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Electroencephalogram activity induced by magnetic stimulation on heart meridian
Neuroscience Letters 495 (2011) 107–109
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Neuroscience Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neulet
Electroencephalogram activity induced by magnetic stimulation on heart meridian Han-Gue Jo, Gi-Ho Jo ∗ Institute of Health and Environment, Kongju National University, SinKwan-dong 182, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 January 2011 Received in revised form 10 March 2011 Accepted 18 March 2011 Keywords: EEG Heart meridian Line-magnet
a b s t r a c t Many studies on the effects of acupuncture on brain activity have been concerned with the stimulation of specific acu-points. However, research on brain activity with the stimulation of the body-meridian line is still quite novel. The hypothesis of the present study is that heart meridian stimulations with different directions of line-magnet poles would elicit different effects on EEG activity. Twenty-three healthy young adults between the age of 19 and 22 years old participated in the experiment. Two tiny NEO line-magnets were applied to stimulate the heart meridian. EEG activities were changed significantly between different treatments on the heart meridian using line-magnet with different directions of magnetic poles (p < 0.05). The present study shows that the stimulation of the heart meridian with the line-magnets has an effect on brain activity associated with the direction of the line-magnet pole. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effects on brain activity elicited by acupuncture stimulations have been reported [1,3–7,9–18,21,22]. Many studies on the effect of acupuncture on brain activity would tend to support that neural activation is effected by the stimulation of specific acupuncture points which are located on the body-meridian lines. In addition, recent studies of fMRI with laser acupuncture which does not produce a pain sensation also suggest that the stimulations of different acupuncture points result in different patterns of neural activity [7,12,17]. While there are many studies of the effect on brain activity induced by stimulation of specific acupuncture point [3,11], studies of brain activity with the stimulation of the body-meridian line is still new. Acu-magnet therapy, which is painless, has been used as part of clinical practice and the therapeutic benefits of magnets have been reported recently [2]. However, the experimental evidence of the effects of changing the direction of magnetic poles is not sufficient. In our previous work it was observed that the stimulation of the heart meridian with line-magnet effected the heart rate variability associated with the direction of magnetic poles [8]. It indicates that the line-magnet can be used to stimulate the meridian line. These previous studies serve to frame a hypothesis that the stimulation of the heart meridian line effects not only the heart rate variability but also brain activity. Therefore, the theory which this research is based on is that the stimulation of the heart meridian using different directions of line-magnet poles would elicit different effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) activity.
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.-H. Jo). 0304-3940/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.049
Twenty-three healthy young adults between the age of 19 and 22 years old (mean ± SD age: 19.6 ± 0.9, 19 females) participated. Participants were required not to smoke, drink alcohol or caffeine drinks for at least 12 h before assessments. The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kongju National University and written informed consent was obtained from each subject. In order to stimulate the meridians, two tiny nickel-plated line-magnets, cylinders of 1.5 mm × 5 mm NEO-MAG (Nd–Fe–B), with a manufacturer’s rating of 3000 G (the highest surface field strength) were applied. These two line-magnets in a column were attached on the sections of the heart meridian between HT4 and HT6 on wrists of both arms with adhesive tape [8,20], see Fig. 1. The magnetic N pole (south seeking pole) of the magnet pair was attached in the direction of the starting point of the heart meridian for forward treatment (FT) and vice versa for backward treatment (BT). The participants sat comfortably in a chair with their shoes removed. They were asked to close their eyes and not to communicate with others during the tests. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, all of the subjects were provided with more than 20 min of rest time. Heart meridian (HT) was tested with two treatments, first with the attachment of the line-magnets for FT, and second with the attachment of the line-magnets for BT. The subjects were blinded from the type of meridian test and magnet direction. EEG was measured with 256 Hz sampling frequency and bandpass filter was set at 0.7 and 46 Hz (PolyG-1, Laxtha Inc.). The EEG electrodes were placed at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4 according to the international 10–20 system, and referenced to the right mastoid. EEG was recorded for 190 s following a 6 min rest
108
H.-G. Jo, G.-H. Jo / Neuroscience Letters 495 (2011) 107–109 Table 1 The results of significant effects on EEG activity.
