Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
7KH6HFRQG&,53&RQIHUHQFHRQ%LRPDQXIDFWXULQJ
(OHFWURVSLQQLQJRISRO\FDSURODFWRQHIRUVFDIIROGPDQXIDFWXULQJ H[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVLQIOXHQFH 3*LQHVWUDD (&HUHWWLD$)LRUHQWLQRD D
'HSWRI0HFKDQLFDODQG,QGXVWULDO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI%UHVFLD±9%UDQ]H%UHVFLD,WDO\
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO(PDLODGGUHVVSJLQHVWUD#LQJXQLEVLW
Abstract 7KH WHUP ³WLVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ´ UHIHUV WR DSSOLFDWLRQV UHODWHG ZLWK WKH UHSDLU RU UHSODFHPHQW RI SRUWLRQV RU ZKROH WLVVXH LHERQHFDUWLODJHEORRGYHVVHOVVNLQPXVFOHHWF 2IWHQWKHWLVVXHVLQYROYHGUHTXLUHFHUWDLQPHFKDQLFDODQGVWUXFWXUDOSURSHUWLHVIRUWKHLU SURSHU IXQFWLRQLQJ 7KLV OHDGV WR WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO VFDIIROGV IDEULFDWLRQ WR VXSSRUW FHOOXODU LQJURZWK DQG SUROLIHUDWLRQ 6FDIIROGV KDYLQJ WDLORUHG ELRPLPHWLF DFURVV PXOWLSOH VFDOHV JHRPHWULHV KDYH EHFRPH LPSRUWDQW 9DULRXV WHFKQRORJLHV FRPH WRJHWKHU WR FRQVWUXFW SRURXV VFDIIROGV WR UHJHQHUDWH WKH WLVVXHV DQG DOVR IRU FRQWUROOHG DQG WDUJHWHG UHOHDVH RI ELRDFWLYH DJHQWV LQ WLVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN LV WR SURGXFH SRURXV SRO\PHULF VFDIIROGV PDGH RI 3RO\ İ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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRI7KH6HFRQG&,53&RQIHUHQFHRQ%LRPDQXIDFWXULQJ Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Second CIRP Conference on Biomanufacturing .H\ZRUGVHOHFWURVSLQQLQJSRO\FDSURODFWRQHVFDIIROGVWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ
1. Introduction 7KH ILHOG RI WLVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ KDV DGYDQFHG GUDPDWLFDOO\ LQ WKH ODVW \HDUV RIIHULQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU UHJHQHUDWLQJ DOPRVW HYHU\ WLVVXH DQG RUJDQ RI WKH KXPDQ ERG\ 7LVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ DQG UHJHQHUDWLYH PHGLFLQH UHPDLQ DQ DUHD RI UHVHDUFKZLWKSRWHQWLDOQHZWUHDWPHQWVIRUPDQ\PRUHGLVHDVH VWDWHV7LVVXHHQJLQHHULQJDLPVQRWRQO\WRUHVWRUHEXWDOVRWR LPSURYH WLVVXH IXQFWLRQV WKDW DUH GHIHFWLYH RU KDYH EHHQ ORVW E\GLIIHUHQWSDWKRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGKDVWREHPDLQWDLQHG HLWKHU E\ GHYHORSLQJ ELRORJLFDO VXEVWLWXWHV RU E\ UHFRQVWUXFWLQJ WLVVXHV 7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW VWUDWHJLHV WR SURGXFH ELRORJLFDO VXEVWLWXWHV DQG RYHUFRPH FRQYHQWLRQDO FOLQLFDO WUHDWPHQW OLPLWDWLRQV DUH LPSODQWDWLRQ RI LVRODWHG FHOOV LQWR WKH RUJDQLVP GHOLYHULQJ RI WLVVXH SURPRWLQJ VXEVWDQFHV VXFK DV JURZWK IDFWRUV DQG SODFLQJ FHOOV RQ
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
2212-8271 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Second CIRP Conference on Biomanufacturing doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.07.020
