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Electron, ion and laser beam symposium
Book review
Vacuum
Sealing Techniques, by A Roth, Pergamon Press (Oxford), 1366, XIV+ 845 pages, El2 This book is really very good indeed and covers, in detail, the many techniques used in vacuum sealing. The book is divided essentially into two parts, the first part describes basic vacuum seals discussing for example permanent seals such as welded and brazed joints, glass to glass and glass to metal seals, demountable metal to metal seals and many other types: and the second part of the book is concerned with specialised vacuum seals. These latter seals include leadthrough, mechanical, magnetic, electrical and heat actuated motion seals, valves, vacuum locks, etc. In addition to describing the properties of the seals the book discusses in detail the method of preparation of each seal. Criteria for use of individual seals are discussed and considerable tabular and diagrammatic data supplements the text. Consequently it is a straightforward task for a beginner or for an experienced worker to select the seal appropriate to his own requirements, ie, the pressure range in which the seal is to operate, and for the ambient conditions to which the seal is to be exposed. Thus it is abundantly clear that in the ultra-high vacuum region for example, only materials which have appropriate high temperature and outgassing properties must be used and correct emphasis is placed upon the use of metallic seals in this region. The book contains some 1,600 references to published work, many of which have appeared as recently as 1966 and as a result of this feature is of extreme relevance to current practice. The author has provided a most valuable book for not only vacuum technologists but for physicists, chemists, biologists, engineers and many others who have to choose, construct, or use vacuum systems either as part of their research or in laboratory scale, or industrial plants. This work should find its way onto the shelves of all the workers mentioned above, but it is unlikely that this book, once acquired would remain idly upon the shelves very long, in fact, one can foresee continuous use of this book in any laboratory. G Carter
Conferences
Materials of High Vacuum Technology, Vol. 1 Metals and Metalloids by W Espe, Pergamon Press (Oxford), 1966, 912 pages, d15.
Espe and Knoll produced a book Werkstoflkunde der Hochvakuumtechnik in 1936, which was completely out of print within its first year of publication. Because of difficulties engendered by the international situation since that time it has not been possible for the co-authors to revise that volume and so Professor Espe undertook the monumental task alone. All workers in the field are only too aware of the explosion of knowledge in the intervening period and this is evidenced by the sixfold increase in the present text. This text is in fact an English translation of a German edition which first appeared in 1957 and to some extent this already outdates some of the material although more recent data is included where it was possible to do so. It would be impossible in a short review to enumerate all the contents and it would be unjust to the author to select isolated sections out of context. Essentially the work contains discussion of the preparation, physical and chemical properties, and technical applications of refractory metals and alloys noble metals and alloys, base metals and alloys, rare metals and alloys and carbon and other metals. In addition there is a long chapter devoted to the preparation of metals for high vacuum applications, including such processes as vacuum melting, degassing, welding and surface treatment. Since the work is effectively nine years old one is not surprised to find that the properties of stainless steels are not given wider coverage. Such a treatment would have added very significantly to the value of the book at the present time, however, since this material is of such widespread importance. Further, one would have liked to have seen outgassing data and mass spectra of the products released from the materials discussed since this is often of critical importance in choosing materials for high vacuum applications. These criticisms, and some rather antiquated and unnecessary photographic material, apart however, the book remains an extremely valuable source book for metals used in high vacuum technology. The price, one is afraid, will deter many individual workers from purchase, but this book should find its way into the Reference section of libraries in any organisation concerned with high vacuum either as a means or an end, and will prove a valuable addition. G Carter
and symposia
Electron, ion and laser heam symposium
The Ninth Annual Symposium on Electron Ion and Laser Beam Technology will be held on 9-11 May 1967 at Berkeley, California. This symposium will be sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The annual symposium, which is attended by delegates from all over the world, is the outgrowth of meetings originally organized by Alloyd Corp, and concerned with the generation and control of radiant energy for the purpose of modifying the shape or nature of materials, including processes such as melting, refining, welding, machining, and evaporating. In subsequent years, non-thermal interactions with materials have also been included, notably such topics as scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and high-precision measurements, as well as novel instrumentation
and the applicable physics. Other examples of topics to be covered include microelectronic fabrication and examination and information storage (eg, thermoplastic recording). By agreement with the IEEE Conference on Laser Applications and Engineering, to be held a month later at Washington, DC, papers pertaining to the use of laser beams for the transmission of information and its recording (holography) will be shifted to that conference ; however, applications of holography (eg, in the fabrication of printing masters for holograms) are to be covered at the Berkeley symposiun . The Chairman of the Programme Committee is Dr R F W Pease, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720. Correspondence may also be addressed to Professor Charles Susskind at the same address.