␦ ␣ 1 2 ␥1 ␥2
Fp1
Fp2
F3
F4
T3
T4
P3
P4
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – 0.040* 0.033* 0.027**
– – – – – – –
Displayed shows ANOVA result for significant effect between conditions with pvalue. * Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed significant difference between forward and backward treatments with p < 0.05. ** Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed significant difference between forward and backward treatments with p < 0.01.
Fig. 1. An example of heart meridian stimulation using line-magnets. This figure shows the location of the line-magnet between HT4 and HT6 during the heart meridian test for the forward treatment (FT). The N pole of the magnet is attached in the direction of the starting point of the heart meridian. N, indicates magnetic north pole; S, indicates magnetic south pole.
period for each treatment. EEG was also recorded for 190 s before the heart meridian test without the pasting of magnet to measure the resting EEG. The last 160 s of each recorded data was used for spectral analysis (FFT) using MatLab (MathWorks, Inc.). Frequency bands, Delta (0.7–4 Hz), Theta (4–7.5 Hz), Alpha (7.5–12.5 Hz), Beta1 (12.5–20 Hz), Beta-2 (20–30 Hz), Gamma-1 (30–40 Hz), Gamma-2 (40–46 Hz) were obtained. A mean value of the frequency band for each electrode was computed. A one-way repeated ANOVA measure (SPSS 18.0, SPSS Inc.) was conducted to compare three conditions: resting state, FT, and BT. This ANOVA test was calculated separately for each frequency band and for each electrode. If the data violated the assumption of sphericity, a corrected p-value was used (Greenhouse-Geisser correction). A Bonferroni post hoc test was used to locate the pairs that were significantly different. Because the small sample size, the effect size, partial eta squared, was also computed. The significant changes in EEG activity induced by line-magnet stimulation of heart meridian are summarized in Table 1. In Beta-2 frequency band, significant change was observed in the P3 electrode (F1.1, 24.28 = 4.52, p = 0.04, 2 = 0.171). Pos hoc tests revealed that FT was significantly different from BT (p = 0.02). However, the resting state was not significantly different from either FT or BT (p > 0.05). In gamma frequency bands, significant change was also observed in the P3 electrode (Gamma-1 F2, 44 = 4.78, p = 0.033, 2 = 0.179; Gamma-2 F1.14, 25.03 = 5.2, p = 0.027, 2 = 0.191). Post hoc
tests show a significant difference between FT and BT (Gamma-1 p = 0.035; Gamma-2 p = 0.009). However, no significant difference was observed between resting state and either FT or BT in gamma frequency bands (p > 0.05). In Delta, Theta, and Alpha frequency bands, no significant different was observed. The clinical practice of applying magnets to acupuncture has the advantage that the stimulation is painless. However, two cases of adverse reactions associated with acu-magnet therapy were observed [2]. In one instance, a prolonged treatment for 72 h with a magnet of high-intensity strength on many acupuncture points, to treat hot flushes, caused an exacerbation of their hot flush symptoms. In the other case, the adhesive tape used for magnet attachment caused skin irritation. In this study, however, the linemagnets were left on two sections of meridian lines for a few minutes during the test and no associated discomfort of magnet attachments using adhesive tape was reported by the subjects. The present study is a trial to investigate the effects on brain activity induced by body-meridian stimulation. We focused on comparing the effects of heart meridian stimulations using different directions of line-magnet poles on EEG activity. Significant differences were observed at high frequency bands in the P3 electrode. At low frequency bands, however, there