- Email: [email protected]
Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach
G Model
JORMAS 69 1–3 J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Available online at
ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com
1
53rd SFSCMFCO Congress
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach§ Q1 R. a b c
Thomas a,b, P. Martin a, D. Patrick a,c, M. Justin a,b,*
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, La Conception University Hospital Center, 147, boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille cedex, France IUSTI, UMR 7343 CNRS AMU, 5 rue Enrico-Fermi, 13453 Marseille cedex 13, France Departement of Anthropolgy, ADES UMR 7268 CNRS Aix Marseille University EFS, faculte´ de me´decine Nord, 51, boulevard Pierre-Dramart, 13015 Marseille,
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 7 June 2017 Accepted 9 June 2017
Over the past 10 to 20 years, endoscopic endonasal surgery has become for many teams the preferred treatment for sinonasal tumors. Technical advances in the field of surgical instrumentation (good visualization, hemostasis. . .) and the progress of imaging guidance (to avoid neurovascular complication) has made those procedures simpler and safer. Nevertheless, endonasal endoscopic procedures require a trained surgical team of ENT specialist and neurosurgeon. Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been reported to be feasible for all types of sinonasal tumors whether benign tumors such as inverted papillomas, or malignant tumors. In this paper, we mostly focus on the principles underlying the transcribriform approach, which is dedicated to the surgery of CSF leaks, encephaloceles/ meningoceles, access to benign intracranial tumors such as olfactory groove meningiomas, and the resection of sinonasal malignancies with skull base invasion such as olfactory neuroblastomas.
C 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sinus carcinoma Surgery Benign tumors Treatment
9
France
10 11
1. Introduction
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Over the past 10 to 20 years, endoscopic endonasal surgery has become, for many teams, the preferred treatment for sinonasal tumors. Technical advances in the field of surgical instrumentation (good visualization, hemostasis. . .) and the progress in imaging guidance (to avoid neurovascular complications) has made these procedures simpler and safer [1,2]. Nevertheless, endonasal endoscopic procedures require a trained surgical team of ENT specialist and neurosurgeon. The numerous advantages of endoscopic procedures, as opposed to transfacial and transcranial approaches, include shorter surgery time and length of stay, no external incision, decreased brain parenchyma injury, no neurovascular structure manipulation [3,4] and, probably the major benefit, no difference in oncological results even if piecemeal resection is required [1]. Endoscopic nasal resection is a safe surgical option in the
management of sinonasal adenocarcinomas [5–7]. In a recent meta-analysis including 1826 cases [8], it showed low rates of major complications compared to open approaches. Moreover, the incidence of local failure was lower in the endoscopic surgery group compared with open approach patients [8]. Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been reported to be feasible for all types of sinonasal tumors, whether benign (such as inverted papillomas) or malignant. In this paper, we will mostly focus on the principles underlying the transcribriform approach, which is devoted to the surgery of CSF leaks, encephaloceles/meningoceles, access to benign intracranial tumors, such as olfactory groove meningiomas, and the resection of sinonasal malignancies with skull base invasion, such as olfactory neuroblastomas.
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
2. Surgical procedures: general principles
41
2.1. Bilateral exposure
42
Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors often involves a bilateral approach [1], thus requiring 3 or 4 hand surgeries. Tissue dissection is facilitated by this bilateral approach providing space
43 44 45
§
Article reported from the 53rd SFSCMFCO Congress (Marseille, October 4–7, 2017) and published under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the congress. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Justin). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015 C 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 2468-7855/
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
G Model
JORMAS 69 1–3 2
R. Thomas et al. / J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
46 47
for instrument manipulation. Nasal septum resection offers wide access to the skull base.
48
2.2. Resection
49 50 51 52 53 54
The development of endoscopic sinus surgery has greatly expanded therapeutic possibilities. It enables fine and narrow tissue dissection, selective coagulation of vessels and management of resection margins with optimal visual control. Different methods of tumor resection are available: ablation with forceps, a shaver or an ultrasonic suction aspirator.
