- Email: [email protected]
ELECTION CANDIDATES
128 activities.
The essential benefit of the work
depends
however, on its informality. Tea, cakes, and cigarettes are provided, and the meeting is spent in buying materials, examining patterns, comparing jumpers, mats, and suchlike completed in the past fortnight, and changing among a babble of conversation. It is better to mix the sexes. At first financial support came from voluntary donations. At another hospital, the house committee has allotted funds to start a similar club. Once the work is under way, the goods can be sold at a profit. The
Public Health BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF AIR IN UNDERGROUND TRAINS
library books-all
members also spontaneously suggested a subscription, and they now have their own treasurer, who collects This money is used to a shilling a month from each. buy cakes and cigarettes from friendly tradesmen nearby. With some help from hospital supplies, the club is, in
effect, self-supporting.
Acknowledgment must be made to those who put this idea into practice : Miss K. Ward, late sister in charge of the Latilla department; her successor, Miss L. B. Martin; Miss Wildey, occupational therapist, who brought to the work the spirit of St. Dunstan’s; the British Red Cross and St. John ; and Dr. R. W. Windle, for finding space in his _______________
ELECTION CANDIDATES THE lists of candidates include the following medical men and women:
names
of the
LONDON BOROUGHS
Fulham West.-*Edith Summerskill, M.B.c.s. O’Donovan, o.B.E., M.D. Lond. (C). Holborn and St. Pancras South.-*S. W. Jeger,
(Lab). W. J. M.R.C.S.
(Lab).
PROVINCES
Barking.-*Somerville Hastings,
F.R.C.S.
(Lab).
Bath.-Bruce Cardew, L.M.S.S.A. (Lab). Batley and Morley.-*A. D. D. Broughton, M.B. Camb. (Lab). Cheshire, Crewe.-J. R. T. Turner, M.R.C.S. (C). Cheshire, Northwick.-W. N. Leak, M.D. Camb. (L). Gloucestershire, West.-W. H. Tandy, F.R.C.S. (L). Gosport and Fareham.-R. F. B. Bennett, L.M.S.S.A. (C). Hertfordshire, Barnet.-*Stephen Taylor, M.D. Lond. (Lab). Kent, Tonbridge.-E. St. J. Lyburn, M.B. Dubl. (Ind). - LoM.—Charles Hill, M.D. Camb. (L and C). Preston.-*Samuel Segal, M.R.C.S. (Lab). Stoke-on-Trent, Central.-*Barnet Stross, M.B. Leeds (Lab).
Surrey, Carshalton.-Sydney Sharman, M.B. Glasg. (Lab). Warrington.-*H. B. Morgan, M.D. Glasg. (Lab). Willesden, West.-Genevieve Rewcastle,
o.B.E., M.B. N.U.I.
(C). Yorkshire, West Riding, Ripon.-*Lieut.-Colonel Malcolm Stoddart-Scott, M.D. Leeds (C). WALES S
Cardiff, South-East.-J. J. Hayward, M.R.C.S. Cardigan.-G. S. R. Little, M.R.C.S. (C).
(C).
SCOTLAND
Glasgow, Kelvingrove.-*Walter Elliot, P.C., M.C., M.B. Glasg. (C). Lanark Motherwell.-R. D. McIntyre, M.B. Edin. (Scot Nat). Orkney and Zetland.-*Sir Basil Neven-Spence, M.D. Edin. (C). Ind, Independent. Lab, Labour. L, Liberal. Scot Nat, Scottish Nationalist. * A candidate who was a member of the last Parliament.
C, Conservative.
ANN HIRCH
M.D., B.Sc., Lond.
B.Sc. Lond.
THE
UNIT, CENTRAL PUBLIC LABORATORY, COLINDALE, LONDON
AIR
HYGIENE
With
an
HEALTH
appendix
SLIT-SAMPLER FOR LONG-PERIOD SAMPLING OF AIR FOR BACTERIA
O. M. LIDWELL D.Phil. Oxfd OF THE MEDICAL RESEARCH
On this groundwork, other services, such as advice from the almoner when money or other difficulties arise, are provided as needed. The principle is, however, extremely simple-to pick from the population of outpatient departments the crippled, lonely, and ageing, and help to keep them mobile, active, and purposeful, to find them friends, and to show them that they are not peculiar isolatedcases and that other people who are equally handicapped can do things, be real persons, and find life worth while. Preventive treatment of chronic disease .and of the physical and emotional incapacities of old age is a vital necessity if the burden on chronic bed accommodation is to be kept within bounds. Outpatient clubs can do much to ease this burden.
busy department.
