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Emulsified Oil as a Liquid Feed Supplement for Poultry*
LAYING RATIONS
hen. Poultry Sci. 37: 1248. Thornton, P. A., and R. E. Moreng, 1959. Further evidence in the value of ascorbic acid for maintenance of shell quality in warm environmental temperature. Poultry Sci. 38: 594-599. Titus, H. W., 1958. Address at Eleventh Annual California Animal Industry Conf. Wiese, A. C , C. F. Petesron and G. J. Anderson, 1957. Influence of energy and vitamin supplementation on egg production and shell quality. Poultry Sci. 36: 1168. Zlatkis, A., B. Zak and A. J. Boyle, 1953. A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol. J. Lab. Clinical Med. 4 1 : 486-492.
Emulsified Oil as a Liquid Feed Supplement for Poultry* B. E. MARCH AND JACOB BIELY Poultry Nutrition Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Received for publication June 29, 1959)
D
ONALDSON et al. (1957) showed that growing chicks can tolerate as much as 33% of fat in the diet provided the other nutrients are supplied in adequate amounts. The quantity of fat which can be incorporated into a ration would appear to be, therefore, limited more by the physical characteristics of the resulting feed than by the tolerance of the bird for fat. Shoshkes et al. (1951) found that fat emulsions might be administered orally to promote a high caloric intake in human nutrition. The following experiments were conducted to determine if growing chicks would drink an aqueous emulsion of oil and what effect the consumption of such an emulsion would have on growth and feed efficiency. EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS Experiment 1. Two standardized lots of 3^2 week old New Hampshire cockerels were fed a basal diet containing 27.5% protein and given water or an aqueous emul* Supported by a grant from the National Research Council (Canada).
sion of corn oil respectively. The composition of the diet was as follows: ground wheat, 30.43; ground yellow corn, 22.92; soybean oil meal (44% protein), 26; herring meal (70% protein), 12; dried brewers' yeast, 2.5; dehydrated cereal grass, 2.5; limestone, 1.0; bone meal, 1.5; iodized salt, 0.5; choline chloride (25%), 0.4; manganese sulphate, 0.025; DL-methionine, 0.25 lbs. per 100 lb.; riboflavin, 0.1; calcium pantothenate, 0.4; niacin, 0.8; folacin, 0.02 gm. per 100 lbs.; vitamin A, 200,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 12,000 I.C.U. per 100 lbs. The emulsion was made to contain 10% by volume of corn oil and was stabilized with 0.5% lecithin and 0.1% cellulose gum.1 The preparation was made up as required using a Waring Blendor. The average weight of the chicks in both lots at the beginning of the experiment was 331 grams. The chicks were subsequently weighed after being on the experiment for 1, 2, and 4 1
Hercules CMC-Low, Hercules Powder Co., Inc. Courtesy Harrisons Crosfield (Canada) Ltd.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
level of protein in mature fowl nutrition. Poultry Sci. 30: 935. Sherwood, D. H., 1958. Factors affecting egg quality—a review. Poultry Sci. 37: 924-932. Thornton, P. A., R. E. Moreng, L. G. Blaylock and T. S. Hartung, 1956. The effects of dietary protein level on egg production, egg size, egg quality and feed efficiency. Poultry Sci. 35: 1177. Thornton, P. A., L. G. Blaylock and R. E. Moreng, 1957. Protein level as a factor in egg production. Poultry Sci. 36: 552-557. Thornton, P. A., and R. E. Moreng, 1958. The effect of ascorbic acid in the diet of the laying
279
280
B. E. MARCH AND J. BIELY TABLE 1.—Average weights and feed utilization of birds in experiments 1 and 2 Average weight time on experiment
Total feed
Oil supplement to basal diet
Basal ration % Corn oil of total feed Gain in consumed weight (ration & oil)
2 weeks gm.
4 weeks gm.
