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Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Volume 2: Applications
BOOK REVIEWS
Percutaneous Absorption: Mechanlsms-lethodoiogyDrug Delivery. (Dermatology Series, vol. 6.) Edited Marcel by Robert L. Bronaugh and Howard I. Maibach. Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY ISBN 010016. 1985. 579 pp. 15 x 22.5 cm. 8247-7363-2 $95, US and Canada; $1 14, all other countries.
This book evolved from a “Percutaneous Absorption Symposium” held April 27,1983 a t the Food and Drug Administration in Washington, DC. Its 44 chapters are divided into three areas of percutaneous absorption: mechanisms, methodology and drug delivery. The Mechanisms section deals with topics such as pathways of penetration, metabolism, binding, pharmacokinetic models, and physiochemical considerations related to penetrants and barrier properties. This section also includes various factors influencing the skin permeability, e.g., hydration, delipidization, location, and age of the skin. The Methodology section covers in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques used to measure skin penetration. Animal models, artificial membranes and in vivohn vitro comparison are discussed. Data on the effect of dermal wash, rubbing, application frequency, evaporation, and diseased skin are given. The Drug Delivery section presents data concerning the effect of vehicles and transdermal delivery of a drug to muscle tissue or the systemic circulation. This section, as written, seems irrelevant as it provides a fragmentary picture of this large research area. Although this book is the result of a 1983 symposium, many chapters contain 1984 references. Therefore, some chapters give a complete review of a specific area. However, one drawback of the book is that one sees a marked overlap between the material published in this book and that published elsewhere. In summary, as stated in the preface, this book provides a current and comprehensive picture of percutaneous absorption as a multidisciplinary area, and it is recommended to anyone involved in the area of percutaneous absorption related to dermatology, toxicology and biopharmaceutics. Annie Hoelgaard Department of Pharmaceutics The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy Copenhagen, Denmark
Compiled by Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam E. E. J. Marler. 550 pp. 24.13 x 16.51 cm. ISBN 0-4441984. 90359-3. $94.25.
This book contains an alphabetical compilation of drugs, pesticides, and other compounds of pharmacological, pharmaceutical, or biochemical interest. This is the eighth edition of Marler‘s Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms. The compounds in this text are presented in an alphabetical list of nonproprietary names, research code numbers, and proprietary names. The nonproprietary names include chemical names (or abbreviations), source names, pharmacological names, pesticide names, and other trivial names. 728 / Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 75, No. 7, July 1986
The main entry for each listing is the nonproprietary name. The main entry contains the systematic chemical name followed by a list of the following synonyms:pharmacological name, abbreviated chemical name, trivial name, salt name, research code number, and trade name. Each synonym is listed separately in the alphabetical list and is crossreferenced to the main entry. The text contains foreign drugs and products which have been “translated” into the American spelling. Biological products of undefined chemical composition are included only if they have been assigned a pharmacological or generic name. This book is a current and comprehensive compilation of biologically active compounds. Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms is a reference which should be useful to biomedical scientists and practitioners. Therefore, this book would be a good reference to include in a pharmacy and/or health sciences library. J. Thomas Pento College of Pharmacy University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK 73190
Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Volume 2: Appllcatlons. Edited by Paul Becker. Marcel Dekker, 270 1985. 536 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016. 18.5 x 26 cm. ISBN 0-8247-1877-1. $95.00 pp.
