Electronic journals: Issues of access and bibliographical control

While the we of academic cozytier n&w~~ks for ~~~~ ~~~~~~a~on pies is wSe& dGcumented, 3t is only relative& ~eently that genuine electronic journ& (e-journ&) have appeared on the networks. The proliferation of peer-reviewed e-journals raises ~und~eut~ questions for library and ~~fo~~~ services_ T&e aims of @is art&&z are two-foid: first, to expIore ths issues relating to access t~3 and bibliogmphical control of e-journals from a locaf and national perspective; second, to assist librarians in the j~~ern~~~~on and enh~~~rn~~ of xxxssme&atisms and b~bli~p~~ cC3z%roI of e-+R%malsby the identi~~ati~~ of info~aE~~~ sources and damnation of good practice.

In terms of access and bib~io~aphic~ controi, online e-journals are pr~babIy the easiest for fibrarians to deaf with. For the purpose of thisarticle, online e-journals are defined as those journals that are available on a payas-you-go or cuss-or-~ss basis via such onfine busts as Dialog and BRS, Such e-journals are unlikely to be considered part of a library’s collection because, in most Iibraries, users are rarely aflowed free and unhmited access to remote online systems. This is due first to the high cost of retrieving articles or information and second to the fact that user access frequently requires the assistance of an intermix. As they are not IocaIly avaiiabie, online e-journals do not require bibliographical control at a locat level. Moreover, almost without exception, onIine e-joumaIs are the electronic versions of existing printed joumaIs, for which records already exist in 1ocaI and national databases. Furthermore, whether they emanate from commercial publishers or Iearned societies, e-joumafs are made avaifabk online not only with the intention of providing wider access to the user community, but also to sell extra copies of articles; thus it is reiativeiy easy to trace their avaiIabiIity_ The standard seriais reference pubhcations, Ulrich S Inter*rzationalPtiriodicals Directory and EBSCO”s The Serials Directory, provide separate listings of se&& avaiIabIe unIine and on CD-ROM, Publications such as the G&e Directory qf Databases: Volume I: On-line Databases and BiblioData’s Mltext Suurces Orz-line provide i~u~atio~ on publication avaiIabiIity and online hosts. One drawback to online e-journals is that the description “full-text” can be misleading. Few articles are provided online with tables, graphs, and pbutographs intact and few journals are available cover-to-cover. Frequent omissions include book reviews, meetings caIendars, and notes for authors. Accessing online journals is also expensive and it is unlikely that an academic libmry would cancel printed journal subscriptions and rely upon the online ahemative. Nevertheless, they caxf provide a usefuf back-up for urgently needed information or information that is only required on an occasionsI basis. CD-ROM E-JOURNALS Various complies nuw pubhsh f&l-text juurhals on CD-ROM; core printed titles include the Economist, New Scientist and Journal of the American MedicaL