Gain in weight
'Experiment 1 None 10% oil in drinking water
481 492
649 668
1,007 1,084
2.61 2.14
2.61 1.63
23.8
Experiment 2 None 10% oil in drinking water 10% oil added to ration
S62 540 489
728 716 667
1,061 1,002 967
3.18 2.85 2.99
3.18 2.38 2.72
16.4 9.1
weeks. The amounts of feed and emulsion consumed were determined. The birds given the emulsion in place of drinking water showed no aversion to it. The average weights of the chicks and the efficiency of feed utilization are given in Table 1. The birds receiving the emulsion showed consistently faster growth from the time that they were placed on the experiment. The figures for feed efficiency have been expressed both on the basis of the total amount of ration and emulsion consumed and on the basis of the ration only. The efficiency of feed utilization was markedly increased when the birds were given the emulsion. Experiment 2. Three standardized lots of 4 week old New Hampshire cockerels, with an average weight of 406 grams, were placed on three experimental treatments. A control lot received a basal ration containing 21.5% protein and was given water to drink. The composition of the basal diet was similar to that designated previously as a "high plane chick starting diet with additional vitamins" (Biely and March, 1959). A second lot was fed the basal diet and given a 10% aqueous emulsion of corn oil prepared as in Experiment 1. In order to compare the effect of supplying the corn oil mixed in the ration with the effect of giving it in the drinking water, one lot of birds was fed the basal ration to which had been
added 10 lbs. of corn oil per 100 lbs. Feed and water or the emulsion were supplied ad libitum to the birds. The average weights of the birds during the experiment are given in Table 1. The values for efficiency of feed utilization are also given and are calculated on the basis of the total feed including oil consumed and on the basis of the amount of basal ration alone. The birds in this experiment, although not showing any evident dislike to the corn oil emulsion, did not drink so much of it in proportion to the amount of basal diet consumed as did the chicks in the previous experiment. Growth rate was slightly retarded in the chicks fed the emulsion as compared with those fed the basal diet and given water to drink. Growth of the birds fed the diet with corn oil added was slower than that of the birds in the other lots. Efficiency of feed utilization was highest in the chicks fed the emulsion. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The results of the foregoing experiments show that, with chicks 3 to 4 weeks old, it is possible to induce a high caloric intake by substituting an aqueous emulsion of oil for the drinking water. A preliminary experiment in which day-old chicks were given an emulsion in place of drinking water indicated that the procedure is not, how-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
1 week gm.
281
EMULSIFIED OIL AS FEED
The feeding of emulsions may provide a useful laboratory procedure, obviating the mechanical and physical difficulties associated with the mixing and storing of diets of high oil content. The method might also have practical application in the feeding of growing birds and birds to be finished for market. SUMMARY Three- to four-week old chicks were given aqueous emulsions of corn oil in place of drinking water. An emulsion containing ten percent of oil was well tolerated by the chicks and was consumed in amounts to comprise 23.8 and 16.4% of the total feed intake when the basal diets contained 27.5 and 21.5% protein respectively. The feeding of emulsions is suggested as a means of supplying high levels of oil without the difficulties associated with the mixing and storing of oily diets. REFERENCES Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs, G. L. Romoser and W. C. Supplee, 1957. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations 2. Tolerance of growing chicks to dietary fat. Poultry Sci. 36: 807815. Shoshkes, M., T. B. Itallie, R. P. Geyer and F. J. Stare, 1951. Fat emulsions for oral administration. III. Use of orally administered fat emulsions as caloric supplements in man. J. Am. Dietetic Assoc. 27: 197-208. Biely, J., and B. E. March, 1958. Genetic and nutritonal effects on the incidence of the avian leucosis complex. Poultry Sci. 38: 1103-1109.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 270) of handling and transporting poultry and eggs. Not only were heavy losses due to spoilage greatly reduced, but she helped make possible the maintaining of the original fine quality of these products, as produced on the farm, through the various states of handling, to the American table.
She received the Garvan Gold Medal Award of the American Chemical Society. Dr. Pennington attended the Towne Scientific School at the University of Pennsylvania and received a certificate for undergraduate work since the University did not award undergraduate degrees to (Continued on page 299j
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
ever, possible with very young chicks. The down of the chicks, in this latter experiment, became very oily and matted so that the experiment had to be discontinued. When administration of the emulsion was not commenced until the birds were three weeks of age, the birds tolerated the emulsion of 10% corn oil in the water satisfactorily. The feathers appeared somewhat oily, but not excessively so. Because birds normally consume approximately twice as much water as dry feed, the inclusion of 10% corn oil in the water corresponds to a considerably greater percentage of oil based on the dry ration. As a consequence of the difference in protein content between the diets fed in the two experiments a considerable difference in water intake would be expected. Accordingly, the corn oil from the emulsion comprised 23.8% and 16.4% respectively, of the total feed intake. Ten percent of corn oil added to the basal ration (9.1% of total feed) depressed growth to a greater extent than the equivalent of 19.6% of oil administered in the drinking water (16.4% of total feed consumption). This result would suggest that supplying the oil in the water, rather than in the ration, modifies the reduction in feed consumption occurring when high levels of oil are added to the ration. The difference in protein content of the basal rations fed is responsible for the difference in response to the additional calories from the emulsion between the two experiments.