Emulsions are one of the earliest pharmaceutical dosage forms, but remain one of the least studied, least understood, and least used dosage forms by pharmaceutical scientists. As pointed out by Davis et. al. in Chapter 3, the lack of utilization of emulsions can be attributed to the inherent problem of thermodynamic instability. But unlike the usually preferred dosage forms of tablets and capsules which are primarily intended for oral administration, emulsions can be administered parenterally, orally, or topically. In addition, emulsions can alter biological availability by modifying drug transport across biological membranes or enhancing uptake by systems such as the RES. This three volume series by Becker explores aspects of emulsion technology and provides a convenient multidisciplined overview for the pharmaceutical scientist who wants to review or enter the discipline of emulsion dosage form research and development. Volume 2 of the series covers applications, whereas volume 1 covers basic theory and volume 3 covers applications/measurements. The eight chapters of volume 2 represent the fields of petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, and cosmetics. The first chapter, by Menon and Wasan, highlights factors affecting demulsification and principal techniques available for demulsification. The chapter is primarily theoretical but also discusses techniques of application. These techniques are of particular importance to the petroleum and environmental clean-up industries where the rapid separation of oil and water is a matter of extreme importance. The second chapter by Clapsse is unusual in that it is devoted to research techniques involving emulsions. Specifically, he examines the nucleation phenomena with the intent of illustrating the usefulness of emulsions for studying undercooled melts. 0022-3549/86/0700-0726$01.OO/O 0 1986, American Pharmaceutical Association
Davis, Hadgraft, and Palin wrote the third chapter which is on medical and pharmaceutical applications of emulsions. There is little doubt the authors compiled a comprehensive survey on the application of emulsion systems to the delivery of drugs and nutrients. This is verified by the 277 references in the chapter’s bibliography. The chapter is light on theory, which is suitable given the intent of the volume and the breadth of applications covered. Even perfluorochemical emulsions as artificial blood substitutes are included. The fourth chapter, agricultural applications, was written by David Becker. Essentially, it discusses emulsions and their application to pesticides and growth regulators for plants. Much information is covered, but its organization lessens its effectiveness.Both Chapter 5 by Krog, Rusom, and Larsson and Chapter 6 by Jaynes cover applications in the food industry. The editor states that the topic requires two chapters since the first discusses preparation of a large area of food emulsions while the second restricts itself to emulsions stabilized by emulsions. Cosmetic emulsions are briefly covered by Breuer in the seventh chapter. The chapter includes discussions on ingredients, manufacture, rheology, and stability. Given the inherent problem of thermodynamic instability, the author should have devoted more than 2 112 pages to a discussion that illustrates problems in this critical area. The final chapter, compiled by the editor, does not really fit the category of applications since it is a bibliography of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Becker states that this bibliography is an update; the most recent previous bibliography of his appeared in 1974.It appears the purpose of this updated chapter is not simply to list those references published since 1974,but instead to recap those published in the 1950s and 60s. Overall, the volume is reasonably current and provides a broad overview of the application of emulsion technology. It will be a useful addition to the library of anyone who works with emulsions. This is particularly true for the pharmaceutical and food scientist. Galen Radebaugh McNeil Consumer Products Co. Research and Development Ft. Washington, PA 19034
Directed Drug Delivery: A Multldlscipilnary Approach. Edited by Ronald T. Borchardt, Arnold J. Repta, and Valentino J. Stella. The Humana Press Inc., Crescent Manor, P.O. Box 2148, Clifton, NJ 07015. 1985. CCCLXXXIV + 384. ISBN 0-89603-089-X. $59.50.
During the past decade, an increasing number of books and reviews have appeared on the general topic of drug delivery. As a consequence, there has been considerable overlap and repetition, which has negatively impacted on the overall value of these publications. Furthermore, the field of controlled drug delivery is expanding at such a rapid rate that the timeliness of symposia volumes and other publications have been questioned. This book is based on the proceedings of a symposium held in October 1984,which was dedicated to Dr. Takeru Higuchi. As a result, most of the speakers and subsequently many of the authors in this publication have, a t some point in time in their professional career, interacted with Dr. Higuchi and are presently well-known researchers and industrialists. In some respects, it is the assimilation of the inputs of these
reputed scientists that makes this volume different from the routine publications and gives this book a good opportunity to have a lasting value. The book is divided into five sections: (a)pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors influencing directed drug delivery; (b) physiological and biochemical factors influencing directed drug delivery; (c) physicochemical approaches to directed drug delivery; ( d )biological-chemical approaches to drug delivery, and (e) analytical aspects of drug delivery. The individual chapters are well written and represent all of the key physical, chemical, and biological aspects of drug delivery. Drug delivery development requires a multi-disciplinary approach; and, for those involved in the various aspects of the problem, this volume should serve as a valuable reference. However, it should be mentioned that the book is not intended to provide quick answers, and a full appreciation of this rapidly growing field will be obtained only by a thorough reading of the entire symposium volume. S. Kumar Chandrasekaran Sola-Syntex Ophthalmics Phoenix, AZ 85069-9600
Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol. 1. Methodological Aspects of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes. EditJohn Wiley ed by David Zakim and Donald A. Vessey. and Sons, Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158. 1985. 372 pp. ISBN 0-471-86793-4. $35.00.