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Association, and national newspapers such as the limes, 12 Mande, artd Washington Post. A recent initiative from two leading joumaI publishers is the CAJUN (CD-RUM Acrubat 3oumaIs Using ~etworks~ project. This involves two existing print journals, Wiley’s Electronic Publishing: Origination, Dissemination and Design ~~~-~DD~ and ~haprn~ and &II’s U~~~c~~ and Quantum Electronics fUQE). Dissemination is intended to be both on CD-ROM and over the Internet. The CA.IuN project is noteworthy since it also involves a major commerciaI software house (Adobe)-indeed, one that has already been responsibie for producing the tiefact standard page description Ianguage PostScript. At the time of&iswriting the first CAJUN CD-ROM has just been released containing the first six volumes of EP-0DD,4 fn addition to i~d~v~duaI titles, colIeetiuns of fulltext journals on CD-ROM, in a variety of subject disciplines, are also available. UMI (University Microfilms), a major publisher in tbis area, has a growing range of coIIec~o~s, ~ncIudi~~ Br&r~t”ss ~e~~o~~c~~~ Global, containing full-text images of articIes pubIished in approximately 500 business journals, and ~~~~EE~ ~~b~~~at~o~son Disc, One of the best-known exampies of a f&l-text CD-RUIM application is ADONIS, which covers over 500 biomedical journals. In all of these collections, full-text images appear as in the otiginai journals and all photo~raphs~ charts, and other illustrations are included. As with online e-journals, the vast majority of CD-RUM e-joumds are the electronic versiun uf existing printed joumafs far which ~~bliograph~c~ records already exist. To further enhance bibliographical controt, there are alsovarious print and electronic directories that list CD-RUM e-journ&. These incfude G&e Directory of Databases. Volume 2: CD-ROM, Diskette, Magnetic Tape, Handheld, and Batch Access Database ~~d~~ts; ~ec~e~~dia~s ~~-~~~~ in frini; and TFFL’s C~-~~~ Directory. Never&he&z, CD-ROM journals can pose problems for libraries in terms of access provision. Stand-alone CD-ROM terminats can cause botttfenecks for users p~icuI~Iy if Iarge numbers of printed journals are replaced by CD-ROMs.5 In 8 networked environment, hardware costs (for exarnpie, CD-ROM semers and j~k~boxes~~ systems staff time in im~Iement~~g and maintaining the CD-ROM network, plus additional network subscription charges can be substantiaf. Indeed it may not be premature to question whether CD-ROM networks are the best way to deliver information to the desktops of users. Three major CD-BOM publishers-UMI, SilverPlatter, and

- HAZELWooowQm ANDctm

MCKNIClrsr-

the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI)-have recently announced plans to provide additional online access to their data either through direct connection or via the Internet.”

The third option identified by Woodward is the networked electronic journal. These too may be the electronic versions of existing printed journals, but increasingly many networked journals exist only in electronic format. At this point it must be emphasized that this article is examining only peer-reviewed e-journals. Newsletters, discussion lists, unmoderated bulletin boards, and other so-called “ethemera”’ or ~bsky~~n~y~8 will not be considered. The reason for this is that non-peer-reviewed electronic cmnmunications exist p~rn~ly for the benefit of the individual researcher or research group, acting as a sounding board for a particular subject discipline where ideas can be put forward for discussion and revision by colleagues around the globe. In a time before network co~unication was easily and widely available, such ideas were interchanged by scholars and researchers by letter, fax, telephone, personal contact at conferences, and so forth. The Internet simply provides a wider international arena for the exchange of ideas and receipt of feedback from colleagues and peers, Limiting the definition of networked e-journals to refereed titles brings the number of titles available down to a relatively small number at present. The fourth edition of the ARL Directoq of Electronic Newsletters, Serials and discussion Lists’ updated by New Electronic Journals and ~~s~e~ers ~An~ou~e~ ments)” contains approximately 100 refereed journals. Nevertheless, even this relatively small number represents a challenge to libraries in the way in which they attempt to provide access to and information about the titles av~lable. Many networked e-journals are based on mailing list softw~e-including listproc, majordomo, and mailbase-and are normally distributed in one of two ways. In the first model a central computer holds a list of subscribers and sends them a contents page and abstracts by electronic mail when a new issue arrives. Subscribers can then retrieve articles through file transfer protocol (ITP) andhave them delivered to their personal e-mail boxes. This model has the advantage that users only acquire those items that appear to be of interest, for it is widely accepted that in~vid~~ journal sub-

