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Elastohydrodynamic lubrication by powder slurries
ANNUAL LITERATURE SURVEY 1996 117 quantitative improvement over both planetary geostrophy and quasi-geostrophy for large-scale flows, and its evolution is in good agreement with a primitive equation model. (from Author)
Momentum rate probe for use with two-phase flows Bush S.G., Bennett J.B., Sojka P.E., Panchagnula M.V. & Plesniak M.W., Review of Scientific Instruments, 1996, 67/5 (1878-1885). In English. This paper concentrates on an instrument for measuring the momentum rate of two-phase flows. The design and construction details are provided. The device utilizes a conelike body to turn the flow from the axial to the radial direction. The force resulting from the change in momentum rate of the turning flow is measured using a straingage-instrumented cantilevered beam. The instrument is applicable to a wide range of flows. (after Authors) Phase splitting of wet steam in annular flow through a horizontal branching tee Sze-Foo Chien, SPE Production & Facilities, 1996, 11/2 (83-88). In English. A phase-splitting equation for flow of a two-phase fluid through a tee junction was derived. It shows that the fluid quality at an outlet of the tee is determined by the relationship between the liquid and vapor extraction ratios of the fluid through that outlet. This equation applies to any tee junction regardless of its geometry, orientation, and inclination. This paper presents its application to the flow of wet steam through a horizontal branching tee. Experimental data were for wet steam flowing through a standard branching tee, were analyzed focusing on the effect of the vapor-extraction ratio of the run stream on the liquid-extraction ratio of the same stream. A correlation between these two extraction ratios has been established with steam quality, superficial vapor velocity, and critical velocity at the inlet to the tee as controlling parameters. Using this correlation and the phase-split equation, it was possible to predict steam qualities existing from horizontal branching tees to within +/-15*/, of the experimental values, which is more accurate than other phase-splitting models. (from Author) Vertical multiphase flow correlations for high production rates and large tubnlars Aggour M.A., Al-Yousef H.Y. & A1-Muraikhi A.J., SPE Production & Facilities, 1996, I 1/1 (41-48). In English. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of existing correlations and modifications of some co rrelations to determine and recommend the best correlation or correlations for various field conditions. More than 400 field data sets covering tubing sizes from 2 3/8 to 7 in., oil rates up to 23 200 B/D, water cuts up to 95 %, and gas/ oil ratio (GOR) up to 927 scf/STB were used in this study. Considering all data combined, the Beggs and Brill correlation provided the best pressure predictions. However, the Hagedorn and Brown correlation was better for water cuts above 80%, while the Hasan and Kabir model was better for total liquid rates above 20 000 B/D. The Aziz correlation was significantly improved when the Orkiszewski flow-pattern transition criteria were used. (from Authors) A water-vapor permeable drying surface for thin films Bowser T.J. & Wilhelm L.R., Transactions - American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1996, 39/2 (617-623). In English. A new drying technique for thin films of colloidal slurries and solutions has been proposed and evaluated. A bench-top representation of the proposed drying system was constructed to test feasibility and performance. Preliminary tests showed that a water-vapor permeable drying surface may be an attractive alternative to traditional thin-film drying methods. Four experiments, using modified eoru, potato, and rice starch films, were conducted. (from Authors) Analytical study of critical heat flux in two-phase thermosyphon: relationship between maximum falling liquid rate and critical heat flux Monde M., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118/2 (422-428). In English. An analytical study has been done on the critical heat flux of a two-phase thermosyphon, in which a liquid film and a vapor film exist in a countercurrent annual flow. The CHF point on the thermosyphon is proved to correspond to a maximum falling liquid rate fed to the thermosyphon, which can be determined from three equations of momentum, its partial derivative with void fraction, and mass balance in the thermosyphon. This maximum point, furthermore, becomes identical to the point at which an envelope line generated from the momentum equation and its partial derivative intersects the mass balance line. The C H F calculated from the maximum liquid rate is found to be in fairly good agreement with the existing CHF data. (Author) Heat transfer of air/water two-phase flow in helicoidal pipes Xin R.C., Awwad A., Dong Z.F. & Ebadian M.A., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118/2 (442-448). In English. Heat transfer of air/water two-phase flow in helicoidal pipes is experimentally investigated in this study. Three test sections were tested in axially horizontal, vertical, and inclined orientations. It has been found that the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient to that of the water flow is affected by the water flow rate along with the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter. For a fixed water flow rate, there is a maximum heat transfer coefficient as the air flow rateincreases. The results indicate that tube diameter has a significant effect on the average heat transfer coefficient ratio. F o r large-tube-diameter coils, average heat transfer results vary from different orientations. For small-tube-diameter coils, orientation has an insignificant effect on the average heat transfer coefficient. Based on the experimental data, a set of correlations is proposed for the average heat transfer coefficient ratio versus the liquid superficial Reynolds number and Lockhart-Martinelli parameter. (Authors) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication by powder slurries Hua D.Y. & Khonsari M.M., Transactions- ASME. Journal of Tribology, 1996, 118/1 (67-73). In English.