175
Vacuum
Sealing Techniques, by A Roth, Pergamon Press (Oxford), 1366, XIV+ 845 pages, El2 This book is really very good indeed and covers, in detail, the many techniques used in vacuum sealing. The book is divided essentially into two parts, the first part describes basic vacuum seals discussing for example permanent seals such as welded and brazed joints, glass to glass and glass to metal seals, demountable metal to metal seals and many other types: and the second part of the book is concerned with specialised vacuum seals. These latter seals include leadthrough, mechanical, magnetic, electrical and heat actuated motion seals, valves, vacuum locks, etc. In addition to describing the properties of the seals the book discusses in detail the method of preparation of each seal. Criteria for use of individual seals are discussed and considerable tabular and diagrammatic data supplements the text. Consequently it is a straightforward task for a beginner or for an experienced worker to select the seal appropriate to his own requirements, ie, the pressure range in which the seal is to operate, and for the ambient conditions to which the seal is to be exposed. Thus it is abundantly clear that in the ultra-high vacuum region for example, only materials which have appropriate high temperature and outgassing properties must be used and correct emphasis is placed upon the use of metallic seals in this region. The book contains some 1,600 references to published work, many of which have appeared as recently as 1966 and as a result of this feature is of extreme relevance to current practice. The author has provided a most valuable book for not only vacuum technologists but for physicists, chemists, biologists, engineers and many others who have to choose, construct, or use vacuum systems either as part of their research or in laboratory scale, or industrial plants. This work should find its way onto the shelves of all the workers mentioned above, but it is unlikely that this book, once acquired would remain idly upon the shelves very long, in fact, one can foresee continuous use of this book in any laboratory. G Carter
Conferences
Materials of High Vacuum Technology, Vol. 1 Metals and Metalloids by W Espe, Pergamon Press (Oxford), 1966, 912 pages, d15.
Espe and Knoll produced a book Werkstoflkunde der Hochvakuumtechnik in 1936, which was completely out of print within its first year of publication. Because of difficulties engendered by the international situation since that time it has not been possible for the co-authors to revise that volume and so Professor Espe undertook the monumental task alone. All workers in the field are only too aware of the explosion of knowledge in the intervening period and this is evidenced by the sixfold increase in the present text. This text is in fact an English translation of a German edition which first appeared in 1957 and to some extent this already outdates some of the material although more recent data is included where it was possible to do so. It would be impossible in a short review to enumerate all the contents and it would be unjust to the author to select isolated sections out of context. Essentially the work contains discussion of the preparation, physical and chemical properties, and technical applications of refractory metals and alloys noble metals and alloys, base metals and alloys, rare metals and alloys and carbon and other metals. In addition there is a long chapter devoted to the preparation of metals for high vacuum applications, including such processes as vacuum melting, degassing, welding and surface treatment. Since the work is effectively nine years old one is not surprised to find that the properties of stainless steels are not given wider coverage. Such a treatment would have added very significantly to the value of the book at the present time, however, since this material is of such widespread importance. Further, one would have liked to have seen outgassing data and mass spectra of the products released from the materials discussed since this is often of critical importance in choosing materials for high vacuum applications. These criticisms, and some rather antiquated and unnecessary photographic material, apart however, the book remains an extremely valuable source book for metals used in high vacuum technology. The price, one is afraid, will deter many individual workers from purchase, but this book should find its way into the Reference section of libraries in any organisation concerned with high vacuum either as a means or an end, and will prove a valuable addition. G Carter
and symposia
Electron, ion and laser heam symposium
The Ninth Annual Symposium on Electron Ion and Laser Beam Technology will be held on 9-11 May 1967 at Berkeley, California. This symposium will be sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The annual symposium, which is attended by delegates from all over the world, is the outgrowth of meetings originally organized by Alloyd Corp, and concerned with the generation and control of radiant energy for the purpose of modifying the shape or nature of materials, including processes such as melting, refining, welding, machining, and evaporating. In subsequent years, non-thermal interactions with materials have also been included, notably such topics as scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and high-precision measurements, as well as novel instrumentation
and the applicable physics. Other examples of topics to be covered include microelectronic fabrication and examination and information storage (eg, thermoplastic recording). By agreement with the IEEE Conference on Laser Applications and Engineering, to be held a month later at Washington, DC, papers pertaining to the use of laser beams for the transmission of information and its recording (holography) will be shifted to that conference ; however, applications of holography (eg, in the fabrication of printing masters for holograms) are to be covered at the Berkeley symposiun . The Chairman of the Programme Committee is Dr R F W Pease, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720. Correspondence may also be addressed to Professor Charles Susskind at the same address.
175