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Endophragmia alternata sp.nov. and other hyphomycetes on Pinus leaves in Japan
[ 477 ] Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 52 (3),477-482 (1969) Printed in Great Britain
ENDOPHRAGMIA ALTERNATA SP.NOV. AND OTHER HYPHOMYCETES ON PINUS LEAVES IN JAPAN By K. TUBAKI Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan AND
T. SAITO
Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan (With Plate 34 and
I
Text-figure)
Three fungi isolated from fallen leaves of Pinus densiftora in Japan are described and one of them is assigned to a new species as Endophragmia alternata. This new species and two other fungi, Chaetopsina fulva and Verticicladium trijidum, are discussed with notes on their ecology.
In July and September 1966, Tubaki received interesting isolates of hyphomycetous fungi collected by Saito from fallen leaves of Pinus densiflora in Sendai, Japan. One of them appeared to be a new species of Endophragmia. Endophragmia alternata Tubaki & Saito sp.nov. (Pi. 34, figs. 1,2; Text-fig. I) Cultura in agaro malto rapide incrassata, restricta, lanata, pulvinata, obscure olivacea vel nigrescens, reverso obscure olivacea. Hyphae ramosae, septatae, sinuosae, pallide brunneae, laeves vel verrucosae, 2-3 pm crassae. Conidiophora (annellophora) ex hyphis oriunda, erecta, simplicia, recta vel flexuosa, subcylindrica, brunnea, septata, annellata, per usque ad 5 (-7) proliferationes cylindricae elongascentia, basi 3-4 pm crassa, 30-7°(-100) pm longa. AIeuriosporae cylindricae, ad basim truncatae, atrobrunneae, (7-) 8-septatae, primo in apice conidiophori et dein proliferationis cujusque sucessivae oriunda, ad conidiophora, alterne affixae (37-)40-46(-70) x 5-6(-7) pm. Habitat in roliis putridis Pini densiftorae, Botanical Garden of the Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Holotypus in Herb. IFO. H-II6oo.
On malt agar, growth rapid, restricted, densely woolly-felty, pulvinate, up to 2-3 mm high, dark green, dark olive to almost black; reverse similarly coloured. Mycelium composed of branched, septate, sinuous, pale brown to brown, smooth to verrucose, 2-3 p,m thick hyphae. Conidiophores (annellophores) arising singly and alternately on hyphae, erect, simple, straight to flexuous, subcylindrical, darker than hyphae, smooth walled, each cut off by a septum at the base, septate, annellate with up to 5(7) cylindrical proliferations, 3-4 p,m wide at base and gradually thickened up to 5 p,m, 30-70(-100) p,m long. Conidia of the aleuriospore-type, cylindrical, abruptly truncate at base with or without a minute frill, nearly the same diameter throughout, (7-)8-septate, dark brown with uppermost cell paler, (37-)40-46(-70) x 5-6(-7) p,m. The method of
478
Transactions British Mycological Society
conidial development is peculiar: the first conidium develops by modification of the apex of the conidiophore which, after the first conidium has become partly detached but still remains fixed by a very small section of wall, proliferates and forms the next conidium at the apex of proliferation. There are often up to 5(7) terminal proliferations on each of which
Text-fig.
I.
Endophragmia alternata. Annellated conidiophores and conidia.
