reported. A low growth rate (0.1 g/day) and a high feed conversion ratio (3.5) were obtained with 43% protein as the best food (Table I). However, growth rates of more than 1.0 g/day and feed conversion ratios of less than 2.5 have been reported (Crass, 1969; Eisawy, 1970; Anwar et al., 1982). *To
whom
all correspondence
0044s8486/84/$03.00
should o 1984
be addressed.
Elsevier
Science
Publishers
B.V.
364 TABLE
I
Growth,
feed converion
Treatment
ratio
and production
Growth (g/day)
53% protein 43% protein 33% protein Controls (unfed) *Costs
other
TABLE
II
0.09 0.10 0.06 -0.09
composition
Level of feeding
L. at different
Weight gain
Biological value
Feed cost/kg of fish
(kg/m3)
(PER)
(8R)*
3.8 3.5 4.0 -
0.1297 0.1415 0.0872 -0.1200
0.50 0.70 0.50 -
24.40 19.70 16.30 -
of C. carpio
1 SR (Saudi
Riyal)
flesh at different
TABLE
index
1.30 1.27 1.50
levels of feeding
Mean chemical
composition
(% dry weight)
Dry matter
Ash
Fat
Protein
Fibre
Nitrogen free extract
21.4 21.6 21.4 22.0 21.0
9.7 9.5 9.0 9.2 10.4
14.5 15.6 14.9 14.7 13.9
71.6 72.0 73.5 72.3 69.6
1.8 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.5
2.4 1.7 1.4 2.4 3.6
III
Concentration of feeding Amino
Profit
= $0.28.
Before feeding Fed 53% protein Fed 43% protein Fed 33% protein No feeding
levels of feeding
Feed conversion ratio
than feeds are not included.
Mean chemical
of C. carpio
acid
Arginine Histidine Lysine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Cystine Methionine Threonine Leucine Isoleucine Valine
(gram
percent)
of essential
amino
acids in C. carpio
flesh at different
Before feeding
Fed 53% protein
Fed 43% protein
Fed 33% protein
Control (unfed)
0.9087 0.3670 1.51979 0.4980 0.6464 0.0484 0.4512 0.5913 0.1738 0.0187 0.7962
0.9789 0.4798 1.5484 0.4783 0.6539 0.1084 0.4569 0.6125 1.2576 0.7641 0.8301
1.0222 0.6688 1.7761 0.5148 0.7113 0.1151 0.4875 0.6551 1.3378 0.8016 0.8783
0.8612 0.5020 1.4186 0.4654 0.6265 0.0817 0.4299 0.6272 1.1730 0.7104 0.7869
0.8230 0.3178 1.3200 0.4516 0.5740 Nil 0.4000 0.5312 1.0720 0.6504 0.6991
levels
365
The poor growth rate obtained in the present study could be due to the absence of natural food organisms, coupled with the low digestibility and unbalanced nutritive elements in the feeds used (high levels of animal protein). Nevertheless, carp flesh quality (proteins and amino acids) has improved significantly (P < 0.05) with 43% protein feed (Tables II and III) and economical production of the fish was achieved. Feeding more (53%) or less (33%) than 43% protein resulted in lower production and lower fish quality, and was uneconomical. The effects of feeding more pratein might be attributed to the interactions of the digestable energy (DE) with the proteins, as has been reported for Ictalurus punctatus (Lovell, 1979). However, more work is needed to determine the range of protein contents of feed which economically results in the best production and fish quality . The present results highlight the need for further research in Saudi Arabia to test the feasibility of supplementing fish feeds with different levels of animal proteins and to compute the most economical and efficient rates of applying such feeds in aquaculture. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to the Manager, Saudi Arabian National Centre for Science and Technology Hatchery, for providing the fish used, and to Dr. H.S. Hussein for reading the manuscript. REFERENCES Al Asgah, N.A. and Bedawi, R.M., 1984. Preliminary investigations on the suitability of ground water for aquaculture in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture, 36: 387-390. Anwar, A.., Ishak, M.M., El Zeiny, M. and Hassanen, G.D.I., 1982. Activated sewage sludge as a replacement for bran-cotton seed meal mixture for carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture, 28: 321-325. Crass R.S., 1969. Plate-forme pour l’alimentation de la carpe commune. Bull. Piscic. FAO, :l: 10. Eisawy, A.M., 1970. Carpiculture intensive. Bull. Piscic. FAO, 2: 4. Lovell, R.T., 1979. Factors affecting voluntary food consumption by channei catfish. Proc. World Symp. on Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, Hamburg. Heenemann ‘Verlag, Berlin, 1: 555-564.
363 -
Printed
in The Netherlands
Short Communication EFFICIENCY OF LOCAL FEEDS FOR THE COMMON CARP CARPZO L.) IN SAUDI ARABIA
(CYPRZNUS
N.A. AL ASGAH Zoology
and R.M.
Department,
(Accepted
10 March
BEDAWI*
College
of Science,
King Saud
University,
Riyadh
(Saudi
Arabia)
1984).
ABSTRACT Al Asgah, N.A. and Bedawi, R.M., 1984. Efficiency (Cyprkus carpio L.) in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture,
of local feeds 40: 363-365.
for the common
carp
The ef’fects of feeding three local feeds (53%, 43% and 33% protein) on the growth and quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. The 43% protein feed proved most economical, with the highest biological value and has increased the protein and amino acid contents of the flesh but resulted in poor fish growth (0.10 g/day).