was no significant difference. The heart meridian seems to effect mainly at high frequency in the parietal electrode. The different treatments using different directions of linemagnet poles on heart meridian induced different brain activities. The brain activities were significantly different between FT and BT. It seems that the treatments of FT and BT induce different responses respectively, because FT and BT have opposing magnetic pole directions. A comparable methodology was applied in traditional acupuncture therapy in which the opposite direction of needling along the meridian line was used to induce a different effect, with the direction for reinforcement and against the direction for reduction [19]. The results of this study suggest that the line-magnet can be applied to stimulate the heart meridian which has an effect on brain activity. And the different direction of line-magnet pole can be used to stimulate the heart meridian differently, like the result observed in a previous study that BT reduces the heart rate compared to FT [8]. We presume that the meridians on human body have direction and that this direction is associated with the direction of magnet pole as suggested by our previous study [8]. Therefore, the direction of magnetic pole should be carefully considered when using magnetic therapy. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the magnetic stimulations of the heart meridian on the human body have an effect on brain activity, and that this activity is associated with the direction of magnet pole. Although the different treatments show
H.-G. Jo, G.-H. Jo / Neuroscience Letters 495 (2011) 107–109
significant change in EEG activity, a greater number of subjects with more EEG electrodes are needed in further studies to confirm the results. References [1] A.C.N. Chen, F.J. Liu, L. Wang, L. Arendt-Nielsen, Mode and site of acupuncture modulation in the human brain: 3D (124-ch) EEG power spectrum mapping and source imaging, NeuroImage 29 (2006) 1080–1091. [2] A.P. Colbert, J. Cleaver, K.A. Brown, N. Harling, Y. Hwang, H.C. Schiffke, J. Brons, Y. Qin, Magnets applied to acupuncture points as therapy – a literature review, Acupunct. Med. 26 (3) (2008) 160–170. [3] R.P. Dhond, N. Kettner, V. Napaow, Neuroimaging acupuncture effects in the human brain, J. Altern. Complem. Med. 13 (6) (2007) 603–616. [4] R.P. Dhond, C. Yeh, K. Park, N. Kettner, V. Napadow, Acupuncture modulates resting state connectivity in default and sensorimotor brain network, Pain 136 (2008) 407–418. [5] J. Fang, Z. Jin, Y. Wang, K. Li, J. Kong, E.E. Nixon, Y. Zeng, Y. Ren, H. Tong, Y. Wang, P. Wang, K.K.S. Hui, The salient characteristics of the central effects of acupuncture needling: limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation, Hum. Brain Mapp. 30 (2009) 1196–1206. [6] K.K.S. Hui, J. Liu, O. Marina, V. Napadow, C. Haselgrove, K.K. Kwong, D.N. Kennedy, N. Makris, The integrated response of the human cerebro-cerebellar and limbic system to acupuncture stimulation at ST36 as evidenced by fMRI, NeuroImage 27 (2005) 479–496. [7] Q.S. Im, S.S. Perminder, W. Wei, C. Xiaohua, A.W. Mark, The brain effects of laser acupuncture in healthy individuals: an fMRI investigation, PLoS One 5 (2010) e12619. [8] H.G. Jo, G.H. Jo, Effect of acu-magnetic stimulation on heart rate variability, Med. Acupunct. 23 (2011) 35–38. [9] J. Kong, R.L. Gollub, J.M. Webb, J.T. Kong, M.G. Vangel, K. Kwong, Test-retest study of fMRI signal change evoked by electroacupuncture stimulation, NeuroImage 34 (2007) 1171–1181. [10] X. Lai, G. Zhang, Y. Huang, C. Tang, J. Yang, S. Wang, S.F. Zhou, A cerebral functional imaging study by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers receiving true or sham acupuncture needling, Neurosci. Lett. 452 (2009) 194–199.