scribers rarely read every article in a single issue. It does, however, pose problems for libraries whose traditional roles have been to acquire complete issues of journals. In the second model, subscribers are automatically sent the full text of each issue by e-mail. Other client/server computing applications are also being utilized in the publishing of e-journals. Today, many users have powerful &ompute~ on their desktops, often with graphical, audio, and storage capabilities. These are connected to the Internet. Special client software, which can utilize the capabilities of a desktop computer, sends requests to a server somewhere on the network using a standardized format called a protocol. The server sends a response, which the client displays to the user in a more readable way. Examples of client/ server applications being used to publish e-journals include gopher, where a desktop gopher client connects to a gopher server, and World Wide Web (WWW), where a desktop client such as Mosaic connects to a Web server.‘l The ARL Directory gives full access details for all titles included in its listings. A number of e-journal research projects currently in progress am utilizing the capabilities of the ~ The first, and the one with which the authors are closely associated, is the ELVYN (Electronic Versions whY Not) project, which is funded by the British Library and involves the Institute of Physics ~blishing, the Standing Conference on National and University Libraries (SCONE, and ~ughborough University. This project is investigating a variety of economic, technical, and end-user issues involved in the distribution of an electronic version of a printed journal, A4odeZZing and ~~~~~ut~o~in materiel Science and Engineering, to p~i~ipatin~ libraries. l2 The second project, MUSE, represents a similar approach to the ELVYN project in that it also involves both library and publisher. In this casethe publisher is the Johns Hopkins Unversity Press in collaboration with the Milton S. Eisenhower Library and Homew~ Academic Computing. The journals involved are C~~~g~~~tio~s, Modem Language Notes, and English Literary History. The fully formatted texts of these journals are available on the Internet via the library’s server and are best viewed using ~ Mosaic client software. In the protons system the journals are freely available to individual scholars. However, a long-range goal of the project is to offer reasonably priced electronic journals to university libraries and to use online technology to make works of s~hol~hip more widely available within the university communities.13

SwM&ZJZRl99573

It is becoming increasingly obvious that both commercial and noncommercial publishers are migrating towards the WWW for the publication of e-journals. As subscribers to New ~~e~~~~~c~~~~~s ~rtd Arewsletters (Announcements) will observe, a high proportion of newly announced titles are now available via the ~ and Mosaic software. Such observation is substantiated by recent statistics from The Internet Index, which records that the WWW is ranked third among the most popular host names and that the number of copies of Enhanced Mosaic licensed from Spyglass Inc. is over 10 million.‘4

The quotation by Atkinson at the start of this article su~~zes coherently the ultimate objective of all library and information services: namely, to facilitate access to information. This objective should apply just as much in the electronic environment as it does in the traditional paper-based library. As stated clearly by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Task Force on the Electronic Journal: [AJs agents standing between the information ptoducers and information consumers, academic libraries should support electronic journals. The ~nd~m~nta~ reason for this is simply that libraries exist as conveyors of academically relevant information. We have not previously discriminated against information because of its format, and this is not the time to start.‘5 Several levels of access need to be considered by library and information services. The first is access to info~ation about what titles are available, name and address of publisher, publication start date, frequency, subscription cost (if any), and other basic bibliographical data. The second level is access to information about the articles within individual journal issues: What is being published by whom? The third level is access to the actual text of the journal: How can access be made quick and easy for the end-user? B~LI~G~P~CAL INF~~TI~~ AND CATALOGING Mention has been made in previous sections of several print and electronic directories and databases that provide useful sources of bibliographical information about e-journals. Without doubt the ARC Directory is