55
3. Modular approaches
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Endoscopic endonasal approaches have been organized in modules based on anatomical areas [14,15]. We will mainly describe the transcribriform approach, which gives access to the anterior skull base and dura mater. Numerous modes of pathology management are possible with the transcribriform technique including encephaloceles or meningoceles treatment, repair of CSF leaks, and access to benign intracranial tumors such as meningiomas. Moreover, this approach also gives access from the anterior skull base to malignant tumors such as adenocarcinomas and olfactory neuroblastomas. Olfaction is sacrificed during this technique although, in many patients, it was probably already compromised by the disease.
69
3.1. Exposure
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
With this approach, the forward limits are the crista galli and the frontal sinuses, the backward limit the sphenoidal planum, and the lateral limit the papyracea laminae. The procedure can be performed unilaterally or bilaterally and allows en bloc resection of the anterior skull base. First, both anterior and posterior ethmoidectomies are performed. Anteriorly, the two frontal recesses are visualized and posteriorly, the anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus can be removed, if necessary. Laterally, the papyracea laminae are preserved or removed according to carcinological requirements. The upper part of the nasal septum (attached on the base of the skull) is resected. The two anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are selectively coagulated, often enabling the tumor to be devascularized. A frontal sinusotomy is required but its extent and laterality varies according to the extent of the disease and the exposure needed. The skull base is then drilled laterally near the papyracea lamina, then forward and backward, taking care to have previously coagulated the ethmoidal arteries. After bilateral removal of the cribriform plate, the crista galli are drilled and removed. This last step often requires 4 hands, a surgeon pulling the crista galli downward and backward, thus enabling the main operator to dissect it more easily.
91
3.2. Intradural dissection
92 93 94 95
The dura is coagulated and incised individually on both sides of the falx. The tumor is resected almost entirely, except on its attachment site. Extracapsular dissection is performed by sharp dissection and gentle counter-traction (4-hands procedure).
We use 2 types of material for closure of skull base defects: fascia lata and/or fat. Fascia lata is the most used autologous graft in the literature. Its main advantages are ease of harvesting, its large size suitable for bigger defects, and its texture and resistance, which limit the occurrence of encephalocele. It can be used in the underlay technique (the graft is placed between the dura and the bone) and/ or in the overlay technique (the graft is placed between the bone and the mucosa). Fat can be used as a fat plug or as obliteration material. Abdominal fat is hydrophobic and contains stem cells, making it an excellent choice, especially for limited losses of substance. The use of biological glue, between the layers of fascia lata or in the abdominal fat, ensures good initial stabilization. In large defects, our preference is fascia lata. In all cases, the use of silicone under the reconstruction prevents encephalocele. The silicone is usually removed one month after surgery during the consultation. There are many other surgical procedures, such as the transclival, transsphenoidal and transodontoid approaches, depending on the areas of resection needed, but which will not be treated here.
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
5. Postoperative care
123
There are no uniform recommendations in the literature about postoperative care. Packing, duration of bed-rest and the use of a lumbar drain are dependent on the surgical team’s usual practice. Generally, we use neither packing nor a lumbar drain at the end of the transcribriform procedure. We recommend 4 to 8 days bed rest after surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis is advised in case of a high risk of infection. According to the literature, monotherapy is preferred, notably by cefazoline or ceftazidime. Alternative single-agent antibiotic regimes are based on amoxicillin-clavulanate; in case of suspected allergy, vancomycin or clindamycin may be administered [15].
124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
6. Surgical margins
137
Piecemeal resection of malignant tumors is needed using endoscopic endonasal procedures. This procedure does not seem to compromise oncologic results provided clear margins are confirmed by frozen section or histological analysis [15]. The French team of Bastier et al. [18] has published a diagram of the sinonasal cavities to help surgeons, pathologists and radiologists to evaluate margins postoperatively. This three-dimensional diagram facilitates understanding of tumor size, location and extensions. It also enhances case presentations and communication in multidisciplinary team meetings.
138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
Funding
148
None.
149
Ethical approval 96
4. Transnasal endoscopic closure of skull base defects
97 98 99 100
There is a wide variety of materials, both autologous and heterologous, to close CSF leaks and dural defects. In the literature, there is a preference for autologous materials, which avoid potential risk of infection [16,17].