109
[11] G.T. Lewith, P.J. White, J. Pariente, Investigating acupuncture using brain imaging techniques: the current state of play, Evid. Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2 (2005) 315–319. [12] G. Litscher, D. Rachbauer, S. Ropele, L. Wang, D. Schiokra, F. Fazekas, F. Ebner, Acupuncture using laser needles modulates brain function: first evidence from functional transcranial Doppler sonography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, Lasers Med. Sci. 19 (2004) 6–11. [13] V. Napadow, N. Makris, J. Liu, N.W. Kettner, K.K. Kwong, K.K.S. Hui, Effects of electroacupuncture versus manual acupuncture on the human brain as measured by fMRI, Hum. Brain Mapp. 24 (2005) 193–205. [14] W. Qin, J. Tian, L. Bai, X. Pan, L. Yang, P. Chen, J. Dai, A. Lin, B. Zhao, Q. Gong, W. Wang, K.M. Deneen, Y. Liu, fMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effect on an amygdale-associated brain network, Mol. Pain 4 (2008) 1–17. [15] Y. Ren, L. Bai, Y. Feng, J. Tian, K. Li, Investigation of acupoint specificity by functional connectivity analysis based on graph theory, Neurosci. Lett. 482 (2010) 95–100. [16] S. Sakai, E. Hori, K. Umeno, N. Kitabayashi, T. Ono, H. Nishijo, Specific acupuncture sensation correlates with EEGs and autonomic changes in human subjects, Auton. Neurosci. 133 (2007) 158–169. [17] C.M. Siedentopf, S.M. Gloaszewski, F.M. Mottaghy, C.C. Ruff, S. Felder, A. Schlager, Functional magnetic resonance imaging detects activation of the visual association cortex during laser acupuncture of the foot in humans, Neurosci. Lett. 327 (2002) 53–56. [18] K. Streitberger, J. Steppan, C. Maier, H. Hill, J. Backs, K. Plaschke, Effects of verum acupuncture compared to placebo acupuncture on quantitative EEG and heart rate variability in healthy volunteers, J. Altern. Complem. Med. 14 (2008) 505–513. [19] World Health Organization, WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2007. [20] World Health Organization, WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. [21] B. Yan, K. Li, J. Xu, W. Wang, K. Li, H. Liu, S. Baoci, T. Xiaowei, Acupoint-specific fMRI patterns in human brain, Neurosci. Lett. 383 (2005) 236–240. [22] S.S. Yoo, C.E. Kerr, M. Park, D.M. Im, R.A. Blinder, H.W. Park, T.J. Kaptchuk, Neural activities in human somatosensory cortical areas evoked by acupuncture stimulation, Complem. Ther. Med. 15 (2007) 247–254.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Neuroscience Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neulet
Electroencephalogram activity induced by magnetic stimulation on heart meridian Han-Gue Jo, Gi-Ho Jo ∗ Institute of Health and Environment, Kongju National University, SinKwan-dong 182, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 January 2011 Received in revised form 10 March 2011 Accepted 18 March 2011 Keywords: EEG Heart meridian Line-magnet
a b s t r a c t Many studies on the effects of acupuncture on brain activity have been concerned with the stimulation of specific acu-points. However, research on brain activity with the stimulation of the body-meridian line is still quite novel. The hypothesis of the present study is that heart meridian stimulations with different directions of line-magnet poles would elicit different effects on EEG activity. Twenty-three healthy young adults between the age of 19 and 22 years old participated in the experiment. Two tiny NEO line-magnets were applied to stimulate the heart meridian. EEG activities were changed significantly between different treatments on the heart meridian using line-magnet with different directions of magnetic poles (p < 0.05). The present study shows that the stimulation of the heart meridian with the line-magnets has an effect on brain activity associated with the direction of the line-magnet pole. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effects on brain activity elicited by acupuncture stimulations have been reported [1,3–7,9–18,21,22]. Many studies on the effect of acupuncture on brain activity would tend to support that neural activation is effected by the stimulation of specific acupuncture points which are located on the body-meridian lines. In addition, recent studies of fMRI with laser acupuncture which does not produce a pain sensation also suggest that the stimulations of different acupuncture points result in different patterns of neural activity [7,12,17]. While there are many studies of the effect on brain activity induced by stimulation of specific acupuncture point [3,11], studies of brain activity with the stimulation of the body-meridian line is still new. Acu-magnet therapy, which is painless, has been used as part of clinical practice and the therapeutic benefits of magnets have been reported recently [2]. However, the experimental evidence of the effects of changing the direction of magnetic poles is not sufficient. In our previous work it was observed that the stimulation of the heart meridian with line-magnet effected the heart rate variability associated with the direction of magnetic poles [8]. It indicates that the line-magnet can be used to stimulate the meridian line. These previous studies serve to frame a hypothesis that the stimulation of the heart meridian line effects not only the heart rate variability but also brain activity. Therefore, the theory which this research is based on is that the stimulation of the heart meridian using different directions of line-magnet poles would elicit different effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) activity.