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the most widely available and best known listing of bibliographical information. However, BUBL (Bulletin Board for Libraries} is another widely used resource that provides quick and easy access to information about and the full text of e-journals. Links to major e-journal sites are provided in BUBL Section SAO, while Section SAI provides the fitlI text of almost 100 titlesf6 In addition, according to Manoff,” MARC records exist in the OCLC and CONSER (Cooperative Online SERials Program) databases for almost all currentIy published e-journals; such data can greatly assist the librarian in the bibliographic control of e-journals. However, from the user’s perspective, tracking down information about e-journals and their contents can still be fraught with difficulty. A large proportion of e-journals are published by enthusiastic individuals and made available, via the Internet, free at the point of use; this is one reason why access and biblio~aphi~~ control can be so difficult. Because they do not emanate from commercial publishing houses, there is no marketing initiative when a title is launched. Many new titles will be announced on variaus subject-specific discussion lists and bulletin boards and/or are notified to New Electronic humaEs and ~ew~~err~r~ (Anmuncementsj. Other e-journal publishers may register titles with their national ISSN center thus adding the journal to the ISDS (International Serials Data System) Register. Scholars may also gain access to info~a~on about e-journal articies from citations in both printed and electronic journal articles and book chapters. Useful guidelines for citing electronic information sources were published by Li and Crane in 1993.l* Cataloging of e-journals, both locally and nationally, greatly facilitates access for users. Libraries have traditionally maintained catalogs to provide access to materials available in their collections. However, with the growth of networks librarians increasingly need to provide access to materials outside the confines of the library walls. If an e-journal is selected for inclusion in the serials collection (using procedures analogous to those that govern printed serials) it is essential that the titles be cataloged in order to provide access to the information and instructions for its retrieval. Clearly, cataloging e-journals requires that different information be included in the bibliographic record from that found in the records of more traditional materials. Substantive work on the cataloging of Internet resources has been undertaken by the OCLC Office of Research in conjunction with representatives of the Machine-Readable Bibliographic Information Com-

- &GXt WOODWORn

AND CtI.FT h%CKIUGHT -

mittee (MARBI) and the Library of Congress. Because of the wide range of materials available on the Internet, it was uncertain whether USMARC format for computer files and the Anglo-American Cfffff~uguing Rules (AACR2) could be used without modification. To test the hypothesis that the computer-files format and the revised AACRZ cataloging rules could accommodate the creation of records of Internet files, some 300 Internet files (including e-journals) were cataloged by a team of volunteers and submitted to OCLC for analysis.” In December 1992, OCLC forwarded the results of their analysis in a document entitled Guidelinesfor the Description of Internet Resources, which were then passed to the American Library Ass~iation’s Committee on Cataloguing: Description and Access (CC:DA) for further consultation and dissemination.20 In terms of access to e-journals, the most important recommendation of the Guidelines is that MARC field 856 is proposed to contain “all the isolation necessary for subscribing to, transferring, or otherwise accessing the electronic resource.” Recent approval of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in the access data is another important step forward: this decision also has signi~c~t implications for future OPACs vis a vis direct links from the bibliographic record in the online catalog to an Internet resource at a different host. Related to this issue, two important new projects on the cataloging and classification of Internet resources have recently been announced. The first is a new OCLC project, “Building a Catalog of Internet Resources,” which is supported by the U.S. Department of Education. According to the press release, “OCLC will test the technical feasibility of providing direct user access to remote materials based on encoded location and access info~ation.~~21 The second project, CATRIONA (CATaloguing and Retrieval of Information Over Networks Applications), is a six-month feasibility study funded by the British Library Research and Development Division. The purpose behind CATRIONA is to investigate the technical, org~izational, and financial requirements for the development of applications programs and procedures to enable the cataloging, classification, and retrieval of documents and other resources over networks.22 Project director Dermis Nicholson’s substantial knowledge of and expertise in developing access toelectronic resources via BUBL will provide a firm bedrock for the research. Meanwhile, as the various committees continue their deliberations and e-journal research projects push forward the frontiers of knowledge, a number of organizations and institutions are already forging ahead and