Not required. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
150 151 152 153
G Model
JORMAS 69 1–3 R. Thomas et al. / J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
Q2 Uncited references
[9–13]. References [1] Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Nicolai P, et al. European position paper on endoscopic management of tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and skull base. Rhinol Suppl 2010;1(22):1–143. [2] Nicolai P, Battaglia P, Bignami M, Bolzoni VA, Delu G, Khrais T, et al. Endoscopic surgery for malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base: a 10-year experience. Am J Rhinol 2008;22(3):308–16. [3] de Divitiis E, Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O, Esposito I. Endoscopic transnasal resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2008;25(6):E8. [4] Fatemi N, Dusick JR, Paiva Neto MA, Malkasian D, Kelly DF. Endonasal versus supraorbital keyhole removal of craniopharyngiomas and tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2009;64(5 Suppl 2):269–86. [5] Lund V, Howard DJ, Wei WI. Endoscopic resection of malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses. Am J Rhinol 2007;21:89–94. [6] Lund JV, Chisholm JE, et al. Evidence for treatment strategies in sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Head Neck J Sci Spec Head Neck 2012;34:1168–78. [7] Vergez S, Devars du Mayne M, et al. Multicenter Study to Assess Endoscopic Resection of 159 Sinonasal Adenocarcinomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:1384– 90. [8] Meccariello G, Deganello A. Endoscopic nasal versus open approach for the management of sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A pooled-analysis of Q3 1826 patients. Head Neck J Sci Spec Head Neck 2016;38:E2267–74.
3
[9] Michel J, Fakhry N, Santini L, Mancini J, Giovanni A, Dessi P. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinomas: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42:153–7. [10] Michel J, Fakhry N, Mancini J, Braunstein D, Moreddu E, Giovanni A, et al. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;43:1–6. [11] Michel J, Radulesco T, Penicaud M, Mancini J, Dessi P. Sinonasal adenocarcinoma: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;46(4):422–7. [12] Dulguerov P, Jacobsen MS, Allal AS, Lehmann W, Calcaterra T. Nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma: are we making progress? A series of 220 patients and a systematic review. Cancer 2001;92:3012–29. [13] Michel J, Taı¨eb D, Jolibert M, Torrents J, Wassef M, Morange I, et al. Sinonasal paraganglioma with long-delayed recurrence and metastases: genetic and imaging findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(11):4262–6. [14] Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19(1):E3. [15] Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Zanation A, Prevedello D, Gardner P, et al. Endoscopic skull base surgery: principles of endonasal oncological surgery. J Surg Oncol 2008;97(8):658–64. [16] Kassam A, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Gardner P, Mintz A. Evolution of reconstructive techniques following endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19(1):E8. [17] Kassam AB, Thomas A, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Vescan A, Prevedello D, et al. Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Neurosurgery 2008;63(1):ONS44ONS53. [18] Bastier PL, de Gabory L. Design and assessment of an anatomical diagram for sinonasal malignant tumour resection. Rhinology 2016;54(4): 361–7.
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
JORMAS 69 1–3 J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Available online at
ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com
1
53rd SFSCMFCO Congress
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach§ Q1 R. a b c
Thomas a,b, P. Martin a, D. Patrick a,c, M. Justin a,b,*
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, La Conception University Hospital Center, 147, boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille cedex, France IUSTI, UMR 7343 CNRS AMU, 5 rue Enrico-Fermi, 13453 Marseille cedex 13, France Departement of Anthropolgy, ADES UMR 7268 CNRS Aix Marseille University EFS, faculte´ de me´decine Nord, 51, boulevard Pierre-Dramart, 13015 Marseille,
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 7 June 2017 Accepted 9 June 2017
Over the past 10 to 20 years, endoscopic endonasal surgery has become for many teams the preferred treatment for sinonasal tumors. Technical advances in the field of surgical instrumentation (good visualization, hemostasis. . .) and the progress of imaging guidance (to avoid neurovascular complication) has made those procedures simpler and safer. Nevertheless, endonasal endoscopic procedures require a trained surgical team of ENT specialist and neurosurgeon. Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been reported to be feasible for all types of sinonasal tumors whether benign tumors such as inverted papillomas, or malignant tumors. In this paper, we mostly focus on the principles underlying the transcribriform approach, which is dedicated to the surgery of CSF leaks, encephaloceles/ meningoceles, access to benign intracranial tumors such as olfactory groove meningiomas, and the resection of sinonasal malignancies with skull base invasion such as olfactory neuroblastomas.