Hyphomycetes. K. Tubaki and T. Saito
479
secondary conidia are borne in turn, each conidium remaining attached at one point to the conidiophore, with the conidia arranged alternately. Hab. On fallen leaves of Pinus densijlora, Sendai, Japan, 1966. Type specimen (Ex. Herb. IFO H- I 1600) and a culture from the type, IFO-8933, is preserved in the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan. Isotype material has been deposited in the Herbarium, National Science Museum, Tokyo. Transfers of the holotype have been also distributed in the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, the Netherlands and in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Mass., U.S.A. Since no species showing such a beautiful arrangement of the cylindrical conidia has been found amongst the known species of Endophragmia Duvernoy & Maire, a new species is proposed. Except for the peculiar manner of the conidial development in gross morphology, the present fungus resembles Sympodiella acicola Kendrick which inhabits decaying needles of Pinus sylvestris in England and also P. densijlora in Japan (Tubaki, 1969). However, the conidia of the latter species are of the radulasporetype, differing clearly from the aleuriospore-type conidia of the present species. A second species was also found on the fallen leaves, a species of Chaetopsina, Rambelli (PI. 34, figs. 3, 4) Phialophores developing singly or in small groups on needles; main stalk regularly septate, cylindrical, unbranched, rigid, straight, 150260 pm long, 6-7 pm wide at base, tapering subulately to 1'5-2'0 pm wide at the sterile apex, dark brown; primary short lateral branches developed around the lower part of the main stalk, bearing secondary branches or phialides directly. Phialides subulate, attenuate above, bearing phialospores, borne on primary or secondary branches, single or paired, 2'5-3'5 x 2'0-2'5 pm, hyaline. Phialospores long cylindrical, I-celled, firmly attached and enveloping phialides, (7-) 10-12(-14) x 1-1'5 pm, commonly 10-1 I pm long, hyaline. In old culture, on malt agar, dark brown sclerotium-like bodies developed. The monotypic genus Chaetopsina was established by Rambelli in 1956 based on C.fulva which was found on fallen leaves of Cedrus deodara, Laurus nobilis, Carpinus and Quercus in Italy. Though the phialospores of the present fungus are larger than those in the description given by Rambelli (7'5-10-8 x 1-1·8 pm), examination of an authentic strain of C. fulva, received from CBS, has confirmed that the present fungus is C. fulva. Phialospores of the CBS strain in culture are apparently larger than those in the description (7-13 x 1-1,8 pm to our measurement). Probably Rambelli did not draw attention to the variable length of the phialospores. A third fungus, Verticicladium trifidum, described in detail and with a life-history by S.J. Hughes (1951) was represented by a number of collections from the needles of Pinus sylvestris.
CHAETOPSINA FULVA
Transactions British Mycological Society VERTICICLADIUM TRIFlDUM
Preuss (PI. 34, fig. 5)
Conidiophores solitary or in groups, unbranched, straight, dark brown and paler above, septate, abruptly swollen at base, bearing a verticil of lateral branches at each apical septum, usually 250-400 J"m long or more, 8-12 J"m wide just above basal swelling, 8-10 J"m wide just below lateral branches of distal end. Primary lateral branch, short and cylindrical, 8- I 4 x 5-6 J"m, pale brown, bearing secondary or tertiary branches. End branches arranged in verticils, subulate with numerous conidial scars, 80-150 x 2"5-3"0 J"m, hyaline. Conidia are of the radulaspore-type, oval, minutely verrucose, produced singly as blown-out ends, easily detached, 4"0-5·5(-6) x 2·0-2"5 J"m, hyaline or slightly coloured. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE THREE SPECIES
Fungal population of litter of P. sylvestris has been dealt with intensively by many investigators including Gremmen (1957), Kendrick (1958 a, b), Kendrick & Burges (1962) and Hayes (1965), but very little is known about that of Pinus densijlora, Japanese red pine, except for a note by Ishii (1967). From the various fungi inhabiting decaying needles of P. densijlora, an ecological consideration of the species described above is presented here. The P. densijlora forest in the Botanical Garden of the Tohoku University, from which the samples were collected, is about 25-35 years old, Inixed with Cryptomeriajaponica and deciduous trees, such as Q,uercus serrata, Castanea crenata and Evodiopanax innovans. The field layer is almost open. The following types of pine needles in Land F layers in varying degrees of decomposition are distinguished: brown needles, blackish brown needles, decayed needles and heavily decayed needles. According to British mycologists, the decaying needles have been divided into L, F 1 and F 2 in accordance with the profile of litter layer. The brown needles in the present study seem to correspond to L, the blackish brown and decayed needles to F1 and the heavily decayed needles to F 2 respectively. A direct microscopic examination and a moist chamber observation were carried out of the above