P. Ginestra et al. / Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
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x $UFKLWHFWXUHDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVYRLGYROXPH SUHVHQFHIRUYDVFXODUL]DWLRQDQGUHJXODWRU\IDFWRU WUDQVSRUWQHZWLVVXHIRUPDWLRQDQGUHPRGHOLQJSURYLGLQJ PHFKDQLFDODQGVKDSHVWDELOLW\ZLWKDFRQWUROOHG ELRGHJUDGDWLRQUDWHWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHVWKHUDWHRIWLVVXH UHJHQHUDWLRQ x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İFDSURODFWRQH 3&/ VHP\FULVWDOOLQH SRO\HVWHU WKDW KDV EHHQ ZLGHO\ XVHG RYHU WKH SDVW GHFDGH IRU ORQJ WHUP DSSOLFDWLRQV GXH WR LWV VORZ ELRGHJUDGDWLRQUDWH 2. PCL electrospinning process &RPSDUHG WR RWKHU DOLSKDWLF OLQHDU SRO\HVWHUV VXFK DV SRO\JO\FROLFDFLG3*$ DQGSRO\ODFWLFDFLG3/$ 3&/KDV VRPH GLVWLQFW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV >@ 7KH PHOWLQJ SRLQW RI 3&/ LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ ORZHU WKDQ 3/$ 3*$ DQGDOOWKHLUYDULDQWVDQGKDVVRPHUKHRORJLFDODQG
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
)LJ7KHFRPPRQVHWXSDQGZRUNLQJSULQFLSOHRIHOHFWURVSLQQLQJ
)LUVWO\ D YHU\ KLJK YROWDJH LV DSSOLHG WR D FDSLOODU\ WXEH ILOOHGZLWKDSRO\PHUVROXWLRQZKLFKLVKHOGDWWKHWLSRIWKH FDSLOODU\ YLD VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ 6HFRQGO\ D PXWXDO FKDUJH UHSXOVLRQ FDXVHG E\ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DQ HOHFWULFDO ILHOG LV LQGXFHG ZLWKLQ WKH SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ ZKLFK GLUHFWO\ RSSRVHV WKH VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ RI WKH SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ :KHQ WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH HOHFWULFDO ILHOG LV LQFUHDVHG WKH FKDUJH UHSXOVLRQZLOORYHUFRPHWKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQWRIRUPDMHW ,QSDUWLFXODU7D\ORU>@LGHQWLILHGDFULWLFDOYROWDJH9FDW
9
10
P. Ginestra et al. / Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
ZKLFKWKLVEUHDNGRZQZRXOGRFFXU
9F
+ § / · ¸SJ5 ¨ OQ / © 5 ¹
:KHUH + GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWLSDQGFROOHFWRU / OHQJWKRIWKHFDSLOODU\WXEH 5 UDGLXVRIWKHWXEH Ȗ VXUIDFHWHQVLRQRIWKHVROXWLRQ $QRWKHU DQDO\WLFDO PRGHO WKDW SUHGLFWV WKH ILQDO ILEHU GLDPHWHUVZDVGHYHORSHG>@ ª ·º § ¸ ¨ » « 4 ¸ ¨ » « ' JH O · ¸» « O ¨ § ¨ S ¨ OQ ¸ ¸» « G ¹ ¹¼ © © ¬ :KHUH İ GLHOHFWULFFRQVWDQW 4 IORZUDWH , FXUUHQWDSSOLHG O LQLWLDOMHWOHQJWK G GLDPHWHURIWKHQHHGOH $IWHU WKH MHW IRUPDWLRQ WKH VROYHQW HYDSRUDWHV DQG ILQDOO\ WKHMHWVROLGLILHVLQWRDILEHUGHSRVLWHGRQWKHFROOHFWRU $ ZLGH UDQJH RI PRUSKRORJLHV DQG SRUH DUFKLWHFWXUHV FDQ EH REWDLQHG LQ HOHFWURVSXQ SURGXFWV DQG WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVWKDWFDQDIIHFWWKHSURFHVV7DEOH >@ 7DEOH(IIHFWRISDUDPHWHUVLQHOHFWURVSLQQLQJ 3DUDPHWHU9DULDEOHDIIHFWHG(IIHFW 9ROWDJH )LEHUGLDPHWHU5HGXFWLRQ )ORZUDWH