hen. Poultry Sci. 37: 1248. Thornton, P. A., and R. E. Moreng, 1959. Further evidence in the value of ascorbic acid for maintenance of shell quality in warm environmental temperature. Poultry Sci. 38: 594-599. Titus, H. W., 1958. Address at Eleventh Annual California Animal Industry Conf. Wiese, A. C , C. F. Petesron and G. J. Anderson, 1957. Influence of energy and vitamin supplementation on egg production and shell quality. Poultry Sci. 36: 1168. Zlatkis, A., B. Zak and A. J. Boyle, 1953. A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol. J. Lab. Clinical Med. 4 1 : 486-492.
Emulsified Oil as a Liquid Feed Supplement for Poultry* B. E. MARCH AND JACOB BIELY Poultry Nutrition Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Received for publication June 29, 1959)
D
ONALDSON et al. (1957) showed that growing chicks can tolerate as much as 33% of fat in the diet provided the other nutrients are supplied in adequate amounts. The quantity of fat which can be incorporated into a ration would appear to be, therefore, limited more by the physical characteristics of the resulting feed than by the tolerance of the bird for fat. Shoshkes et al. (1951) found that fat emulsions might be administered orally to promote a high caloric intake in human nutrition. The following experiments were conducted to determine if growing chicks would drink an aqueous emulsion of oil and what effect the consumption of such an emulsion would have on growth and feed efficiency. EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS Experiment 1. Two standardized lots of 3^2 week old New Hampshire cockerels were fed a basal diet containing 27.5% protein and given water or an aqueous emul* Supported by a grant from the National Research Council (Canada).
sion of corn oil respectively. The composition of the diet was as follows: ground wheat, 30.43; ground yellow corn, 22.92; soybean oil meal (44% protein), 26; herring meal (70% protein), 12; dried brewers' yeast, 2.5; dehydrated cereal grass, 2.5; limestone, 1.0; bone meal, 1.5; iodized salt, 0.5; choline chloride (25%), 0.4; manganese sulphate, 0.025; DL-methionine, 0.25 lbs. per 100 lb.; riboflavin, 0.1; calcium pantothenate, 0.4; niacin, 0.8; folacin, 0.02 gm. per 100 lbs.; vitamin A, 200,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 12,000 I.C.U. per 100 lbs. The emulsion was made to contain 10% by volume of corn oil and was stabilized with 0.5% lecithin and 0.1% cellulose gum.1 The preparation was made up as required using a Waring Blendor. The average weight of the chicks in both lots at the beginning of the experiment was 331 grams. The chicks were subsequently weighed after being on the experiment for 1, 2, and 4 1
Hercules CMC-Low, Hercules Powder Co., Inc. Courtesy Harrisons Crosfield (Canada) Ltd.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
level of protein in mature fowl nutrition. Poultry Sci. 30: 935. Sherwood, D. H., 1958. Factors affecting egg quality—a review. Poultry Sci. 37: 924-932. Thornton, P. A., R. E. Moreng, L. G. Blaylock and T. S. Hartung, 1956. The effects of dietary protein level on egg production, egg size, egg quality and feed efficiency. Poultry Sci. 35: 1177. Thornton, P. A., L. G. Blaylock and R. E. Moreng, 1957. Protein level as a factor in egg production. Poultry Sci. 36: 552-557. Thornton, P. A., and R. E. Moreng, 1958. The effect of ascorbic acid in the diet of the laying
279
280
B. E. MARCH AND J. BIELY TABLE 1.—Average weights and feed utilization of birds in experiments 1 and 2 Average weight time on experiment
Total feed
Oil supplement to basal diet
Basal ration % Corn oil of total feed Gain in consumed weight (ration & oil)
2 weeks gm.
4 weeks gm.