naturally occurring needles. The latter method consists essentially of placing each needle upon a glass slide in a moist chamber at room temperature for 2- 15 weeks and exaInining Inicroscopically the fungi growing from the needles. Endophragmia alternata, Chaetopsina fulva and Verticicladium trifidum were observed in both methods equally throughout the year, although the number of fungi varied depending on the seasons. These three fungi were isolated easily by picking up the conidia directly by means of a sterile needle under a microscope and transferring to a suitable medium. E. alternata was found frequently on the naturally occurring blackish brown and decayed needles. It was observed under the moist chamber that E. alternata produces conspicuous networks of dematiaceous hyphae, and eventually a number of dark-pigmented conidiophores. The reticula and conidiophores of this fungus may constitute one of the inducing factors for darkening the needles in addition to other dematiaceous forms. The behaviour of E. alternata on the surface of the needle is
Hyphomycetes. K. Tubaki and T. Saito very similar to that of Helieoma monospora and Sympodiella aeieola reported by Kendrick (1958 a, b) and Kendrick & Burges (1962). Therefore, this fungus is considered to be one of the important external colonizers of the decaying needles. Chaetopsinafulva was observed sparsely on the naturally occurring brown and blackish brown needles. Under the moist chamber conditions, however, the conidiophores of this fungus constantly developed through the stomatal apertures of brown and blackish brown needles, singly or in groups; most abundantly on brown needles, with decreased frequency on blackish brown needles and rarely on green needles. As far as these three fungi are concerned, C. fulva is a relatively earlier colonizer and may not be to any great extent responsible for the darkening of the decaying needles in comparison with the other two species. Vertieicladium trijidum on the decaying needles in F1 and F2 layers of Scots pine has been described very frequently by British mycologists and regarded as the most important internal colonizer. McLennan & Ducker (1954) recorded V. trijidum as one of the litter fungi on the leaves of Mono toea seoparia in the heathland of southern Australia. In the present study, V. trijidum was very commonly observed on the blackish brown and decayed needles throughout the year. The presence of V. trijidum can easily be recognized in moist chamber cultivation after 3-4 weeks. On the other hand, apothecia of Desmazierella aeieola (PI. 34, fig. 6), the perfect state of this fungus, appeared on those decaying needles only in the spring as already reported in Europe. An infection test with V. trifidum brought about the softening and the decaying of the interior of needles. These results agreed with those reported in detail by Hughes ( I 95 I) and Kendrick & Burges (1962). V. trijidum is therefore considered to be a most important internal colonizer of P. densijlora needles after the death of the tissues. It should be mentioned that these three fungi are widespread on the decaying needles of P. densijlora and play a major role in the decaying process of the pine needles. The authors would like to thank Dr M. B. Ellis, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, and Dr W. B. Kendrick, Waterloo University, for their kind advice on the identification of the fungi. REFERENCES
GREMMEN,J. (1957). Microfungi decomposing organic remains of pines. Fungus 27,34-42. HAYES, A.J. (1965). Some microfungi from Scots pine litter. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 48, 179- 18 5. HUGHES, S.]. (1951). Studies on microfungi. IX. Mycol. Pap. 43, 1-25. ISHII, H. (1967). Studies on the distribution of microfungi in pine forest soil. II. Fungal distribution on different substrates in litter and in root region. Bull. Shimane Agric. Coll. no. 15 (A), 22-27. KENDRICK, W. B. (1958a). Helicoma monospora sp.nov. from pine litter. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 41, 446-448. KENDRICK, W. B. (1958b). Sympodiella, a new hyphomycete genus. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 4 1 ,5 1 9-5 2 1. KENDRICK, W. B. & BURGES, A. (1962). Biological aspects of the decay of Pinus sylvestris leaflitter. Nova Hedwigia 4,313-342. Myc.52
Transactions British Mycological Society McLENNAN, E. I. & DUCKER, S. C. (1954). The ecology of the soil fungi of an Australian heathland. Aust. ]. Bot. 2, 220-242. RAMBELLI, A. (1956). Chaetopsina nuovo genere di ifali demaziacei. Atti Aeead. Sci. 1st. Bologna Re. 3, 191-196. TUBAKI, K. (1969). Descriptive catalogue of IFO culture collection. A. Rep., Inst. Ferment. 4, 63· EXPLANATION OF PLATE
34
Figs. 1,2. Endophragmia alternata. Fig. r. Habit on malt agar with developing conidia (x 500). Fig. 2. Habit on a natural Pinus leaf (x 100). Figs. 3,4. Chaetopsinafulva. Fig. 3. Habit on a natural Pinus leaf (x 38, by Ultropak). Fig. 4. Conidiophore (x 350). Fig. 5. Vertieicladium trifidum. Conidiophore and conidia on a gas-sterilized Pinus leaf (x 350). Fig. 6. Desmazierella aeieola. Apothecium on a natural Pinus leaf (x 2.5).