OF
R. E. O. WILLIAMS
COUNCIL GROUP FOR RESEARCH
IN INDUSTRIAL PHYSIOLOGY
SURvEys of the bacterial flora of the air in underground were carried out by Andrewes (1902) and Forbes (1924) in London, and by Soper (1908) and Buchbinder et al. (1938) in New York. Air-sampling apparatus has been greatly improved in the last few years, and it seemed desirable to include the cars of underground railway trains in a survey that we have been making of the bacterial contamination of th air of occupied places.
railways
METHODS
Samples of air were collected on six double journeys across London during the evening rush-hour : (i) three from Golders Green via Charing Cross to Kennington and back (in two cases the return journey included the line between Golders Green and Edgware, where the trains are above ground) ; and (II) three from Golders Green via Bank to Morden and back. The car was never crowded on the outward half of route i but was usually full on the first part of the return journey (minutes, 40-60 in fig. 1), after which the passengers left in small numbers at each stop. On route 11 the car was crowded for the second half of the outward journey (minutes 25-50 in fig. 1), but not on the return. The car in which the observations were made was of the modern underground-railway type, open in its full length with seats on both sides ; it had one pair of single and two pairs of double doors on each side, and all the doors on one side were opened at each station. We used the central car of the train, and this car has a driving cab at one end cut off from the body of the car except for a window about 12 inches high by 6 inches wide, 5 feet from the floor. The sampler, which is described in the appendix, was set up in the cab, and a hood, which fitted tightly over the slits of the sampler, projected into the window ; air was drawn through the hood by a small fan, and the sampler took air from this stream (fig. 2). Observers were stationed at each end of the car to keep notes of the number of passengers, time of entering and leaving stations, and the time that windows were opened or closed. All the " samples were taken in the same car, which was a nonsmoker." On route i samples were taken in September, November, and December, 1947, and on route n iii January, March, and July, 1948. One of the two slits of the sampler passed 0-33 c. ft. of air per minute (at the working pressure of 12 in. water-gauge), and the particles from this slit impinged on nutrient agar containing 5% horse-serum. The other slit passed 1-3 c. ft. per minute, and the particles from it were collected on a selective medium for streptococci (Williams and Hirch 1949) ; a 8trep. 1)i"’ida118 count has been proposed as an index of pollution of air from the respiratory tract (Gordon 1902-03. Wells et al. 1941),. and we wished to include such an index in our survey. The colonies developing on the serum-agar were counted-
The essential benefit of the work
depends
however, on its informality. Tea, cakes, and cigarettes are provided, and the meeting is spent in buying materials, examining patterns, comparing jumpers, mats, and suchlike completed in the past fortnight, and changing among a babble of conversation. It is better to mix the sexes. At first financial support came from voluntary donations. At another hospital, the house committee has allotted funds to start a similar club. Once the work is under way, the goods can be sold at a profit. The
Public Health BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF AIR IN UNDERGROUND TRAINS
library books-all
members also spontaneously suggested a subscription, and they now have their own treasurer, who collects This money is used to a shilling a month from each. buy cakes and cigarettes from friendly tradesmen nearby. With some help from hospital supplies, the club is, in
effect, self-supporting.
Acknowledgment must be made to those who put this idea into practice : Miss K. Ward, late sister in charge of the Latilla department; her successor, Miss L. B. Martin; Miss Wildey, occupational therapist, who brought to the work the spirit of St. Dunstan’s; the British Red Cross and St. John ; and Dr. R. W. Windle, for finding space in his _______________
ELECTION CANDIDATES THE lists of candidates include the following medical men and women:
names
of the
LONDON BOROUGHS
Fulham West.-*Edith Summerskill, M.B.c.s. O’Donovan, o.B.E., M.D. Lond. (C). Holborn and St. Pancras South.-*S. W. Jeger,
(Lab). W. J. M.R.C.S.
(Lab).
PROVINCES
Barking.-*Somerville Hastings,
F.R.C.S.
(Lab).
Bath.-Bruce Cardew, L.M.S.S.A. (Lab). Batley and Morley.-*A. D. D. Broughton, M.B. Camb. (Lab). Cheshire, Crewe.-J. R. T. Turner, M.R.C.S. (C). Cheshire, Northwick.-W. N. Leak, M.D. Camb. (L). Gloucestershire, West.-W. H. Tandy, F.R.C.S. (L). Gosport and Fareham.-R. F. B. Bennett, L.M.S.S.A. (C). Hertfordshire, Barnet.-*Stephen Taylor, M.D. Lond. (Lab). Kent, Tonbridge.-E. St. J. Lyburn, M.B. Dubl. (Ind). - LoM.—Charles Hill, M.D. Camb. (L and C). Preston.-*Samuel Segal, M.R.C.S. (Lab). Stoke-on-Trent, Central.-*Barnet Stross, M.B. Leeds (Lab).