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.-H. Jo). 0304-3940/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.049
Twenty-three healthy young adults between the age of 19 and 22 years old (mean ± SD age: 19.6 ± 0.9, 19 females) participated. Participants were required not to smoke, drink alcohol or caffeine drinks for at least 12 h before assessments. The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kongju National University and written informed consent was obtained from each subject. In order to stimulate the meridians, two tiny nickel-plated line-magnets, cylinders of 1.5 mm × 5 mm NEO-MAG (Nd–Fe–B), with a manufacturer’s rating of 3000 G (the highest surface field strength) were applied. These two line-magnets in a column were attached on the sections of the heart meridian between HT4 and HT6 on wrists of both arms with adhesive tape [8,20], see Fig. 1. The magnetic N pole (south seeking pole) of the magnet pair was attached in the direction of the starting point of the heart meridian for forward treatment (FT) and vice versa for backward treatment (BT). The participants sat comfortably in a chair with their shoes removed. They were asked to close their eyes and not to communicate with others during the tests. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, all of the subjects were provided with more than 20 min of rest time. Heart meridian (HT) was tested with two treatments, first with the attachment of the line-magnets for FT, and second with the attachment of the line-magnets for BT. The subjects were blinded from the type of meridian test and magnet direction. EEG was measured with 256 Hz sampling frequency and bandpass filter was set at 0.7 and 46 Hz (PolyG-1, Laxtha Inc.). The EEG electrodes were placed at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4 according to the international 10–20 system, and referenced to the right mastoid. EEG was recorded for 190 s following a 6 min rest
108
H.-G. Jo, G.-H. Jo / Neuroscience Letters 495 (2011) 107–109 Table 1 The results of significant effects on EEG activity.
␦ ␣ 1 2 ␥1 ␥2
Fp1
Fp2
F3
F4
T3
T4
P3
P4
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
– – – – 0.040* 0.033* 0.027**
– – – – – – –
Displayed shows ANOVA result for significant effect between conditions with pvalue. * Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed significant difference between forward and backward treatments with p < 0.05. ** Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed significant difference between forward and backward treatments with p < 0.01.
Fig. 1. An example of heart meridian stimulation using line-magnets. This figure shows the location of the line-magnet between HT4 and HT6 during the heart meridian test for the forward treatment (FT). The N pole of the magnet is attached in the direction of the starting point of the heart meridian. N, indicates magnetic north pole; S, indicates magnetic south pole.
period for each treatment. EEG was also recorded for 190 s before the heart meridian test without the pasting of magnet to measure the resting EEG. The last 160 s of each recorded data was used for spectral analysis (FFT) using MatLab (MathWorks, Inc.). Frequency bands, Delta (0.7–4 Hz), Theta (4–7.5 Hz), Alpha (7.5–12.5 Hz), Beta1 (12.5–20 Hz), Beta-2 (20–30 Hz), Gamma-1 (30–40 Hz), Gamma-2 (40–46 Hz) were obtained. A mean value of the frequency band for each electrode was computed. A one-way repeated ANOVA measure (SPSS 18.0, SPSS Inc.) was conducted to compare three conditions: resting state, FT, and BT. This ANOVA test was calculated separately for each frequency band and for each electrode. If the data violated the assumption of sphericity, a corrected p-value was used (Greenhouse-Geisser correction). A Bonferroni post hoc test was used to locate the pairs that were significantly different. Because the small sample size, the effect size, partial eta squared, was also computed. The significant changes in EEG activity induced by line-magnet stimulation of heart meridian are summarized in Table 1. In Beta-2 frequency band, significant change was observed in the P3 electrode (F1.1, 24.28 = 4.52, p = 0.04, 2 = 0.171). Pos hoc tests revealed that FT was significantly different from BT (p = 0.02). However, the resting state was not significantly different from either FT or BT (p > 0.05). In gamma frequency bands, significant change was also observed in the P3 electrode (Gamma-1 F2, 44 = 4.78, p = 0.033, 2 = 0.179; Gamma-2 F1.14, 25.03 = 5.2, p = 0.027, 2 = 0.191). Post hoc
