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Electrostatic lenses
NUCLEAR
INSTRUMENTS
AND
METHODS
i36 (I976) 407-408; ©
NORTH-HOLLAND
PUBLISHING
CO.
BOOK REVIEWS Gas-cooled reactors with emphasis on advanced systems, vol. 1, Proc. Symp., Jtilich 13-17 October 1975, jointly organized by the I A E A and N E A (OECD) (IAEA, Vienna, 1976) STI/PUB/407 ISBN 92-0-050076-5. The 421 page illustrated b o o k contains a series o f invited papers describing the major national R & D programmes related to thermal helium cooled reactors. The motives for the p r o g r a m m e s are presented together with assessments of the technical status and of the remaining development problems by leading speciali:~ts in the field. These and the open papers put a special emphasis
E. HARTING and F. H. READ, Electrostatic lenses (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976) pp. 330, $45.95. The main part of the present book (about 280 of its 330 pages) consists of computer-generated tables and graphs of focal distances, image-object distances and third-order aberration coefficients for a n u m b e r of electrostatic two- or three-element lenses. The text in the first 40 pages of the book contains instructions for the use o f the tables and a description o f the methods o f calculation. In all, data are given for 24 different lens configurations over large ranges o f acceleration or retardation ratios. O f these, 16 are two-electrode lenses and 8 are threeelectrode lenses. 5 o f the two-electrode and 4 of the threeelectrode systems are rectangular, and the rest are axially symmetric. The choice o f geometries to be treated in a work of this kind can always be discussed, but in the present case the selection seems reasonably well-balanced. The inclusion of a n u m b e r of rectangular lenses is especially interesting, since very little data has earlier been available for this type o f lenses. It is also interesting to find data for one two-cylinder lens with thick electrodes, which can be directly compared with the correspond-
Ed. W. D. HAMILTON, The electromagnetic interaction in nuclear spectroscopy (North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1975) pp. 941, $108.50. The electromagnetic interaction of nuclei is fundamental for the understanding of nuclear structures and manifests itself in a wealth o f phenomena accessible to experimentation. The probability and character o f the electromagnetic interactions leading to emission or absorption o f radiation can n o w be studied in great detail, thanks to the development in high resolution detectors and related techniques during the past decade. Similarly, the techniques for measuring static electromagnetic m o m e n t s have made (and are still making) great progress.
on materials choices for the more advanced reactor concepts o f direct cycle and high temperature nuclear process heat applications that are expected to follow a decade after the first generation of steam cycle power plants. Many of the papers are devoted to the important issue of fission product release and behaviour under high temperature conditions. With the accounts o f the discussions that followed each paper the book gives a fairly detailed description of the status of this rapidly developing technology and should be a useful source of information for all engaged in this development. R. EKHOL~
ing lens with thin electrodes. It might have been valuable if some case of overlapping unequal diameter tubes had also been treated, since lenses of that type would seem less sensitive to external perturbations. Apart from the tabulations of focal lengths and aberration constants, the book also gives tables for numerical approximation o f these parameters. (For the three-element lenses approximations are given only for the focal lengths.) The coefficients in these tables can be used to reproduce with good accuracy the data in the main tables, and they should be very useful in the design of lens systems. Another interesting feature of the book is the inclusion in the tables o f three kinds of "figures-of-merit" for different operating conditions. These "figures-of-merit" should serve as a useful guide in the choice of the proper lens system for a given task in m a n y practical applications. All data in the tables are given for accelerating lenses, but the procedure to obtain the parameters for the corresponding retarding lenses is fully described in the text. The wide variety of lens systems treated in the book make it a useful guide for the electron-optical designer. B. WANNBERG
A comprehensive volume on the electromagnetic interaction o f nuclei o f the present type and scope certainly fills up a need and will be helpful to m a n y nuclear physicists. It is aimed mainly for experimentalists, but postgraduates in theoretical nuclear structure physics may also find much of their introductory material in this book. It consists of chapters on the theory of electromagnetic radiation from nuclei (including model predictions of microscopic and collective type), various experimental techniques in determinations of transition probabilities and multipolarities, theoretical and experimental aspects on angular distributions and correlations, precision measurements of gamma-ray energies and intensities, and the determination of electric and magnetic moments o f excited nuclear states. Alto-
INSTRUMENTS
AND
METHODS
i36 (I976) 407-408; ©
NORTH-HOLLAND
PUBLISHING
CO.