118 ANNUAL LITERATURE SURVEY 1996 Thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis of a powder slurry containing a mixture of MoS2 particles and a carrier fluid is presented for a line-contact configuration. The constitutive equation of the slurry is a non-Newtonian formulation based on experimental data. The model includes provisions for elastic/plastic deformation of particles in the slurry. Through this deformation, particles are shown to contribute to the load-carrying capacity. (from Authors) Elastohydrodynamic model of the rotary llp seal Salant R.F., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Tribology, 1996, 118/2 (292-296). In English. A model of the non-leaking equilibrium behavior of the lip seal has been developed. It consists of an elastohydrodynamie model of the lubricating film and a simplified model of the meniscus on the air-side of the seal. The model predicts the location of the meniscus, the film thickness and pressure distributions, and the locations of cavitation regions. It also predicts the maximum pressure that can be sealed with zero leakage, and the maximum speed, above which the meuiseus is ingested into the sealing zone. (Author) On the dynamic thermal state in a hydrodynamic bearing with a whirling journal using CFD techniques Tucker P.G. & Keogh P.S., Transactions - ASME: Journal o f Tribology, 1996, 118/2 (356-363). In English. A thermohydrodynamic analysis, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, that accounts for conduction in the rotating and orbating shaft of a hydrodynamic bearing is presented. Dynamic cavitation effects are also introduced, such that pressures in the cavitation region are predicted rather than set. The model predictions are validated against analytical and published experimental results.For the ease of a centrally located synchronous forward circularwhirl orbit,it is demonstrated that the journal does not behave as a circumferentiallyisothermal element and that significantsteady temperature differentialsacross the journal m a y occur. (from Authors) Dimensional analysis of pore scale and field scale immlRcible displacement Hilfer R. & Oren P.E., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/1 (53-72). In English. A basic re-examination of the traditional dimensional analysis of microscopic and macroscopic multiphase flow equations in porous media is presented. We introduce a 'macroscopic capillary number' Ca which differs from the usual microscopic capillary number Ca in that it depends on length scale, type of porous medium and saturation history. Illustrative sample calculations are presented which show that the breakpoint in capillary desaturation curves for different porous media appears to occur at Ca approx 1. The length scale related difference between the macroscopic capillary number Ca for core floods and reservoir floods provides a possible explanation for the systematic difference between residual oil saturations measured in field floods as compared to laboratory experiment. (from Authors) On the nonequilibrium segregation state of a two-phase mixture in a porous column Shapiro A.A. & Stcnby E.H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 23/1 (83-106). In English. The problem of segregation of a two-phase multicomponent mixture under the action of thermal gradient, gravity and capillary forces is studied with respect to component distribution in a thick oil-gas condensate reservoir. Governing equations are derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. A steady state of the two-phase mixture with nonzero diffusion fluxes and exchange between phases is described. In the case of binary mixtures analytical formulae for saturation, component distribution and flow in the two-phase zone are obtained. (Authors) Dimensional analysis of pore scale and field scale immiscible displacement Hilfer R. & Oren P.E., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/1 (53-72). In English. A basic re-examination of the traditional dimensional analysis of microscopic and macroscopic multiphasc flow