The objective of this volume is to provide basic information on the methodology for characterization of several of the complex enzymes involved in metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. The editors have selected enzymes for review which they deem the most complex in multiplicity, substrate specificity, regulation, and kinetics. These enzymes include epoxide hydrolases, sulfotransferases, UDP-glucuronyltransferases, monoamine oxidases, cytochromes P-450,and glutathione S-transferases. While the chapters vary in the depth of information provided on purification and characterization of each enzyme, the major unifying strength of each chapter is an emphasis on detailed assay methodology. Special attention is given to the appropriate use of various enzyme assays and the limitations, or problems in interpretation, which might arise with their use. Each chapter contains an extensive table of contents which can quickly lead the reader to appropriate sections for specific purification, characterization, and assay procedures. Indeed, these extensive outlines a t the beginning of each chapter are generally more useful than the subject index for the entire volume. The references cited in each chapter are complete through 1983,with a few references to work published in 1984,or in press for 1985. In summary, this volume meets the goal of the editors of providing basic biochemical information on selected drug metabolizing enzymes to researchers in pharmacology, toxicology, and related disciplines. Therefore, it provides both an introduction to research literature on several drug metabolizing enzymes and experimental details on assay and characterization of these enzymes. Michael W. Duffel Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products College of Pharmacy University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences / 727 Vol. 75,No. 7,July 1986
Percutaneous Absorption: Mechanlsms-lethodoiogyDrug Delivery. (Dermatology Series, vol. 6.) Edited Marcel by Robert L. Bronaugh and Howard I. Maibach. Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY ISBN 010016. 1985. 579 pp. 15 x 22.5 cm. 8247-7363-2 $95, US and Canada; $1 14, all other countries.
This book evolved from a “Percutaneous Absorption Symposium” held April 27,1983 a t the Food and Drug Administration in Washington, DC. Its 44 chapters are divided into three areas of percutaneous absorption: mechanisms, methodology and drug delivery. The Mechanisms section deals with topics such as pathways of penetration, metabolism, binding, pharmacokinetic models, and physiochemical considerations related to penetrants and barrier properties. This section also includes various factors influencing the skin permeability, e.g., hydration, delipidization, location, and age of the skin. The Methodology section covers in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques used to measure skin penetration. Animal models, artificial membranes and in vivohn vitro comparison are discussed. Data on the effect of dermal wash, rubbing, application frequency, evaporation, and diseased skin are given. The Drug Delivery section presents data concerning the effect of vehicles and transdermal delivery of a drug to muscle tissue or the systemic circulation. This section, as written, seems irrelevant as it provides a fragmentary picture of this large research area. Although this book is the result of a 1983 symposium, many chapters contain 1984 references. Therefore, some chapters give a complete review of a specific area. However, one drawback of the book is that one sees a marked overlap between the material published in this book and that published elsewhere. In summary, as stated in the preface, this book provides a current and comprehensive picture of percutaneous absorption as a multidisciplinary area, and it is recommended to anyone involved in the area of percutaneous absorption related to dermatology, toxicology and biopharmaceutics. Annie Hoelgaard Department of Pharmaceutics The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy Copenhagen, Denmark
Compiled by Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam E. E. J. Marler. 550 pp. 24.13 x 16.51 cm. ISBN 0-4441984. 90359-3. $94.25.