(Acceptedfor publication 7 February 1969)
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
Vol. 52.
Plate 34
6, (Facing p. 482)
ENDOPHRAGMIA ALTERNATA SP.NOV. AND OTHER HYPHOMYCETES ON PINUS LEAVES IN JAPAN By K. TUBAKI Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan AND
T. SAITO
Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan (With Plate 34 and
I
Text-figure)
Three fungi isolated from fallen leaves of Pinus densiftora in Japan are described and one of them is assigned to a new species as Endophragmia alternata. This new species and two other fungi, Chaetopsina fulva and Verticicladium trijidum, are discussed with notes on their ecology.
In July and September 1966, Tubaki received interesting isolates of hyphomycetous fungi collected by Saito from fallen leaves of Pinus densiflora in Sendai, Japan. One of them appeared to be a new species of Endophragmia. Endophragmia alternata Tubaki & Saito sp.nov. (Pi. 34, figs. 1,2; Text-fig. I) Cultura in agaro malto rapide incrassata, restricta, lanata, pulvinata, obscure olivacea vel nigrescens, reverso obscure olivacea. Hyphae ramosae, septatae, sinuosae, pallide brunneae, laeves vel verrucosae, 2-3 pm crassae. Conidiophora (annellophora) ex hyphis oriunda, erecta, simplicia, recta vel flexuosa, subcylindrica, brunnea, septata, annellata, per usque ad 5 (-7) proliferationes cylindricae elongascentia, basi 3-4 pm crassa, 30-7°(-100) pm longa. AIeuriosporae cylindricae, ad basim truncatae, atrobrunneae, (7-) 8-septatae, primo in apice conidiophori et dein proliferationis cujusque sucessivae oriunda, ad conidiophora, alterne affixae (37-)40-46(-70) x 5-6(-7) pm. Habitat in roliis putridis Pini densiftorae, Botanical Garden of the Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Holotypus in Herb. IFO. H-II6oo.
On malt agar, growth rapid, restricted, densely woolly-felty, pulvinate, up to 2-3 mm high, dark green, dark olive to almost black; reverse similarly coloured. Mycelium composed of branched, septate, sinuous, pale brown to brown, smooth to verrucose, 2-3 p,m thick hyphae. Conidiophores (annellophores) arising singly and alternately on hyphae, erect, simple, straight to flexuous, subcylindrical, darker than hyphae, smooth walled, each cut off by a septum at the base, septate, annellate with up to 5(7) cylindrical proliferations, 3-4 p,m wide at base and gradually thickened up to 5 p,m, 30-70(-100) p,m long. Conidia of the aleuriospore-type, cylindrical, abruptly truncate at base with or without a minute frill, nearly the same diameter throughout, (7-)8-septate, dark brown with uppermost cell paler, (37-)40-46(-70) x 5-6(-7) p,m. The method of
478
Transactions British Mycological Society
conidial development is peculiar: the first conidium develops by modification of the apex of the conidiophore which, after the first conidium has become partly detached but still remains fixed by a very small section of wall, proliferates and forms the next conidium at the apex of proliferation. There are often up to 5(7) terminal proliferations on each of which
Text-fig.
I.
Endophragmia alternata. Annellated conidiophores and conidia.