equations in porous media is presented. We introduce a 'macroscopic capillary number' Ca which differs from the usual microscopic capillary number Ca in that it depends on length scale, type of porous medium and saturation history. Illustrative sample calculations are presented which show that the breakpoint in capillary dcsaturation curves for different porous media appears to occur at Ca approx 1. The length scale related difference between the macroscopic capillary number Ca for core floods and reservoir floods provides a possible explanation for the systematic difference between residual oil saturations measured in field floods as compared to laboratory experiment. (from Authors) On the nonequilibrinm segregation state of a two-phase mixture in a porous coinum Shapiro A.A. & Stenby E.H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 23/1 (83-106). In English. The problem of segregation of a two-phase multicomponent mixture under the action of thermal gradient, gravity and capillary forces is studied with respect to component distribution in a thick oil-gas condensate reservoir. Governing equations are derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. A steady state of the two-phase mixture with nonzero diffusionfluxesand exchange between phases isdescribed. In the case of binary mixtures analyticalformulae for saturation,component distributionand flow in the two-phase zone are obtained. (Authors) Simulation of Immiscible multiphase flow in porous media: a focus on the capillary fringe of oil-contaminated aquifers Hadad A., Bensabat J. & Rubin H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/3 (245-269). In English. This paper deals with the analysis of some aspects of the vertical and lateral migration of oil spills in the unsaturated and the capillary zone ofa phreatic aquifer. Motivation stems from the fact that such contamination represents a severe danger for groundwater resources all over the world and from the present acute problem o f jet-fuel contamination in some locations of Israel. The study focuses on the analysis of the upper layers of the aquifer which are subjected to the most significant oil contamination. Neglecting coupled processes and
Momentum rate probe for use with two-phase flows Bush S.G., Bennett J.B., Sojka P.E., Panchagnula M.V. & Plesniak M.W., Review of Scientific Instruments, 1996, 67/5 (1878-1885). In English. This paper concentrates on an instrument for measuring the momentum rate of two-phase flows. The design and construction details are provided. The device utilizes a conelike body to turn the flow from the axial to the radial direction. The force resulting from the change in momentum rate of the turning flow is measured using a straingage-instrumented cantilevered beam. The instrument is applicable to a wide range of flows. (after Authors) Phase splitting of wet steam in annular flow through a horizontal branching tee Sze-Foo Chien, SPE Production & Facilities, 1996, 11/2 (83-88). In English. A phase-splitting equation for flow of a two-phase fluid through a tee junction was derived. It shows that the fluid quality at an outlet of the tee is determined by the relationship between the liquid and vapor extraction ratios of the fluid through that outlet. This equation applies to any tee junction regardless of its geometry, orientation, and inclination. This paper presents its application to the flow of wet steam through a horizontal branching tee. Experimental data were for wet steam flowing through a standard branching tee, were analyzed focusing on the effect of the vapor-extraction ratio of the run stream on the liquid-extraction ratio of the same stream. A correlation between these two extraction ratios has been established with steam quality, superficial vapor velocity, and critical velocity at the inlet to the tee as controlling parameters. Using this correlation and the phase-split equation, it was possible to predict steam qualities existing from horizontal branching tees to within +/-15*/, of the experimental values, which is more accurate than other phase-splitting models. (from Author) Vertical multiphase flow correlations for high production rates and large tubnlars Aggour M.A., Al-Yousef H.Y. & A1-Muraikhi A.J., SPE Production & Facilities, 1996, I 1/1 (41-48). In English. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of existing correlations and modifications of some co rrelations to determine and recommend the best correlation or correlations for various field conditions. More than 400 field data sets covering tubing sizes from 2 3/8 to 7 in., oil rates up to 23 200 B/D, water cuts up to 95 %, and gas/ oil ratio (GOR) up to 927 scf/STB were used in this study. Considering all data combined, the Beggs and Brill correlation provided the best pressure predictions. However, the Hagedorn and Brown correlation was better for water cuts above 80%, while the Hasan and Kabir model was better for total liquid rates above 20 000 B/D. The Aziz correlation was significantly improved when the Orkiszewski flow-pattern transition criteria were used. (from Authors) A water-vapor permeable drying surface for thin films Bowser T.J. & Wilhelm L.R., Transactions - American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1996, 39/2 (617-623). In English. A new drying technique for thin films of colloidal slurries and solutions has been proposed and evaluated. A bench-top representation of the proposed drying system was constructed to test feasibility and performance. Preliminary tests showed that a water-vapor permeable drying surface may be an attractive alternative to traditional thin-film drying methods. Four experiments, using modified eoru, potato, and rice starch films, were conducted. (from Authors) Analytical study of critical heat flux in two-phase thermosyphon: relationship between maximum falling liquid rate and critical heat flux Monde M., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118/2 (422-428). In English. An analytical study has been done on the critical heat flux of a two-phase thermosyphon, in which a liquid film and a vapor film exist in a countercurrent annual flow. The CHF point on the thermosyphon is proved to correspond to a maximum falling liquid rate fed to the thermosyphon, which can be determined from three equations of momentum, its partial derivative with void fraction, and mass balance in the thermosyphon. This maximum point, furthermore, becomes identical to the point at which an envelope line generated from the momentum equation and its partial derivative intersects the mass balance line. The C H F calculated from the maximum liquid rate is found to be in fairly good agreement with the existing CHF data. (Author) Heat transfer of air/water two-phase flow in helicoidal pipes Xin R.C., Awwad A., Dong Z.F. & Ebadian M.A., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118/2 (442-448). In English. Heat transfer of air/water two-phase flow in helicoidal pipes is experimentally investigated in this study. Three test sections were tested in axially horizontal, vertical, and inclined orientations. It has been found that the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient to that of the water flow is affected by the water flow rate along with the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter. For a fixed water flow rate, there is a maximum heat transfer coefficient as the air flow rateincreases. The results indicate that tube diameter has a significant effect on the average heat transfer coefficient ratio. F o r large-tube-diameter coils, average heat transfer results vary from different orientations. For small-tube-diameter coils, orientation has an insignificant effect on the average heat transfer coefficient. Based on the experimental data, a set of correlations is proposed for the average heat transfer coefficient ratio versus the liquid superficial Reynolds number and Lockhart-Martinelli parameter. (Authors) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication by powder slurries Hua D.Y. & Khonsari M.M., Transactions- ASME. Journal of Tribology, 1996, 118/1 (67-73). In English.