The importance of aquaculture in Saudi Arabia has recently been realized (Al Asgah and Bedawi, 1984) and a fish hatchery was established in Riyadh with three exotic freshwater fishes, Tilapia nilotica L., T. aurea S. and Cyprinus carpio L., without prior information on the feeding of these fish in the country. Hence, an attempt was made to formulate and test the efficiency of feeds of local ingredients for growth and quality of C. carpio in the absence of natural food organisms. Left-over rice collected from the local restaurants in Riyadh was mixed with fish offals, barley, wheat and blood meal, and three feeds (53%, 43% and 33% protein) were formulated. Cyprinus carpio (10.4-11.0 cm in length, 17.2-113.4 g average weight) were then stocked in 1.2 m3 fiber-glass tanks at the rate of 25 fish/tank and the feeds were offered at the rate of 2.5% of fish body weight per day, 5 days per week, for 8 weeks. Fish growth (g/day), net weight gain (kg/m3), feed conversion ratio, cost and biological value (PER) of each food were determined together with the chemica.1composition and amino acid contents of carp flesh. Feed addition did not seem markedly to affect the water quality as appropriate levels of pH (6.4-9.6), dissolved oxygen (7.6-8.3 mg/l) and temperature (1%30°C) were constantly reported. A low growth rate (0.1 g/day) and a high feed conversion ratio (3.5) were obtained with 43% protein as the best food (Table I). However, growth rates of more than 1.0 g/day and feed conversion ratios of less than 2.5 have been reported (Crass, 1969; Eisawy, 1970; Anwar et al., 1982). *To
whom
all correspondence
0044s8486/84/$03.00
should o 1984
be addressed.
Elsevier
Science
Publishers
B.V.
364 TABLE
I
Growth,
feed converion
Treatment
ratio
and production
Growth (g/day)
53% protein 43% protein 33% protein Controls (unfed) *Costs
other
TABLE
II
0.09 0.10 0.06 -0.09
composition
Level of feeding
L. at different
Weight gain
Biological value
Feed cost/kg of fish
(kg/m3)
(PER)
(8R)*
3.8 3.5 4.0 -
0.1297 0.1415 0.0872 -0.1200
0.50 0.70 0.50 -
24.40 19.70 16.30 -
of C. carpio
1 SR (Saudi
Riyal)
flesh at different
TABLE
index
1.30 1.27 1.50
levels of feeding
Mean chemical
composition
(% dry weight)
Dry matter
Ash
Fat
Protein
Fibre
Nitrogen free extract
21.4 21.6 21.4 22.0 21.0
9.7 9.5 9.0 9.2 10.4
14.5 15.6 14.9 14.7 13.9
71.6 72.0 73.5 72.3 69.6
1.8 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.5
2.4 1.7 1.4 2.4 3.6
III
Concentration of feeding Amino
Profit
= $0.28.
Before feeding Fed 53% protein Fed 43% protein Fed 33% protein No feeding
levels of feeding
Feed conversion ratio
than feeds are not included.
Mean chemical
of C. carpio
acid
Arginine Histidine Lysine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Cystine Methionine Threonine Leucine Isoleucine Valine
(gram
percent)
of essential
amino
acids in C. carpio
flesh at different
Before feeding
Fed 53% protein
Fed 43% protein
Fed 33% protein
Control (unfed)
0.9087 0.3670 1.51979 0.4980 0.6464 0.0484 0.4512 0.5913 0.1738 0.0187 0.7962
0.9789 0.4798 1.5484 0.4783 0.6539 0.1084 0.4569 0.6125 1.2576 0.7641 0.8301
1.0222 0.6688 1.7761 0.5148 0.7113 0.1151 0.4875 0.6551 1.3378 0.8016 0.8783
0.8612 0.5020 1.4186 0.4654 0.6265 0.0817 0.4299 0.6272 1.1730 0.7104 0.7869
0.8230 0.3178 1.3200 0.4516 0.5740 Nil 0.4000 0.5312 1.0720 0.6504 0.6991
levels
365
The poor growth rate obtained in the present study could be due to the absence of natural food organisms, coupled with the low digestibility and unbalanced nutritive elements in the feeds used (high levels of animal protein). Nevertheless, carp flesh quality (proteins and amino acids) has improved significantly (P < 0.05) with 43% protein feed (Tables II and III) and economical production of the fish was achieved. Feeding more (53%) or less (33%) than 43% protein resulted in lower production and lower fish quality, and was uneconomical. The effects of feeding more pratein might be attributed to the interactions of the digestable energy (DE) with the proteins, as has been reported for Ictalurus punctatus (Lovell, 1979). However, more work is needed to determine the range of protein contents of feed which economically results in the best production and fish quality . The present results highlight the need for further research in Saudi Arabia to test the feasibility of supplementing fish feeds with different levels of animal proteins and to compute the most economical and efficient rates of applying such feeds in aquaculture. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to the Manager, Saudi Arabian National Centre for Science and Technology Hatchery, for providing the fish used, and to Dr. H.S. Hussein for reading the manuscript. REFERENCES Al Asgah, N.A. and Bedawi, R.M., 1984. Preliminary investigations on the suitability of ground water for aquaculture in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture, 36: 387-390. Anwar, A.., Ishak, M.M., El Zeiny, M. and Hassanen, G.D.I., 1982. Activated sewage sludge as a replacement for bran-cotton seed meal mixture for carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture, 28: 321-325. Crass R.S., 1969. Plate-forme pour l’alimentation de la carpe commune. Bull. Piscic. FAO, :l: 10. Eisawy, A.M., 1970. Carpiculture intensive. Bull. Piscic. FAO, 2: 4. Lovell, R.T., 1979. Factors affecting voluntary food consumption by channei catfish. Proc. World Symp. on Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, Hamburg. Heenemann ‘Verlag, Berlin, 1: 555-564.