BOOK REVIEWS Gas-cooled reactors with emphasis on advanced systems, vol. 1, Proc. Symp., Jtilich 13-17 October 1975, jointly organized by the I A E A and N E A (OECD) (IAEA, Vienna, 1976) STI/PUB/407 ISBN 92-0-050076-5. The 421 page illustrated b o o k contains a series o f invited papers describing the major national R & D programmes related to thermal helium cooled reactors. The motives for the p r o g r a m m e s are presented together with assessments of the technical status and of the remaining development problems by leading speciali:~ts in the field. These and the open papers put a special emphasis
E. HARTING and F. H. READ, Electrostatic lenses (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976) pp. 330, $45.95. The main part of the present book (about 280 of its 330 pages) consists of computer-generated tables and graphs of focal distances, image-object distances and third-order aberration coefficients for a n u m b e r of electrostatic two- or three-element lenses. The text in the first 40 pages of the book contains instructions for the use o f the tables and a description o f the methods o f calculation. In all, data are given for 24 different lens configurations over large ranges o f acceleration or retardation ratios. O f these, 16 are two-electrode lenses and 8 are threeelectrode lenses. 5 o f the two-electrode and 4 of the threeelectrode systems are rectangular, and the rest are axially symmetric. The choice o f geometries to be treated in a work of this kind can always be discussed, but in the present case the selection seems reasonably well-balanced. The inclusion of a n u m b e r of rectangular lenses is especially interesting, since very little data has earlier been available for this type o f lenses. It is also interesting to find data for one two-cylinder lens with thick electrodes, which can be directly compared with the correspond-
Ed. W. D. HAMILTON, The electromagnetic interaction in nuclear spectroscopy (North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1975) pp. 941, $108.50. The electromagnetic interaction of nuclei is fundamental for the understanding of nuclear structures and manifests itself in a wealth o f phenomena accessible to experimentation. The probability and character o f the electromagnetic interactions leading to emission or absorption o f radiation can n o w be studied in great detail, thanks to the development in high resolution detectors and related techniques during the past decade. Similarly, the techniques for measuring static electromagnetic m o m e n t s have made (and are still making) great progress.
on materials choices for the more advanced reactor concepts o f direct cycle and high temperature nuclear process heat applications that are expected to follow a decade after the first generation of steam cycle power plants. Many of the papers are devoted to the important issue of fission product release and behaviour under high temperature conditions. With the accounts o f the discussions that followed each paper the book gives a fairly detailed description of the status of this rapidly developing technology and should be a useful source of information for all engaged in this development. R. EKHOL~
ing lens with thin electrodes. It might have been valuable if some case of overlapping unequal diameter tubes had also been treated, since lenses of that type would seem less sensitive to external perturbations. Apart from the tabulations of focal lengths and aberration constants, the book also gives tables for numerical approximation o f these parameters. (For the three-element lenses approximations are given only for the focal lengths.) The coefficients in these tables can be used to reproduce with good accuracy the data in the main tables, and they should be very useful in the design of lens systems. Another interesting feature of the book is the inclusion in the tables o f three kinds of "figures-of-merit" for different operating conditions. These "figures-of-merit" should serve as a useful guide in the choice of the proper lens system for a given task in m a n y practical applications. All data in the tables are given for accelerating lenses, but the procedure to obtain the parameters for the corresponding retarding lenses is fully described in the text. The wide variety of lens systems treated in the book make it a useful guide for the electron-optical designer. B. WANNBERG
A comprehensive volume on the electromagnetic interaction o f nuclei o f the present type and scope certainly fills up a need and will be helpful to m a n y nuclear physicists. It is aimed mainly for experimentalists, but postgraduates in theoretical nuclear structure physics may also find much of their introductory material in this book. It consists of chapters on the theory of electromagnetic radiation from nuclei (including model predictions of microscopic and collective type), various experimental techniques in determinations of transition probabilities and multipolarities, theoretical and experimental aspects on angular distributions and correlations, precision measurements of gamma-ray energies and intensities, and the determination of electric and magnetic moments o f excited nuclear states. Alto-