6ROYHQWHYDSRUDWLRQ,QFUHDVH )LEHUGLDPHWHU,QFUHDVH 0DWHULDOWUDQVIHUUDWH,QFUHDVH
7LSFROOHFWRUGLVWDQFH)HDVLELOLW\
/RZLQVXIILFLHQW WLPHIRUHYDSRUDWLRQ +LJK IRUPDWLRQ RI EHDGV &RQFHQWUDWLRQ)HDVLELOLW\ /RZ IRUPDWLRQ RI EHDGV +LJKILEHUIRUPDWLRQ LQWHUUXSWHG 0ROHFXODUZHLJKW)LEHUGLDPHWHU,QFUHDVH
$PLQLPXPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWLSDQGFROOHFWRULVQHHGHGWR DVVXUHVXIILFLHQWWLPHWRGU\WKHILEHUV7KHILEHUDOLJQPHQWLV GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHW\SHRIXVHGFROOHFWRUWKDWJHQHUDOO\LVDQ DOXPLQXP VKHHW DQG LWV URWDWLRQ VSHHG ZKHQ DSSOLHG 7KH PROHFXODU ZHLJKW KDV DQ LPSRUWDQW HIIHFW RQ YLVFRVLW\ DQG VXUIDFHWHQVLRQ,IDORZYLVFRVLW\VROXWLRQLVXVHGWKHUHLVQR FRQWLQXRXV ILEHU IRUPDWLRQ RWKHUZLVH ZLWK KLJK YLVFRVLW\ LW FRXOG EH GLIILFXOW WR HMHFW WKH SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ IURP WKH WLS
)LQDOO\ DPELHQW SDUDPHWHUV VXFK DV KXPLGLW\ WHPSHUDWXUH HWFFDQLQIOXHQFHWKHSURFHVVDOWKRXJKHDFKHIIHFWLVVWLOOQRW FOHDU 3. Materials and Method 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS )LJXUH LV FRPSRVHG RI DQ LQIXVLRQ SXPS )UHVHQLXV .DEL ,QMHFWRPDW $JLOLD D YHUWLFDOVOLGHIRUQHHGOHSRVLWLRQLQJ DQGDFRQGXFWLYHSODWH XVHG DV EDVH IRU WKH FROOHFWRU $Q KLJK YROWDJH SRZHU VXSSO\ *DPPD +LJK 9ROWDJH (63: LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWKWKHQHHGOHDQGWKHFROOHFWRU
)LJ3KRWRJUDSKRIWKHHOHFWURVSLQQLQJDSSDUDWXV,QIXVLRQSXPS YHUWLFDOVOLGH FRQGXFWLYHSODWH KLJKYROWDJHSRZHUVXSSO\
'XULQJWKHWHVWVDV\ULQJHFRQWDLQLQJWKHSRO\PHUVROXWLRQ LVPRXQWHGDQGSXVKHGE\WKHSXPS7KLQDOOXPLQXLPVKHHWV DUHSODFHGRQWKHFROOHFWRU0RUHRYHUWKHDSSDUDWXVLVSODFHG XQGHU D ODPLQDU IORZ KRRG DQG DQ LQVXODWHG FDVH DYRLGV DLUIORZVSUHVHQFHLQWKHZRUNLQJDUHD 3RO\İ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
11
P. Ginestra et al. / Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
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
FDOLEUDWLRQ FDPSDLJQ ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH UDQJH RI IORZ UDWH YROWDJH DQG WLSFROOHFWRU GLVWDQFH ZHUH ൊ POK ൊ N9 DQG ൊPP UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJ 6(0 DQDO\VLV ZHUH WKHQFRQGXFWHGRQWKHVDPSOHVWRJHWKLJKUHVROXWLRQLPDJHV VR WR PHDVXUH WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH ILEHUV )RU HDFK WHVW WKH GLDPHWHU RI ILEHUV ZDV PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKH LPDJH SURFHVVLQJVRIWZDUH,PDJH->@
7DEOH6XPPDU\RIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWHVWV3UHOLPLQDU\WHVWV( DQG H[SHULPHQWDOFDPSDLJQ( 7HVW
9N9
GPP
)5POK
(
1HHGOH 5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
)LJ&XEHUHSUHVHQWLQJIHDVLELOLW\]RQH,QUHGWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQZKLFKD JRRGOD\HURIILEHUVZDVREWDLQHG
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
(
5RPD*
4.Results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
)LJ2SWLFDOPLFURVFRSHLPDJHVD (E (F (