Hyphomycetes. K. Tubaki and T. Saito
479
secondary conidia are borne in turn, each conidium remaining attached at one point to the conidiophore, with the conidia arranged alternately. Hab. On fallen leaves of Pinus densijlora, Sendai, Japan, 1966. Type specimen (Ex. Herb. IFO H- I 1600) and a culture from the type, IFO-8933, is preserved in the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan. Isotype material has been deposited in the Herbarium, National Science Museum, Tokyo. Transfers of the holotype have been also distributed in the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, the Netherlands and in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Mass., U.S.A. Since no species showing such a beautiful arrangement of the cylindrical conidia has been found amongst the known species of Endophragmia Duvernoy & Maire, a new species is proposed. Except for the peculiar manner of the conidial development in gross morphology, the present fungus resembles Sympodiella acicola Kendrick which inhabits decaying needles of Pinus sylvestris in England and also P. densijlora in Japan (Tubaki, 1969). However, the conidia of the latter species are of the radulasporetype, differing clearly from the aleuriospore-type conidia of the present species. A second species was also found on the fallen leaves, a species of Chaetopsina, Rambelli (PI. 34, figs. 3, 4) Phialophores developing singly or in small groups on needles; main stalk regularly septate, cylindrical, unbranched, rigid, straight, 150260 pm long, 6-7 pm wide at base, tapering subulately to 1'5-2'0 pm wide at the sterile apex, dark brown; primary short lateral branches developed around the lower part of the main stalk, bearing secondary branches or phialides directly. Phialides subulate, attenuate above, bearing phialospores, borne on primary or secondary branches, single or paired, 2'5-3'5 x 2'0-2'5 pm, hyaline. Phialospores long cylindrical, I-celled, firmly attached and enveloping phialides, (7-) 10-12(-14) x 1-1'5 pm, commonly 10-1 I pm long, hyaline. In old culture, on malt agar, dark brown sclerotium-like bodies developed. The monotypic genus Chaetopsina was established by Rambelli in 1956 based on C.fulva which was found on fallen leaves of Cedrus deodara, Laurus nobilis, Carpinus and Quercus in Italy. Though the phialospores of the present fungus are larger than those in the description given by Rambelli (7'5-10-8 x 1-1·8 pm), examination of an authentic strain of C. fulva, received from CBS, has confirmed that the present fungus is C. fulva. Phialospores of the CBS strain in culture are apparently larger than those in the description (7-13 x 1-1,8 pm to our measurement). Probably Rambelli did not draw attention to the variable length of the phialospores. A third fungus, Verticicladium trifidum, described in detail and with a life-history by S.J. Hughes (1951) was represented by a number of collections from the needles of Pinus sylvestris.
CHAETOPSINA FULVA
Transactions British Mycological Society VERTICICLADIUM TRIFlDUM
Preuss (PI. 34, fig. 5)
Conidiophores solitary or in groups, unbranched, straight, dark brown and paler above, septate, abruptly swollen at base, bearing a verticil of lateral branches at each apical septum, usually 250-400 J"m long or more, 8-12 J"m wide just above basal swelling, 8-10 J"m wide just below lateral branches of distal end. Primary lateral branch, short and cylindrical, 8- I 4 x 5-6 J"m, pale brown, bearing secondary or tertiary branches. End branches arranged in verticils, subulate with numerous conidial scars, 80-150 x 2"5-3"0 J"m, hyaline. Conidia are of the radulaspore-type, oval, minutely verrucose, produced singly as blown-out ends, easily detached, 4"0-5·5(-6) x 2·0-2"5 J"m, hyaline or slightly coloured. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE THREE SPECIES
Fungal population of litter of P. sylvestris has been dealt with intensively by many investigators including Gremmen (1957), Kendrick (1958 a, b), Kendrick & Burges (1962) and Hayes (1965), but very little is known about that of Pinus densijlora, Japanese red pine, except for a note by Ishii (1967). From the various fungi inhabiting decaying needles of P. densijlora, an ecological consideration of the species described above is presented here. The P. densijlora forest in the Botanical Garden of the Tohoku University, from which the samples were collected, is about 25-35 years old, Inixed with Cryptomeriajaponica and deciduous trees, such as Q,uercus serrata, Castanea crenata and Evodiopanax innovans. The field layer is almost open. The following types of pine needles in Land F layers in varying degrees of decomposition are distinguished: brown needles, blackish brown needles, decayed needles and heavily decayed needles. According to British mycologists, the decaying needles have been divided into L, F 1 and F 2 in accordance with the profile of litter layer. The brown needles in the present study seem to correspond to L, the blackish brown and decayed needles to F1 and the heavily decayed needles to F 2 respectively. A direct microscopic examination and a moist chamber observation were carried out of the above naturally occurring needles. The latter method consists essentially