Surrey, Carshalton.-Sydney Sharman, M.B. Glasg. (Lab). Warrington.-*H. B. Morgan, M.D. Glasg. (Lab). Willesden, West.-Genevieve Rewcastle,
o.B.E., M.B. N.U.I.
(C). Yorkshire, West Riding, Ripon.-*Lieut.-Colonel Malcolm Stoddart-Scott, M.D. Leeds (C). WALES S
Cardiff, South-East.-J. J. Hayward, M.R.C.S. Cardigan.-G. S. R. Little, M.R.C.S. (C).
(C).
SCOTLAND
Glasgow, Kelvingrove.-*Walter Elliot, P.C., M.C., M.B. Glasg. (C). Lanark Motherwell.-R. D. McIntyre, M.B. Edin. (Scot Nat). Orkney and Zetland.-*Sir Basil Neven-Spence, M.D. Edin. (C). Ind, Independent. Lab, Labour. L, Liberal. Scot Nat, Scottish Nationalist. * A candidate who was a member of the last Parliament.
C, Conservative.
ANN HIRCH
M.D., B.Sc., Lond.
B.Sc. Lond.
THE
UNIT, CENTRAL PUBLIC LABORATORY, COLINDALE, LONDON
AIR
HYGIENE
With
an
HEALTH
appendix
SLIT-SAMPLER FOR LONG-PERIOD SAMPLING OF AIR FOR BACTERIA
O. M. LIDWELL D.Phil. Oxfd OF THE MEDICAL RESEARCH
On this groundwork, other services, such as advice from the almoner when money or other difficulties arise, are provided as needed. The principle is, however, extremely simple-to pick from the population of outpatient departments the crippled, lonely, and ageing, and help to keep them mobile, active, and purposeful, to find them friends, and to show them that they are not peculiar isolatedcases and that other people who are equally handicapped can do things, be real persons, and find life worth while. Preventive treatment of chronic disease .and of the physical and emotional incapacities of old age is a vital necessity if the burden on chronic bed accommodation is to be kept within bounds. Outpatient clubs can do much to ease this burden.
busy department.
OF
R. E. O. WILLIAMS
COUNCIL GROUP FOR RESEARCH
IN INDUSTRIAL PHYSIOLOGY
SURvEys of the bacterial flora of the air in underground were carried out by Andrewes (1902) and Forbes (1924) in London, and by Soper (1908) and Buchbinder et al. (1938) in New York. Air-sampling apparatus has been greatly improved in the last few years, and it seemed desirable to include the cars of underground railway trains in a survey that we have been making of the bacterial contamination of th air of occupied places.
railways
METHODS
Samples of air were collected on six double journeys across London during the evening rush-hour : (i) three from Golders Green via Charing Cross to Kennington and back (in two cases the return journey included the line between Golders Green and Edgware, where the trains are above ground) ; and (II) three from Golders Green via Bank to Morden and back. The car was never crowded on the outward half of route i but was usually full on the first part of the return journey (minutes, 40-60 in fig. 1), after which the passengers left in small numbers at each stop. On route 11 the car was crowded for the second half of the outward journey (minutes 25-50 in fig. 1), but not on the return. The car in which the observations were made was of the modern underground-railway type, open in its full length with seats on both sides ; it had one pair of single and two pairs of double doors on each side, and all the doors on one side were opened at each station. We used the central car of the train, and this car has a driving cab at one end cut off from the body of the car except for a window about 12 inches high by 6 inches wide, 5 feet from the floor. The sampler, which is described in the appendix, was set up in the cab, and a hood, which fitted tightly over the slits of the sampler, projected into the window ; air was drawn through the hood by a small fan, and the sampler took air from this stream (fig. 2). Observers were stationed at each end of the car to keep notes of the number of passengers, time of entering and leaving stations, and the time that windows were opened or closed. All the " samples were taken in the same car, which was a nonsmoker." On route i samples were taken in September, November, and December, 1947, and on route n iii January, March, and July, 1948. One of the two slits of the sampler passed 0-33 c. ft. of air per minute (at the working pressure of 12 in. water-gauge), and the particles from this slit impinged on nutrient agar containing 5% horse-serum. The other slit passed 1-3 c. ft. per minute, and the particles from it were collected on a selective medium for streptococci (Williams and Hirch 1949) ; a 8trep. 1)i"’ida118 count has been proposed as an index of pollution of air from the respiratory tract (Gordon 1902-03. Wells et al. 1941),. and we wished to include such an index in our survey. The colonies developing on the serum-agar were counted-