This book contains an alphabetical compilation of drugs, pesticides, and other compounds of pharmacological, pharmaceutical, or biochemical interest. This is the eighth edition of Marler‘s Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms. The compounds in this text are presented in an alphabetical list of nonproprietary names, research code numbers, and proprietary names. The nonproprietary names include chemical names (or abbreviations), source names, pharmacological names, pesticide names, and other trivial names. 728 / Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 75, No. 7, July 1986
The main entry for each listing is the nonproprietary name. The main entry contains the systematic chemical name followed by a list of the following synonyms:pharmacological name, abbreviated chemical name, trivial name, salt name, research code number, and trade name. Each synonym is listed separately in the alphabetical list and is crossreferenced to the main entry. The text contains foreign drugs and products which have been “translated” into the American spelling. Biological products of undefined chemical composition are included only if they have been assigned a pharmacological or generic name. This book is a current and comprehensive compilation of biologically active compounds. Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms is a reference which should be useful to biomedical scientists and practitioners. Therefore, this book would be a good reference to include in a pharmacy and/or health sciences library. J. Thomas Pento College of Pharmacy University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK 73190
Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Volume 2: Appllcatlons. Edited by Paul Becker. Marcel Dekker, 270 1985. 536 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016. 18.5 x 26 cm. ISBN 0-8247-1877-1. $95.00 pp.
Emulsions are one of the earliest pharmaceutical dosage forms, but remain one of the least studied, least understood, and least used dosage forms by pharmaceutical scientists. As pointed out by Davis et. al. in Chapter 3, the lack of utilization of emulsions can be attributed to the inherent problem of thermodynamic instability. But unlike the usually preferred dosage forms of tablets and capsules which are primarily intended for oral administration, emulsions can be administered parenterally, orally, or topically. In addition, emulsions can alter biological availability by modifying drug transport across biological membranes or enhancing uptake by systems such as the RES. This three volume series by Becker explores aspects of emulsion technology and provides a convenient multidisciplined overview for the pharmaceutical scientist who wants to review or enter the discipline of emulsion dosage form research and development. Volume 2 of the series covers applications, whereas volume 1 covers basic theory and volume 3 covers applications/measurements. The eight chapters of volume 2 represent the fields of petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, and cosmetics. The first chapter, by Menon and Wasan, highlights factors affecting demulsification and principal techniques available for demulsification. The chapter is primarily theoretical but also discusses techniques of application. These techniques are of particular importance to the petroleum and environmental clean-up industries where the rapid separation of oil and water is a matter of extreme importance. The second chapter by Clapsse is unusual in that it is devoted to research techniques involving emulsions. Specifically, he examines the nucleation phenomena with the intent of illustrating the usefulness of emulsions for studying undercooled melts. 0022-3549/86/0700-0726$01.OO/O 0 1986, American Pharmaceutical Association
Davis, Hadgraft, and Palin wrote the third chapter which is on medical and pharmaceutical applications of emulsions. There is little doubt the authors compiled a comprehensive survey on the application of emulsion systems to the delivery of drugs and nutrients. This is verified by the 277 references in the chapter’s bibliography. The chapter is light on theory, which is suitable given the intent of the volume and the breadth of applications covered. Even perfluorochemical emulsions as artificial blood substitutes are included. The fourth chapter, agricultural applications, was written by David Becker. Essentially, it discusses emulsions and their application to pesticides and growth regulators for plants. Much information is covered, but its organization lessens its effectiveness.Both Chapter 5 by Krog, Rusom, and Larsson and Chapter 6 by Jaynes cover applications in the food industry. The editor states that the topic requires two chapters since the first discusses preparation of a large area of food emulsions while the second restricts itself to emulsions stabilized by emulsions. Cosmetic emulsions are briefly covered by Breuer in the seventh chapter. The chapter includes discussions on ingredients, manufacture, rheology, and stability. Given the inherent problem of thermodynamic instability, the author should have devoted more than 2 112 pages to a discussion that illustrates problems in this critical area. The final chapter, compiled by the editor, does not really fit the category of applications since it is a bibliography of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Becker states that this bibliography is an update; the most recent previous bibliography of his appeared in 1974.It appears the purpose of this updated chapter is not simply to list those references published since 1974,but instead to recap those published in the 1950s and 60s. Overall, the volume is reasonably current and provides a broad overview of the application of emulsion technology. It will be a useful addition to the library of anyone who works with emulsions. This is particularly true for the pharmaceutical and food scientist. Galen Radebaugh McNeil Consumer Products Co. Research and Development Ft. Washington, PA 19034
Directed Drug Delivery: A Multldlscipilnary Approach. Edited by Ronald T. Borchardt, Arnold J. Repta, and Valentino J. Stella. The Humana Press Inc., Crescent Manor, P.O. Box 2148, Clifton, NJ 07015. 1985. CCCLXXXIV + 384. ISBN 0-89603-089-X. $59.50.