of placing each needle upon a glass slide in a moist chamber at room temperature for 2- 15 weeks and exaInining Inicroscopically the fungi growing from the needles. Endophragmia alternata, Chaetopsina fulva and Verticicladium trifidum were observed in both methods equally throughout the year, although the number of fungi varied depending on the seasons. These three fungi were isolated easily by picking up the conidia directly by means of a sterile needle under a microscope and transferring to a suitable medium. E. alternata was found frequently on the naturally occurring blackish brown and decayed needles. It was observed under the moist chamber that E. alternata produces conspicuous networks of dematiaceous hyphae, and eventually a number of dark-pigmented conidiophores. The reticula and conidiophores of this fungus may constitute one of the inducing factors for darkening the needles in addition to other dematiaceous forms. The behaviour of E. alternata on the surface of the needle is
Hyphomycetes. K. Tubaki and T. Saito very similar to that of Helieoma monospora and Sympodiella aeieola reported by Kendrick (1958 a, b) and Kendrick & Burges (1962). Therefore, this fungus is considered to be one of the important external colonizers of the decaying needles. Chaetopsinafulva was observed sparsely on the naturally occurring brown and blackish brown needles. Under the moist chamber conditions, however, the conidiophores of this fungus constantly developed through the stomatal apertures of brown and blackish brown needles, singly or in groups; most abundantly on brown needles, with decreased frequency on blackish brown needles and rarely on green needles. As far as these three fungi are concerned, C. fulva is a relatively earlier colonizer and may not be to any great extent responsible for the darkening of the decaying needles in comparison with the other two species. Vertieicladium trijidum on the decaying needles in F1 and F2 layers of Scots pine has been described very frequently by British mycologists and regarded as the most important internal colonizer. McLennan & Ducker (1954) recorded V. trijidum as one of the litter fungi on the leaves of Mono toea seoparia in the heathland of southern Australia. In the present study, V. trijidum was very commonly observed on the blackish brown and decayed needles throughout the year. The presence of V. trijidum can easily be recognized in moist chamber cultivation after 3-4 weeks. On the other hand, apothecia of Desmazierella aeieola (PI. 34, fig. 6), the perfect state of this fungus, appeared on those decaying needles only in the spring as already reported in Europe. An infection test with V. trifidum brought about the softening and the decaying of the interior of needles. These results agreed with those reported in detail by Hughes ( I 95 I) and Kendrick & Burges (1962). V. trijidum is therefore considered to be a most important internal colonizer of P. densijlora needles after the death of the tissues. It should be mentioned that these three fungi are widespread on the decaying needles of P. densijlora and play a major role in the decaying process of the pine needles. The authors would like to thank Dr M. B. Ellis, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, and Dr W. B. Kendrick, Waterloo University, for their kind advice on the identification of the fungi. REFERENCES
GREMMEN,J. (1957). Microfungi decomposing organic remains of pines. Fungus 27,34-42. HAYES, A.J. (1965). Some microfungi from Scots pine litter. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 48, 179- 18 5. HUGHES, S.]. (1951). Studies on microfungi. IX. Mycol. Pap. 43, 1-25. ISHII, H. (1967). Studies on the distribution of microfungi in pine forest soil. II. Fungal distribution on different substrates in litter and in root region. Bull. Shimane Agric. Coll. no. 15 (A), 22-27. KENDRICK, W. B. (1958a). Helicoma monospora sp.nov. from pine litter. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 41, 446-448. KENDRICK, W. B. (1958b). Sympodiella, a new hyphomycete genus. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 4 1 ,5 1 9-5 2 1. KENDRICK, W. B. & BURGES, A. (1962). Biological aspects of the decay of Pinus sylvestris leaflitter. Nova Hedwigia 4,313-342. Myc.52
Transactions British Mycological Society McLENNAN, E. I. & DUCKER, S. C. (1954). The ecology of the soil fungi of an Australian heathland. Aust. ]. Bot. 2, 220-242. RAMBELLI, A. (1956). Chaetopsina nuovo genere di ifali demaziacei. Atti Aeead. Sci. 1st. Bologna Re. 3, 191-196. TUBAKI, K. (1969). Descriptive catalogue of IFO culture collection. A. Rep., Inst. Ferment. 4, 63· EXPLANATION OF PLATE
34
Figs. 1,2. Endophragmia alternata. Fig. r. Habit on malt agar with developing conidia (x 500). Fig. 2. Habit on a natural Pinus leaf (x 100). Figs. 3,4. Chaetopsinafulva. Fig. 3. Habit on a natural Pinus leaf (x 38, by Ultropak). Fig. 4. Conidiophore (x 350). Fig. 5. Vertieicladium trifidum. Conidiophore and conidia on a gas-sterilized Pinus leaf (x 350). Fig. 6. Desmazierella aeieola. Apothecium on a natural Pinus leaf (x 2.5).
(Acceptedfor publication 7 February 1969)
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
Vol. 52.
Plate 34
6, (Facing p. 482)