([SHULPHQWDOWHVWV ,Q WKLV FDPSDLJQ WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH YDULHG ZLWKLQ UDQJHV FKRVHQ DURXQG WKH YDOXHV WHVWHG LQ WKH SURFHVV
,QWKHILUVWH[SHULPHQW(LWZDVLPSRVVLEOHWRREWDLQD JRRGOD\HURIILEHUV7KH()'QP DQG()' QP UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW D JRRG TXDQWLW\ RI ILEHUV UHDFKHGWKHFROOHFWRU)LJDE DQGWKHFXUUHQWYDOXHVVWDUWHG WRVWDELOL]HDURXQG$ ,Q ( )' QP DQG ( )' QP D JRRG OD\HU RI ILEHUV ZDV REWDLQHG DOWKRXJK VRPH GURSOHWV RI VROXWLRQDSSHDUHGZLWKDIORZUDWHRIPOK)LJFG 7KH ILEHUV VWDUWHG WR GHSRVLW SURSHUO\ RQ WKH FROOHFWRU ZLWK D YROWDJH KLJKHU WKDQ N9 ZLWK DOPRVW QR GURSOHWV DQG WKH TXDQWLW\ LQFUHDVHG FKDQJLQJ WKH IORZ UDWH IURP WR POK
)LJ6(0LPDJHV[D (E (F (G ( )LJVKRZVDFRPELQDWLRQRIILEHUVDQGEHDGVREVHUYHGLQ H[SHULPHQW ( 6XFK VWUXFWXUHV DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV ³EHDGRQVWULQJ´ VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ UHODWHG WR WKH LQVWDELOLW\RIWKHMHWRISRO\PHUVROXWLRQ>@
12
P. Ginestra et al. / Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
)LJ6(0LPDJH[RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
7KH VDPH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH DGRSWHG LQ ( )' QP ZLWK D IUHVK VROXWLRQ )LJ D 7KH FRPSDULVRQ VKRZV WKDW WKH VROXWLRQ GHJUDGDWLRQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWV WKH UHVXOWV
)LJ6(0LPDJHV[(D (E (F (G
([SHULPHQW()'QP ZDVFRQGXFWHGZLWKDQ KLJKHU WLSFROOHFWRU GLVWDQFH DQG VHHPHG WR JLYH D JRRG QHWZRUN RI WKLQQHU ILEHUV WRJHWKHU ZLWK VRPH GURSV )LJ E )LEHUVZLWKDVPDOOGLDPHWHUZLWKUDUHGURSOHWVZHUHREWDLQHG LQ()'QP DQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\DEVHQFHRIEHDGV DQGGURSVZDVREVHUYHGLQ()'QP )LJFG 5. Discussion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
9N9
GPP
)5POK
)'QP
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
6. Conclusion and future trends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
P. Ginestra et al. / Procedia CIRP 49 (2016) 8 – 13
Acknowledgements 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH ,QVWLWXWR 7HFQROyJLFR GH 0RQWHUUH\ IRU WKH VXSSRUW SURYLGHG IRU WKH HOHFWURVSLQQLQJDSSDUDWXVGHVLJQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOYDOLGDWLRQ References >@/DQJHU59DFDQWL-37LVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFH± >@ 1HUHP 50 7LVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ LQ WKH 86$ 0HGLFDO DQG %LRORJLFDO (QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWLQJ&(±&( >@ 6XELD % .XQGX - .XQGX 6 & %LRPDWHULDO 6FDIIROG )DEULFDWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV IRU 3RWHQWLDO 7LVVXH (QJLQHHULQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV 7LVVXH (QJLQHHULQJ'DQLHO(EHUOL(G ,Q7HFK >@/X7/L<&KHQ77HFKQLTXHVIRUIDEULFDWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKUHH GLPHQVLRQDOVFDIIROGVIRUWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ,QW-1DQRPHGLFLQH ± >@ /DQQXWWL - 5HQHNHU ' 0D 7 7RPDVNR ' )DUVRQ ' ) (OHFWURVSLQQLQJ IRUWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJVFDIIROGV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ >@ @ @ 5DPDNULVKQD 6 0D\HU - :LQWHUPDQWHO ( /HRQJ . : %LRPHGLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV RI SRO\PHUFRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV D UHYLHZ &RPSRVLWHV 6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\± >@@ 0XVFKOHU *) 1DNDPRWR & *ULIILWK /* (QJLQHHULQJ SULQFLSOHV RI FOLQLFDO FHOOEDVHG WLVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ - %RQH -RLQW 6XUJ $P ± >@ 6SHFWRU 0 %LRPDWHULDOVEDVHG WLVVXH HQJLQHHULQJ DQG UHJHQHUDWLYH PHGLFLQHVROXWLRQVWRPXVFXORVNHOHWDOSUREOHPV6ZLVV0HG:NO\ ± >@ *XQDWLOODNH 3 0D\DGXQQH 5 $GKLNDUL 5 5HFHQW GHYHORSPHQWV LQ ELRGHJUDGDEOH V\QWKHWLF SRO\PHUV %LRWHFKQRORJ\ $QQXDO 5HYLHZ ± >@ *XQDWLOODNH 3 $ $GKLNDUL 5 %LRGHJUDGDEOH V\QWKHWLF SRO\PHUV IRU WLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ(XURSHDQ&HOOVDQG0DWHULDOV >@3DWULFLR7*ORULD$%DUWROR30HFKDQLFDODQG%LRORJLFDO%HKDYLRXURI 3&/ DQG 3&/3/$ 6FDIIROGV IRU 7LVVXH (QJLQHHULQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV &KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ7UDQVDFWLRQV >@ :RRGUXII 0 +XWPDFKHU ' 7KH UHWXUQ RI D IRUJRWWHQ SRO\PHU² SRO\FDSURODFWRQH LQ WKH VW FHQWXU\ 3URJ 3RO\P 6FL ± >@ *HXQ +\XQJ .LP (OHFWURVSXQ 3&/ QDQRILEHUV ZLWK DQLVRWURSLF PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDVDELRPHGLFDOVFDIIROG%LRPHG0DWHU >@+XWPDFKHU':&RRO6&RQFHSWVRIVFDIIROGEDVHGWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ WKH UDWLRQDOH WR XVH VROLG IUHHIRUP IDEULFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV - &HOO 0RO 0HG±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
WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV &RPSRVLWHV 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ ± >@ :DGJ\PDU *- 5RGUtJXH] *& (OtDV =$ 2UWHJD /: 6& + 'D 6LOYD %iUWROR 3- (IIHFW RI VHOHFWHG SURFHVV DQG VROXWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV LQ HOHFWURVSXQ PLFURILEHUV 0HPRULDV GHO ;9,, &RQJUHVR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO $QXDOGHOD6RPLPDOGH6HSWLHPEUH0p[LFR >@*KROLSRXU.DQDQL$+DMLU%DKUDPL6(IIHFWRI&KDQJLQJ6ROYHQWVRQ 3RO\&DSURODFWRQH 1DQRILEURXV :HEV 0RUSKRORJ\ -RXUQDO RI 1DQRPDWHULDOV$UWLFOH,'SDJHV >@ /HH .+ HW DO &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI QDQRVWUXFWXUHG SRO\İFDSURODFWRQH QRQZRYHQPDWVYLDHOHFWURVSLQQLQJ3RO\PHU >@ 'HPLU 00 @ %XFKNR &- &KHQ /& 6KHQ < 0DUWLQ '& 3URFHVVLQJ DQG PLFURVWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI SRURXV ELRFRPSDWLEOHSURWHLQ SRO\PHU WKLQfiOPV3RO\PHU >@ 5DVEDQG :6 ,PDJH- 86 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWHV RI +HDOWK %HWKHVGD 0DU\ODQG86$KWWSLPDJHMQLKJRYLM
13