tests show a significant difference between FT and BT (Gamma-1 p = 0.035; Gamma-2 p = 0.009). However, no significant difference was observed between resting state and either FT or BT in gamma frequency bands (p > 0.05). In Delta, Theta, and Alpha frequency bands, no significant different was observed. The clinical practice of applying magnets to acupuncture has the advantage that the stimulation is painless. However, two cases of adverse reactions associated with acu-magnet therapy were observed [2]. In one instance, a prolonged treatment for 72 h with a magnet of high-intensity strength on many acupuncture points, to treat hot flushes, caused an exacerbation of their hot flush symptoms. In the other case, the adhesive tape used for magnet attachment caused skin irritation. In this study, however, the linemagnets were left on two sections of meridian lines for a few minutes during the test and no associated discomfort of magnet attachments using adhesive tape was reported by the subjects. The present study is a trial to investigate the effects on brain activity induced by body-meridian stimulation. We focused on comparing the effects of heart meridian stimulations using different directions of line-magnet poles on EEG activity. Significant differences were observed at high frequency bands in the P3 electrode. At low frequency bands, however, there was no significant difference. The heart meridian seems to effect mainly at high frequency in the parietal electrode. The different treatments using different directions of linemagnet poles on heart meridian induced different brain activities. The brain activities were significantly different between FT and BT. It seems that the treatments of FT and BT induce different responses respectively, because FT and BT have opposing magnetic pole directions. A comparable methodology was applied in traditional acupuncture therapy in which the opposite direction of needling along the meridian line was used to induce a different effect, with the direction for reinforcement and against the direction for reduction [19]. The results of this study suggest that the line-magnet can be applied to stimulate the heart meridian which has an effect on brain activity. And the different direction of line-magnet pole can be used to stimulate the heart meridian differently, like the result observed in a previous study that BT reduces the heart rate compared to FT [8]. We presume that the meridians on human body have direction and that this direction is associated with the direction of magnet pole as suggested by our previous study [8]. Therefore, the direction of magnetic pole should be carefully considered when using magnetic therapy. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the magnetic stimulations of the heart meridian on the human body have an effect on brain activity, and that this activity is associated with the direction of magnet pole. Although the different treatments show
H.-G. Jo, G.-H. Jo / Neuroscience Letters 495 (2011) 107–109