-ELECTRON~CJOURNALS-

adding e-journals to their collections. Most notable is Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. In 1990, their Task Force on the Electronic Journal selected five e-journals to use in testing each aspect of library processing. By 1994 this number had risen to 12.23 For all internal processing procedures, e-journals are handled in the same way as serials in other formats; where a journal is held in both printed and electronic formats, two separate holdings records, one for the printed copy and one for the electronic version, are created.24 E-journals receive full catalog records following CONSER guidelines, including Library of Congress call numbers, subject headings, and linking entries. The biblio~ap~c record also describes the means of access in a general note (MARC tag 500) and in a local note (MARC tag 590). Additionally, information about the e-journal source text and sites of dedicated access terminals is provided in MARC tag 866. This enabled the following note to be displayed: This electronic journal is available for viewing on the University’s INFO system on VTVMl or VTVM’2 under the entry INFO LIBRARY E-JOURNAL. Terminals are available for free public access in the REFERENCE ROOM and at the SCIENCE REFERENCE DESK.25 For the purpose of archiving their e-journals, Virginia Polytechnic and State University Libraries have decided to provide storage on and access via the library gopher. While recognizing that gopher does not provide such flexibility in organizing and presenting information as other means such as WWW and Mosaic, gopher does currently meet both the needs of the library and those of its user co~unity. Many other libraries are now beginning to add e-journals to their collections; it is an interesting exercise to browse the multitude of gopher menus and WWW servers at different institutions and observe just how e-journals are being handled by individual instituttions. Although using different technologies and different processing procedures, the philosophy apparently remains the same across the globe: library users should be able to find e-journals using the same means as they use to find journals in other formats: through the library OPAC.

INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING Few e-journals are covered by abstracting and indexing services. A rare exception is the Online .IoumaE of Cur-

&JMMEIRl!%

75

rent Clinical Trials, originally published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and OCLC and recently purchased by Chapman and Hall. Paradoxically, although the journal was designed to be accessed directly by readers, it seems to have received a more enthusiastic reception from the information profession than from end-users. However, it is significantly the first e-journal to be included in the indexing service Index Medicus, although it should not be overlooked that other indexing and abstracting services (notably ERIC and Mu Bibliography) have also begun indexing e-journals. Nevertheless, an examination of the way e-journals are handled by indexing and abstracting services reveals some disturbing gaps in access information. The following entries illustrate how two services deal with articles from e-journals: Entry from MLA Bibliography: Ulmer, Greg Author: Title: Grammatology Hypermedia Postmodem Culture: An Electronic Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary Criticism (ISSN 1053-1920) 1991 Jan vl(2) p19 paragraphs Subjects Covered: professional topics, computer-assisted research, hypermedia systems, electronic journal, grammatology Entry from MEDLZNE: Author: Berlin, J.A. Will publication bias vanish in Title: the age of online journals? Online J Curr Clin Trials (BZC), Source: 1992 Ju18; Dot No 12 Language: English Country Pub: United States Announcement: 9405 Editorial Pub.Type: Neither entry gives any indication that the journal only exists in electronic format and no information is given on how to access or obtain the articles. A user in the UK could well be forgiven for applying to the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC) for a photocopy of these articles. However, the chances of obtaining articles from e-journals from BLDSC are limited. The Centre currently subscribes to only one e-journal (Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials), and it deals with that subscription by

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downloading the full text to paper and satisfying requests with photocopies. One obvious solution to the access problem would be for indexing and abstracting services to state clearly that the title is in electronic format and to give the URL. This has recently been an item of discussion on the electronic publishing discussion list VPIEJ-L.26

ACCESS TO E-JOURNALSTHE WIDER CONTEXT Having examined some specific ways in which the library and information profession is facilitating access to e-journals, it is also necessary to be aware of some wider social, technical, and political issues that are already impacting upon access to e-journals andwill continue to do so in the near to medium-term future. E-journal publishing is currently at the stage where, to a large extent, scholars are controlling their publishing system, just as in the early days of printed scholarly communication, Indeed, as discussed in an earlier section, many e-journals are published by enthusiastic individuals and made available, free via the Internet, point of use. The lack of e-journal subscription costs is, on the surface, an attractive feature. After all, alongside speed of publication and hypermedia capabilities, one factor that is fueling the quest for alternative forms of scholarly communication is the escalating cost of journal subscriptions. But it is unlikely that the scenario of freely accessible information, which authors such as Hamad and Odlyzko2* promulgate, will continue indefinitely. There are a number of reasons for this. First, commercial companies are moving rapidly into electronic publishing as exemplified by the MUSE, ELVYN, and CAJUN projects previously mentioned. Elsevier, the world’s largest commercial publisher of journals, in conjunction with nine American university libraries, is working on the TULIP (The University Licensing Program), the aims of which are to determine the feasibility of the networked distribution of journals in order to understand the economic and practical viability and study usage pattems.29 Another interesting project, entitled Red Sage, brings together as partners Springer-Verlag, AT&T Bell Labs, and the University of California, San Francisco. This project attempts to recreate the “look” of printed journals and the “feel” of the library on the computer screen.30 A second reason is that it is unlikely that scholars on their own-or libraries, for that matter---could completely take over from commercial publishers and

