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Endoscopes
Applications for lithium niobate include beam deflectors, harmonic generators, parametric oscillators, m o d u l a t o r s , Q - s w i t c h e s , m i c r o w a v e d e l a y l i n e s , and transducers. Both a - and c - a x i s b o u l e s a r e s u p p l i e d , a s l a r g e a s 2 . 5 c m din. a n d up to 15cm length, a s w e l l a s r o u g h blanks or finished shapes within those dimensional c o n s t r a i n t s . In o p t i c a l g r a d e s , t h e y a r e c l e a r , c o l o u r l e s s , s i n g l e - c r y s t a l , s i n g l e - d o m a i n , and f r e e of c r a c k s , s t r i a t i o n s , c o r e s , v i s i b l e i n c l u s i o n s and s c a t t e r i n g centres. All grades are available from stock or current prod u c t i o n a t p r i c e s r a n g i n g f r o m $ 3 . 0 0 to $ 1 0 0 . 0 0 p e r m m of l e n g t h d e p e n d i n g upon g r a d e and c r o s s - s e c t i o n al a r e a . C r y s t a l T e c h n o l o g y Inc., 2510 Old M i d d l e f i e l d Way, M o u n t a i n View, C a l i f o r n i a 94040, U.S.A.
COMMERCIAL H I G H - S P E E D HOLOGRAM SYSTEM A COMMERCIAL holographic ruby laser system that can m a k e h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n h o l o g r a m s of s h o c k w a v e s and h i g h - v e l o c i t y p r o j e c t i l e s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . The s y s t e m u s e s a P o c k e l s c e l l Q - s w i t c h i n s t e a d of the r e l a t i v e l y u n p r e d i c t a b l e p a s s i v e d y e s w i t c h n o r m a l l y a s s o c i a t e d with s t o p - a c t i o n h o l o g r a p h y . U n c e r t a i n t y in o c c u r e n c e p u l s e i s r e d u c e d by a f a c t o r of m o r e than 1 , 0 0 0 - f r o m 50ps f o r the p a s s i v e d y e s w i t c h to l e s s t h a n 10ns f o r the P o c k e l s c e l l . This a l l o w s s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n of the l a s e r p u l s e w i t h a h i g h - s p e e d e v e n t with an a c c u r a c y not a t t a i n a b l e with a p a s s i v e Q - s w i t c h . A s t o p - a c t i o n h o l o g r a m c a n be t a k e n at a p r e d e t e r m i n e d t i m e d u r i n g the n o r m a l o c c u r r e n c e of an event. (The P o c k e l s c e l l p r o d u c e s a n a r r o w e r l i n e w i d t h than a K e r r c e l l . ) The p a s s i v e dye c e l l h a s b e e n u s e d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y in the p a s t b e c a u s e of i t s s e l e c t i v i t y but t h i s i s m e t in the new s y s t e m by a t h r e e - s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e - t u n e d e t a l o n a s the o u t put r e f l e c t o r . The new s y s t e m i n c o r p o r a t e s a K - 1 Q r u b y l a s e r w h i c h h a s a p o w e r output of 150MW, a p u l s e w i d t h of 1 5 - 2 0 n s and a c o h e r e n c e p a t h - l e n g t h of m o r e than l m . The s y s t e m i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l f o r such a e r o s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s a s w i n d - t u n n e l h o l o g r a p h y and i n t e r f e r o m e t r y ( r e c o r d i n g of s h o c k w a v e s d a t a in the tunnel~, h o l o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s of p a r t i c l e s i z e s - a n d - d i s t r i b u t i o n (for e x a m p l e , in r o c k e t e n g i n e e x h a u s t s ) , and m i n u t e v i b r a t i o n s in m e t a l s u r f a c e s . It a l s o c o u l d be u s e d in plasma interferometry studies. Union C a r b i d e C r o p n , 2520 C o l o r a d o A v e , Santa M o n i c a , C a l i f o r n i a 90406, USA.
s o u r c e . V i e w i n g a n g l e i s s e t b e t w e e n 35 ° and 50 ° , a c c o r d i n g to s i z e of i n s t r u m e n t . E x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h i s to be m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r n o r m a l viewing, c o v e r i n g a s i z e a b l e a r e a and without e y e s t r a i n o r ' t u n n e l ' e f f e c t . T h e r e i s good d e p t h of f o c u s at a l l p o i n t s so that constant adjustment is unnecessary. Lens train i s s a i d to be c o m p l e t e l y a c h r o m a t i c . The e n d o s c o p e s a r e s u i t a b l e f o r r a p i d and a c c u r a t e i n s p e c t i o n of t u b u l a r high p r e s s u r e g a s c y l i n d e r s , low and m e d i u m p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r s f o r l i q u i d g a s e s , n a r r o w necked storage vessels for cryogenic liquids, hydraulic a c c u m u l a t o r c y l i n d e r s and f i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r c y l i n d e r s . C y l i n d e r s o v e r 2m a r e i n s p e c t e d v e r t i c a l l y . P. W. A l l e n & Co, 253 L i v e r p o o l R o a d , London N1.