significant change in EEG activity, a greater number of subjects with more EEG electrodes are needed in further studies to confirm the results. References [1] A.C.N. Chen, F.J. Liu, L. Wang, L. Arendt-Nielsen, Mode and site of acupuncture modulation in the human brain: 3D (124-ch) EEG power spectrum mapping and source imaging, NeuroImage 29 (2006) 1080–1091. [2] A.P. Colbert, J. Cleaver, K.A. Brown, N. Harling, Y. Hwang, H.C. Schiffke, J. Brons, Y. Qin, Magnets applied to acupuncture points as therapy – a literature review, Acupunct. Med. 26 (3) (2008) 160–170. [3] R.P. Dhond, N. Kettner, V. Napaow, Neuroimaging acupuncture effects in the human brain, J. Altern. Complem. Med. 13 (6) (2007) 603–616. [4] R.P. Dhond, C. Yeh, K. Park, N. Kettner, V. Napadow, Acupuncture modulates resting state connectivity in default and sensorimotor brain network, Pain 136 (2008) 407–418. [5] J. Fang, Z. Jin, Y. Wang, K. Li, J. Kong, E.E. Nixon, Y. Zeng, Y. Ren, H. Tong, Y. Wang, P. Wang, K.K.S. Hui, The salient characteristics of the central effects of acupuncture needling: limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation, Hum. Brain Mapp. 30 (2009) 1196–1206. [6] K.K.S. Hui, J. Liu, O. Marina, V. Napadow, C. Haselgrove, K.K. Kwong, D.N. Kennedy, N. Makris, The integrated response of the human cerebro-cerebellar and limbic system to acupuncture stimulation at ST36 as evidenced by fMRI, NeuroImage 27 (2005) 479–496. [7] Q.S. Im, S.S. Perminder, W. Wei, C. Xiaohua, A.W. Mark, The brain effects of laser acupuncture in healthy individuals: an fMRI investigation, PLoS One 5 (2010) e12619. [8] H.G. Jo, G.H. Jo, Effect of acu-magnetic stimulation on heart rate variability, Med. Acupunct. 23 (2011) 35–38. [9] J. Kong, R.L. Gollub, J.M. Webb, J.T. Kong, M.G. Vangel, K. Kwong, Test-retest study of fMRI signal change evoked by electroacupuncture stimulation, NeuroImage 34 (2007) 1171–1181. [10] X. Lai, G. Zhang, Y. Huang, C. Tang, J. Yang, S. Wang, S.F. Zhou, A cerebral functional imaging study by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers receiving true or sham acupuncture needling, Neurosci. Lett. 452 (2009) 194–199.
109
[11] G.T. Lewith, P.J. White, J. Pariente, Investigating acupuncture using brain imaging techniques: the current state of play, Evid. Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2 (2005) 315–319. [12] G. Litscher, D. Rachbauer, S. Ropele, L. Wang, D. Schiokra, F. Fazekas, F. Ebner, Acupuncture using laser needles modulates brain function: first evidence from functional transcranial Doppler sonography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, Lasers Med. Sci. 19 (2004) 6–11. [13] V. Napadow, N. Makris, J. Liu, N.W. Kettner, K.K. Kwong, K.K.S. Hui, Effects of electroacupuncture versus manual acupuncture on the human brain as measured by fMRI, Hum. Brain Mapp. 24 (2005) 193–205. [14] W. Qin, J. Tian, L. Bai, X. Pan, L. Yang, P. Chen, J. Dai, A. Lin, B. Zhao, Q. Gong, W. Wang, K.M. Deneen, Y. Liu, fMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effect on an amygdale-associated brain network, Mol. Pain 4 (2008) 1–17. [15] Y. Ren, L. Bai, Y. Feng, J. Tian, K. Li, Investigation of acupoint specificity by functional connectivity analysis based on graph theory, Neurosci. Lett. 482 (2010) 95–100. [16] S. Sakai, E. Hori, K. Umeno, N. Kitabayashi, T. Ono, H. Nishijo, Specific acupuncture sensation correlates with EEGs and autonomic changes in human subjects, Auton. Neurosci. 133 (2007) 158–169. [17] C.M. Siedentopf, S.M. Gloaszewski, F.M. Mottaghy, C.C. Ruff, S. Felder, A. Schlager, Functional magnetic resonance imaging detects activation of the visual association cortex during laser acupuncture of the foot in humans, Neurosci. Lett. 327 (2002) 53–56. [18] K. Streitberger, J. Steppan, C. Maier, H. Hill, J. Backs, K. Plaschke, Effects of verum acupuncture compared to placebo acupuncture on quantitative EEG and heart rate variability in healthy volunteers, J. Altern. Complem. Med. 14 (2008) 505–513. [19] World Health Organization, WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2007. [20] World Health Organization, WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. [21] B. Yan, K. Li, J. Xu, W. Wang, K. Li, H. Liu, S. Baoci, T. Xiaowei, Acupoint-specific fMRI patterns in human brain, Neurosci. Lett. 383 (2005) 236–240. [22] S.S. Yoo, C.E. Kerr, M. Park, D.M. Im, R.A. Blinder, H.W. Park, T.J. Kaptchuk, Neural activities in human somatosensory cortical areas evoked by acupuncture stimulation, Complem. Ther. Med. 15 (2007) 247–254.