During the past decade, an increasing number of books and reviews have appeared on the general topic of drug delivery. As a consequence, there has been considerable overlap and repetition, which has negatively impacted on the overall value of these publications. Furthermore, the field of controlled drug delivery is expanding at such a rapid rate that the timeliness of symposia volumes and other publications have been questioned. This book is based on the proceedings of a symposium held in October 1984,which was dedicated to Dr. Takeru Higuchi. As a result, most of the speakers and subsequently many of the authors in this publication have, a t some point in time in their professional career, interacted with Dr. Higuchi and are presently well-known researchers and industrialists. In some respects, it is the assimilation of the inputs of these
reputed scientists that makes this volume different from the routine publications and gives this book a good opportunity to have a lasting value. The book is divided into five sections: (a)pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors influencing directed drug delivery; (b) physiological and biochemical factors influencing directed drug delivery; (c) physicochemical approaches to directed drug delivery; ( d )biological-chemical approaches to drug delivery, and (e) analytical aspects of drug delivery. The individual chapters are well written and represent all of the key physical, chemical, and biological aspects of drug delivery. Drug delivery development requires a multi-disciplinary approach; and, for those involved in the various aspects of the problem, this volume should serve as a valuable reference. However, it should be mentioned that the book is not intended to provide quick answers, and a full appreciation of this rapidly growing field will be obtained only by a thorough reading of the entire symposium volume. S. Kumar Chandrasekaran Sola-Syntex Ophthalmics Phoenix, AZ 85069-9600
Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol. 1. Methodological Aspects of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes. EditJohn Wiley ed by David Zakim and Donald A. Vessey. and Sons, Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158. 1985. 372 pp. ISBN 0-471-86793-4. $35.00.
The objective of this volume is to provide basic information on the methodology for characterization of several of the complex enzymes involved in metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. The editors have selected enzymes for review which they deem the most complex in multiplicity, substrate specificity, regulation, and kinetics. These enzymes include epoxide hydrolases, sulfotransferases, UDP-glucuronyltransferases, monoamine oxidases, cytochromes P-450,and glutathione S-transferases. While the chapters vary in the depth of information provided on purification and characterization of each enzyme, the major unifying strength of each chapter is an emphasis on detailed assay methodology. Special attention is given to the appropriate use of various enzyme assays and the limitations, or problems in interpretation, which might arise with their use. Each chapter contains an extensive table of contents which can quickly lead the reader to appropriate sections for specific purification, characterization, and assay procedures. Indeed, these extensive outlines a t the beginning of each chapter are generally more useful than the subject index for the entire volume. The references cited in each chapter are complete through 1983,with a few references to work published in 1984,or in press for 1985. In summary, this volume meets the goal of the editors of providing basic biochemical information on selected drug metabolizing enzymes to researchers in pharmacology, toxicology, and related disciplines. Therefore, it provides both an introduction to research literature on several drug metabolizing enzymes and experimental details on assay and characterization of these enzymes. Michael W. Duffel Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products College of Pharmacy University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences / 727 Vol. 75,No. 7,July 1986