1GW R U B Y LASER P O W E R O U T P U T of 1 . 2 G W i s c l a i m e d f o r a new p u l s e d r u b y l a s e r , d e v e l o P e d by W. J. R u n d l e of K o r a d . Using a p u l s e - t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e , p u l s e w i d t h s of 5ns a r e p r o d u c e d and i s s a i d to r e d u c e d a m a g e to o p t i c a l c o m p o n e n t s b e c a u s e of t h i s . By c o m p a r i s o n with pulsed-reflection mode lasers, ruby lifetime is doubled f o r the s a m e p o w e r output. E f f i c i e n c y of the P o c k e l l s c e l l Q - s w i t c h and c a v i t y i s g i v e n a s 75%, h e l p i n g to m i n i m i z e d e g r a d a t i o n of the r u b y rod. K o r a d , 2520 C o l o r a d o A v e n u e , Santa M o n i c a , C a l i f o r n i a 90406, USA.
LASER R E D U C E S COSTS OF SIC MASK-MAKING USING L A S E R m a c h i n i n g , c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s and new l a y o u t m e t h o d s , the t i m e f o r m a k i n g a s e t of s i x diffusion masks for semiconductor integrated circuit p r o d u c t i o n h a s b e e n cut f r o m f o u r w e e k s to about two days.
ENDOSCOPES COMPLETE inspection inside gas cylinders is Dossible with a r a n g e of e n d o s c o p e s . The r a n g e a r e i n t e n d e d f o r 3 c m - 4 m long a n d with o p e n i n g s of 1 . 3 - 2 c m . F r e quent i n s p e c t i o n of g a s c y l i n d e r s i s n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e corrosion, rust or impurities may produce inefficient operation, or even explosive hazards.
The c u s t o m a r y d r a w i n g , a r t w o r k and p h o t o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n have b e e n c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d . I n s t e a d , c o d e d p l a s t i c t i l e s , 400 t i m e s f u l l s i z e , r e p r e s e n t i n g c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s a r e m o v e d a b o u t on a g r i d to e s t a b l i s h t h e c i r c u i t l a y o u t and i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s a r e ins e r t e d on a t r a n s p a r e n t g r i d o v e r l a y .
The r i g i d t u b u l a r o p t i c a l s y s t e m c o m p r i s e s a t r a i n of l e n s e s c o u p l e d to a p r i s m a t i c v i e w i n g h e a d with l i g h t
A p a i r of p o s i t i o n c o - o r d i n a t e s a n d the code f o r e a c h t i l e , t o g e t h e r with s i m i l a r d a t a f o r i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s a r e
114
optics Technology
February 1969
COMMERCIAL H I G H - S P E E D HOLOGRAM SYSTEM A COMMERCIAL holographic ruby laser system that can m a k e h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n h o l o g r a m s of s h o c k w a v e s and h i g h - v e l o c i t y p r o j e c t i l e s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . The s y s t e m u s e s a P o c k e l s c e l l Q - s w i t c h i n s t e a d of the r e l a t i v e l y u n p r e d i c t a b l e p a s s i v e d y e s w i t c h n o r m a l l y a s s o c i a t e d with s t o p - a c t i o n h o l o g r a p h y . U n c e r t a i n t y in o c c u r e n c e p u l s e i s r e d u c e d by a f a c t o r of m o r e than 1 , 0 0 0 - f r o m 50ps f o r the p a s s i v e d y e s w i t c h to l e s s t h a n 10ns f o r the P o c k e l s c e l l . This a l l o w s s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n of the l a s e r p u l s e w i t h a h i g h - s p e e d e v e n t with an a c c u r a c y not a t t a i n a b l e with a p a s s i v e Q - s w i t c h . A s t o p - a c t i o n h o l o g r a m c a n be t a k e n at a p r e d e t e r m i n e d t i m e d u r i n g the n o r m a l o c c u r r e n c e of an event. (The P o c k e l s c e l l p r o d u c e s a n a r r o w e r l i n e w i d t h than a K e r r c e l l . ) The p a s s i v e dye c e l l h a s b e e n u s e d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y in the p a s t b e c a u s e of i t s s e l e c t i v i t y but t h i s i s m e t in the new s y s t e m by a t h r e e - s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e - t u n e d e t a l o n a s the o u t put r e f l e c t o r . The new s y s t e m i n c o r p o r a t e s a K - 1 Q r u b y l a s e r w h i c h h a s a p o w e r output of 150MW, a p u l s e w i d t h of 1 5 - 2 0 n s and a c o h e r e n c e p a t h - l e n g t h of m o r e than l m . The s y s t e m i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l f o r such a e r o s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s a s w i n d - t u n n e l h o l o g r a p h y and i n t e r f e r o m e t r y ( r e c o r d i n g of s h o c k w a v e s d a t a in the tunnel~, h o l o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s of p a r t i c l e s i z e s - a n d - d i s t r i b u t i o n (for e x a m p l e , in r o c k e t e n g i n e e x h a u s t s ) , and m i n u t e v i b r a t i o n s in m e t a l s u r f a c e s . It a l s o c o u l d be u s e d in plasma interferometry studies. Union C a r b i d e C r o p n , 2520 C o l o r a d o A v e , Santa M o n i c a , C a l i f o r n i a 90406, USA.