118 ANNUAL LITERATURE SURVEY 1996 Thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis of a powder slurry containing a mixture of MoS2 particles and a carrier fluid is presented for a line-contact configuration. The constitutive equation of the slurry is a non-Newtonian formulation based on experimental data. The model includes provisions for elastic/plastic deformation of particles in the slurry. Through this deformation, particles are shown to contribute to the load-carrying capacity. (from Authors) Elastohydrodynamic model of the rotary llp seal Salant R.F., Transactions - ASME: Journal of Tribology, 1996, 118/2 (292-296). In English. A model of the non-leaking equilibrium behavior of the lip seal has been developed. It consists of an elastohydrodynamie model of the lubricating film and a simplified model of the meniscus on the air-side of the seal. The model predicts the location of the meniscus, the film thickness and pressure distributions, and the locations of cavitation regions. It also predicts the maximum pressure that can be sealed with zero leakage, and the maximum speed, above which the meuiseus is ingested into the sealing zone. (Author) On the dynamic thermal state in a hydrodynamic bearing with a whirling journal using CFD techniques Tucker P.G. & Keogh P.S., Transactions - ASME: Journal o f Tribology, 1996, 118/2 (356-363). In English. A thermohydrodynamic analysis, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, that accounts for conduction in the rotating and orbating shaft of a hydrodynamic bearing is presented. Dynamic cavitation effects are also introduced, such that pressures in the cavitation region are predicted rather than set. The model predictions are validated against analytical and published experimental results.For the ease of a centrally located synchronous forward circularwhirl orbit,it is demonstrated that the journal does not behave as a circumferentiallyisothermal element and that significantsteady temperature differentialsacross the journal m a y occur. (from Authors) Dimensional analysis of pore scale and field scale immlRcible displacement Hilfer R. & Oren P.E., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/1 (53-72). In English. A basic re-examination of the traditional dimensional analysis of microscopic and macroscopic multiphase flow equations in porous media is presented. We introduce a 'macroscopic capillary number' Ca which differs from the usual microscopic capillary number Ca in that it depends on length scale, type of porous medium and saturation history. Illustrative sample calculations are presented which show that the breakpoint in capillary desaturation curves for different porous media appears to occur at Ca approx 1. The length scale related difference between the macroscopic capillary number Ca for core floods and reservoir floods provides a possible explanation for the systematic difference between residual oil saturations measured in field floods as compared to laboratory experiment. (from Authors) On the nonequilibrium segregation state of a two-phase mixture in a porous column Shapiro A.A. & Stcnby E.H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 23/1 (83-106). In English. The problem of segregation of a two-phase multicomponent mixture under the action of thermal gradient, gravity and capillary forces is studied with respect to component distribution in a thick oil-gas condensate reservoir. Governing equations are derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. A steady state of the two-phase mixture with nonzero diffusion fluxes and exchange between phases is described. In the case of binary mixtures analytical formulae for saturation, component distribution and flow in the two-phase zone are obtained. (Authors) Dimensional analysis of pore scale and field scale immiscible displacement Hilfer R. & Oren P.E., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/1 (53-72). In English. A basic re-examination of the traditional dimensional analysis of microscopic and macroscopic multiphasc flow equations in porous media is presented. We introduce a 'macroscopic capillary number' Ca which differs from the usual microscopic capillary number Ca in that it depends on length scale, type of porous medium and saturation history. Illustrative sample calculations are presented which show that the breakpoint in capillary dcsaturation curves for different porous media appears to occur at Ca approx 1. The length scale related difference between the macroscopic capillary number Ca for core floods and reservoir floods provides a possible explanation for the systematic difference between residual oil saturations measured in field floods as compared to laboratory experiment. (from Authors) On the nonequilibrinm segregation state of a two-phase mixture in a porous coinum Shapiro A.A. & Stenby E.H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 23/1 (83-106). In English. The problem of segregation of a two-phase multicomponent mixture under the action of thermal gradient, gravity and capillary forces is studied with respect to component distribution in a thick oil-gas condensate reservoir. Governing equations are derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. A steady state of the two-phase mixture with nonzero diffusionfluxesand exchange between phases isdescribed. In the case of binary mixtures analyticalformulae for saturation,component distributionand flow in the two-phase zone are obtained. (Authors) Simulation of Immiscible multiphase flow in porous media: a focus on the capillary fringe of oil-contaminated aquifers Hadad A., Bensabat J. & Rubin H., Transport in Porous Media, 1996, 22/3 (245-269). In English. This paper deals with the analysis of some aspects of the vertical and lateral migration of oil spills in the unsaturated and the capillary zone ofa phreatic aquifer. Motivation stems from the fact that such contamination represents a severe danger for groundwater resources all over the world and from the present acute problem o f jet-fuel contamination in some locations of Israel. The study focuses on the analysis of the upper layers of the aquifer which are subjected to the most significant oil contamination. Neglecting coupled processes and