- HAZEL W~~DWORD AND CLIFF MIXNIGHT -

learned societies in the dissemination of scholarly info~ation. Time constants and academic workloads mitigate against such a takeover, as does the sheer vol-

ume of material being published. Rowland summarizes this succinctly:

While a journal publishing 15 papers a year could be run on an amateur basis, one publishing 1500 papers a year cannot, regardless of the medium it is published in. The sheer ad~nistrative load of organizing input, refereeing, copye~ting, foraying and dis~bution of that many documents, requires full-time staff. And since those people have to eat, they also need a salary.31 Third, there are signs that network congestion, network charges, and greater commercialization could threaten the Internet’s tradition of free and open information exchange. In a recent article in the prestigious journal, Science, Frederick Weing~en, executive director of the Computing Research Association, comments that if users have to pay for every byte they send, the whole nature of the Internet will change. He goes on to implore that “some public space is preserved. Otherwise, research, education, museums and libraries could really get trampled.“32 Thus, in the wider context, it is clear that e-journal publishing, just as printed journal publis~ng is in a state of flux and transition. External factors outside of the immediate control of the library and information profession are impacting upon the electronic provision of and access to scholarly information. While as professionals we must continue to work on improving and facilitating access and control to e-journals, we must not lose sight of the wider scholarly arena of which we form a part. As Okerson states:

It is important that we not only use the Internet for new ways of communicating research and scholarship and ideas, but that we also participate, however we can, in the telecommunications policy debates at whatever level we are able, so that widespread, cheap use can continue. The government doesn’t just do things on its own-it R US and the more voices that keep saying it, the better for the education, science, scholarly and library community.33

NOTES 1. R. Atkinson, “Networks, Hypertext, and Academic Information Services: Some Longer-Range Implications,” College and Research Libraries 54, no. 3 (1993); 199-22 1. 2. Christine Borgman, “Round in Circles: The Scholar as Author and End User in the Electronic Environment,” in The

-ELEC!TRONICJOURNALS-

I~te~tio~~ Serials jousts, ed. by Hazel Woodward and Stella PilIing (Aldershot: Gower, 1993); Clifford A. Lynch, “The Transformation of Scholarly Communication and the Role of the Library in the Age of Networked Information,” Serials Librarian 23, no. 3f4 (1993): S-20.

3. Hazel Woodward, ‘The Impact of Electronic Information on Serials Collection Management,” DX.4 Jounal20, no. 1 (1994): 35-45. 4. I? Smith, D. Bra&ford, D, Evans, L. Harrison, S. Roberts, and P. Sutton, “Journal Publication with Acrobat: The CAJUN Project,” Elect~n~c publishing-origination, Dissemination and Design 6, no. 4 (1993): 482-493. 5. Nick Smith, “‘ADONIS at Aston: From ‘Just in Case’ to ‘Just in Time’,” tn Taming the Electronic Jungle. Electronic Information: The Collection Management Issues, ed. by Mary Morley and Hazel Woodward (Leeds: National Acquisitions Group and UK Serials Group, 1993). 6. “End of the Road for CD-ROM Networks?” Librav Manager no. 1 (November 1994): 1’7-18. 7. “Ethemera” is a term coined by the authors to refer to “ether’‘-based ephemera. 8. Stevan Harnad, “Scholarly Skywriting and the Prepublication Continuum of Scientific Enquiry,” Psychological Science 1 (1990): 342-343.