Gain in weight
'Experiment 1 None 10% oil in drinking water
481 492
649 668
1,007 1,084
2.61 2.14
2.61 1.63
23.8
Experiment 2 None 10% oil in drinking water 10% oil added to ration
S62 540 489
728 716 667
1,061 1,002 967
3.18 2.85 2.99
3.18 2.38 2.72
16.4 9.1
weeks. The amounts of feed and emulsion consumed were determined. The birds given the emulsion in place of drinking water showed no aversion to it. The average weights of the chicks and the efficiency of feed utilization are given in Table 1. The birds receiving the emulsion showed consistently faster growth from the time that they were placed on the experiment. The figures for feed efficiency have been expressed both on the basis of the total amount of ration and emulsion consumed and on the basis of the ration only. The efficiency of feed utilization was markedly increased when the birds were given the emulsion. Experiment 2. Three standardized lots of 4 week old New Hampshire cockerels, with an average weight of 406 grams, were placed on three experimental treatments. A control lot received a basal ration containing 21.5% protein and was given water to drink. The composition of the basal diet was similar to that designated previously as a "high plane chick starting diet with additional vitamins" (Biely and March, 1959). A second lot was fed the basal diet and given a 10% aqueous emulsion of corn oil prepared as in Experiment 1. In order to compare the effect of supplying the corn oil mixed in the ration with the effect of giving it in the drinking water, one lot of birds was fed the basal ration to which had been
added 10 lbs. of corn oil per 100 lbs. Feed and water or the emulsion were supplied ad libitum to the birds. The average weights of the birds during the experiment are given in Table 1. The values for efficiency of feed utilization are also given and are calculated on the basis of the total feed including oil consumed and on the basis of the amount of basal ration alone. The birds in this experiment, although not showing any evident dislike to the corn oil emulsion, did not drink so much of it in proportion to the amount of basal diet consumed as did the chicks in the previous experiment. Growth rate was slightly retarded in the chicks fed the emulsion as compared with those fed the basal diet and given water to drink. Growth of the birds fed the diet with corn oil added was slower than that of the birds in the other lots. Efficiency of feed utilization was highest in the chicks fed the emulsion. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The results of the foregoing experiments show that, with chicks 3 to 4 weeks old, it is possible to induce a high caloric intake by substituting an aqueous emulsion of oil for the drinking water. A preliminary experiment in which day-old chicks were given an emulsion in place of drinking water indicated that the procedure is not, how-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
1 week gm.
281
EMULSIFIED OIL AS FEED
The feeding of emulsions may provide a useful laboratory procedure, obviating the mechanical and physical difficulties associated with the mixing and storing of diets of high oil content. The method might also have practical application in the feeding of growing birds and birds to be finished for market. SUMMARY Three- to four-week old chicks were given aqueous emulsions of corn oil in place of drinking water. An emulsion containing ten percent of oil was well tolerated by the chicks and was consumed in amounts to comprise 23.8 and 16.4% of the total feed intake when the basal diets contained 27.5 and 21.5% protein respectively. The feeding of emulsions is suggested as a means of supplying high levels of oil without the difficulties associated with the mixing and storing of oily diets. REFERENCES Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs, G. L. Romoser and W. C. Supplee, 1957. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations 2. Tolerance of growing chicks to dietary fat. Poultry Sci. 36: 807815. Shoshkes, M., T. B. Itallie, R. P. Geyer and F. J. Stare, 1951. Fat emulsions for oral administration. III. Use of orally administered fat emulsions as caloric supplements in man. J. Am. Dietetic Assoc. 27: 197-208. Biely, J., and B. E. March, 1958. Genetic and nutritonal effects on the incidence of the avian leucosis complex. Poultry Sci. 38: 1103-1109.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 270) of handling and transporting poultry and eggs. Not only were heavy losses due to spoilage greatly reduced, but she helped make possible the maintaining of the original fine quality of these products, as produced on the farm, through the various states of handling, to the American table.
She received the Garvan Gold Medal Award of the American Chemical Society. Dr. Pennington attended the Towne Scientific School at the University of Pennsylvania and received a certificate for undergraduate work since the University did not award undergraduate degrees to (Continued on page 299j
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on May 25, 2015
ever, possible with very young chicks. The down of the chicks, in this latter experiment, became very oily and matted so that the experiment had to be discontinued. When administration of the emulsion was not commenced until the birds were three weeks of age, the birds tolerated the emulsion of 10% corn oil in the water satisfactorily. The feathers appeared somewhat oily, but not excessively so. Because birds normally consume approximately twice as much water as dry feed, the inclusion of 10% corn oil in the water corresponds to a considerably greater percentage of oil based on the dry ration. As a consequence of the difference in protein content between the diets fed in the two experiments a considerable difference in water intake would be expected. Accordingly, the corn oil from the emulsion comprised 23.8% and 16.4% respectively, of the total feed intake. Ten percent of corn oil added to the basal ration (9.1% of total feed) depressed growth to a greater extent than the equivalent of 19.6% of oil administered in the drinking water (16.4% of total feed consumption). This result would suggest that supplying the oil in the water, rather than in the ration, modifies the reduction in feed consumption occurring when high levels of oil are added to the ration. The difference in protein content of the basal rations fed is responsible for the difference in response to the additional calories from the emulsion between the two experiments.