s o u r c e . V i e w i n g a n g l e i s s e t b e t w e e n 35 ° and 50 ° , a c c o r d i n g to s i z e of i n s t r u m e n t . E x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h i s to be m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r n o r m a l viewing, c o v e r i n g a s i z e a b l e a r e a and without e y e s t r a i n o r ' t u n n e l ' e f f e c t . T h e r e i s good d e p t h of f o c u s at a l l p o i n t s so that constant adjustment is unnecessary. Lens train i s s a i d to be c o m p l e t e l y a c h r o m a t i c . The e n d o s c o p e s a r e s u i t a b l e f o r r a p i d and a c c u r a t e i n s p e c t i o n of t u b u l a r high p r e s s u r e g a s c y l i n d e r s , low and m e d i u m p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r s f o r l i q u i d g a s e s , n a r r o w necked storage vessels for cryogenic liquids, hydraulic a c c u m u l a t o r c y l i n d e r s and f i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r c y l i n d e r s . C y l i n d e r s o v e r 2m a r e i n s p e c t e d v e r t i c a l l y . P. W. A l l e n & Co, 253 L i v e r p o o l R o a d , London N1.
1GW R U B Y LASER P O W E R O U T P U T of 1 . 2 G W i s c l a i m e d f o r a new p u l s e d r u b y l a s e r , d e v e l o P e d by W. J. R u n d l e of K o r a d . Using a p u l s e - t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e , p u l s e w i d t h s of 5ns a r e p r o d u c e d and i s s a i d to r e d u c e d a m a g e to o p t i c a l c o m p o n e n t s b e c a u s e of t h i s . By c o m p a r i s o n with pulsed-reflection mode lasers, ruby lifetime is doubled f o r the s a m e p o w e r output. E f f i c i e n c y of the P o c k e l l s c e l l Q - s w i t c h and c a v i t y i s g i v e n a s 75%, h e l p i n g to m i n i m i z e d e g r a d a t i o n of the r u b y rod. K o r a d , 2520 C o l o r a d o A v e n u e , Santa M o n i c a , C a l i f o r n i a 90406, USA.
LASER R E D U C E S COSTS OF SIC MASK-MAKING USING L A S E R m a c h i n i n g , c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s and new l a y o u t m e t h o d s , the t i m e f o r m a k i n g a s e t of s i x diffusion masks for semiconductor integrated circuit p r o d u c t i o n h a s b e e n cut f r o m f o u r w e e k s to about two days.
ENDOSCOPES COMPLETE inspection inside gas cylinders is Dossible with a r a n g e of e n d o s c o p e s . The r a n g e a r e i n t e n d e d f o r 3 c m - 4 m long a n d with o p e n i n g s of 1 . 3 - 2 c m . F r e quent i n s p e c t i o n of g a s c y l i n d e r s i s n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e corrosion, rust or impurities may produce inefficient operation, or even explosive hazards.
The c u s t o m a r y d r a w i n g , a r t w o r k and p h o t o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n have b e e n c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d . I n s t e a d , c o d e d p l a s t i c t i l e s , 400 t i m e s f u l l s i z e , r e p r e s e n t i n g c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s a r e m o v e d a b o u t on a g r i d to e s t a b l i s h t h e c i r c u i t l a y o u t and i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s a r e ins e r t e d on a t r a n s p a r e n t g r i d o v e r l a y .
The r i g i d t u b u l a r o p t i c a l s y s t e m c o m p r i s e s a t r a i n of l e n s e s c o u p l e d to a p r i s m a t i c v i e w i n g h e a d with l i g h t
A p a i r of p o s i t i o n c o - o r d i n a t e s a n d the code f o r e a c h t i l e , t o g e t h e r with s i m i l a r d a t a f o r i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s a r e
114
optics Technology
February 1969