9. Directory of Electronic Newsletters, Serials and Discussion Lists, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, 1994). URL cgopher://~l.c~,o~:7011l/scomm/ edir/edir94>. 10. New Electronic Journals and Newsietters (Announcements). Available from cnewjour-l@E-MATH. AMS.ORG>. 11. Nancy Chaffin, “NASIG 9th Annual Conference Preconference: Internet Tools and Resources: An Electronic Buffet,” NASIG Newsletter 9, no. 4 (1994): 26-29. 12. Hazel Woodw~d and Fytton Rowland, “ELVYN: The Delivery of an Electronic Version of a Journal from the Publisher to Libraries,” Journal of Information Networking. In press. 13. T. Kelly and S. Lewis, “Project Muse: A New Venture in Electronic Scholarly Communication,” Newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues no. 109 (1994). Available from ; Muse journals can be accessed at URL chttp://muse.mse.jhu.edu>. 14. The Internet Index, no. 4 (5 November 1994). URL
16. “BUBL BITS: Publishers on and via BUBL.” Posting on lis-link~m~lb~e.ac.uk (24 November 1994); BUBL can be accessed at URL ~~:~bubl.bath.ae_u~~LHQME.html>. 17. Marlene Manoff, Eileen Dorschner, and Marilyn Geiler, “Report of the Electronic Journals Task Force MIT Libraries,” Serislfs Review 18, no. lf2 f 1992): 113. 18. Xia Li and Nancy B, Crane, ~~~~r~~~~&%$e:A C&ztion Guide to Citing Eiectranic information (Westport, CT? Meckler, 1993). 19. Erik Jul, “lntemet Resources Project Volunteers Pros vide Critical Support,” octc New&?&?r (July~Aug~st 1992): 18-19. 20. Personal communication with Pat Oddy, chair of the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR2. 21_ US Department of Education Provides Grant for Catalog of Internet Resources,“’ OCLC Press Release (l9 September Available from discussion 1994). list . 22. CATaloguing and Retrieval of Information Over Networks Applications (CATRTGNA). Project proposal posted an BUBL. URL ~~:~~ubl.ba~~ac.u~UBL~ ~UME.ht~~~. 23. Gail McMillan, Paul Metz, James Powell, and Maggie Zamosky, Repport of the Scholarly Communications Task Force (July 19%). URL ~~p:/~s~hol~.lib~~t.ed~re~~s~ SC~-l~4.ht~>~ 24. Gail McMillan, “Technical Processing of Electronic Journals,” LRTS 36, no. 4 (1992): 470-477.

25. Gail McMillan, “Embracing the Electronic Journal: One Library’s Plan,” Serials &&rurian 21, no.. 213 (1991): 97-108. 26.

VPIEJ-L. .

27. Stevan Hamad, “Subversive Proposal.” Discussions on VPIEJ-L 1994.28. 28. Andrew M. Gdlyzko, ‘Tragic Loss or Good Riddance?The Impending Demise of Traditional Scholarly Journals,” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (in press); condensed version in Notices of the American Mathemarical Satiety (January 1995). ~://netlib.a~.co~netIib/ ati ma~~yzko~~~~~loss. 29. Jaco Zijlstra, “The University Licensing Program (TULIP): A Large Scale Experiment in Bringing Electronic Journals to the Desktop,” Serials 7, no. 2 (1994): 169- 172. 30, Robert C. Badger and Margaret K. Wallace, “Electronic dour&s: The ‘Red Sage’ Approach,” newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues no. 91 (1993). Available from 3 1. Fytton Rowland, “The Need for Management,” in Academia and ~~e~t~n~~ ~u~~~s~~~~~Can~~nt~n~ tfre Bar 20003 RX Feek, et al. Au ASIS mono~aph (Cambridge, MA: MIT, in press). 32. “Culture Shock on the Networks,” Science 265 (12 August 1994): 879-880. 33. Ann Okerson, “Science Special Section on the fnternet.” Posting on VPIEJ-L (S September 1994). .