C 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sinus carcinoma Surgery Benign tumors Treatment
9
France
10 11
1. Introduction
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Over the past 10 to 20 years, endoscopic endonasal surgery has become, for many teams, the preferred treatment for sinonasal tumors. Technical advances in the field of surgical instrumentation (good visualization, hemostasis. . .) and the progress in imaging guidance (to avoid neurovascular complications) has made these procedures simpler and safer [1,2]. Nevertheless, endonasal endoscopic procedures require a trained surgical team of ENT specialist and neurosurgeon. The numerous advantages of endoscopic procedures, as opposed to transfacial and transcranial approaches, include shorter surgery time and length of stay, no external incision, decreased brain parenchyma injury, no neurovascular structure manipulation [3,4] and, probably the major benefit, no difference in oncological results even if piecemeal resection is required [1]. Endoscopic nasal resection is a safe surgical option in the
management of sinonasal adenocarcinomas [5–7]. In a recent meta-analysis including 1826 cases [8], it showed low rates of major complications compared to open approaches. Moreover, the incidence of local failure was lower in the endoscopic surgery group compared with open approach patients [8]. Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been reported to be feasible for all types of sinonasal tumors, whether benign (such as inverted papillomas) or malignant. In this paper, we will mostly focus on the principles underlying the transcribriform approach, which is devoted to the surgery of CSF leaks, encephaloceles/meningoceles, access to benign intracranial tumors, such as olfactory groove meningiomas, and the resection of sinonasal malignancies with skull base invasion, such as olfactory neuroblastomas.
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
2. Surgical procedures: general principles
41
2.1. Bilateral exposure
42
Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors often involves a bilateral approach [1], thus requiring 3 or 4 hand surgeries. Tissue dissection is facilitated by this bilateral approach providing space
43 44 45
§
Article reported from the 53rd SFSCMFCO Congress (Marseille, October 4–7, 2017) and published under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the congress. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Justin). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015 C 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 2468-7855/
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
G Model
JORMAS 69 1–3 2
R. Thomas et al. / J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
46 47
for instrument manipulation. Nasal septum resection offers wide access to the skull base.
48
2.2. Resection
49 50 51 52 53 54
The development of endoscopic sinus surgery has greatly expanded therapeutic possibilities. It enables fine and narrow tissue dissection, selective coagulation of vessels and management of resection margins with optimal visual control. Different methods of tumor resection are available: ablation with forceps, a shaver or an ultrasonic suction aspirator.
55
3. Modular approaches
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Endoscopic endonasal approaches have been organized in modules based on anatomical areas [14,15]. We will mainly describe the transcribriform approach, which gives access to the anterior skull base and dura mater. Numerous modes of pathology management are possible with the transcribriform technique including encephaloceles or meningoceles treatment, repair of CSF leaks, and access to benign intracranial tumors such as meningiomas. Moreover, this approach also gives access from the anterior skull base to malignant tumors such as adenocarcinomas and olfactory neuroblastomas. Olfaction is sacrificed during this technique although, in many patients, it was probably already compromised by the disease.
69
3.1. Exposure
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
With this approach, the forward limits are the crista galli and the frontal sinuses, the backward limit the sphenoidal planum, and the lateral limit the papyracea laminae. The procedure can be performed unilaterally or bilaterally and allows en bloc resection of the anterior skull base. First, both anterior and posterior ethmoidectomies are performed. Anteriorly, the two frontal recesses are visualized and posteriorly, the anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus can be removed, if necessary. Laterally, the papyracea laminae are preserved or removed according to carcinological requirements. The upper part of the nasal septum (attached on the base of the skull) is resected. The two anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are selectively coagulated, often enabling the tumor to be devascularized. A frontal sinusotomy is required but its extent and laterality varies according to the extent of the disease and the exposure needed. The skull base is then drilled laterally near the papyracea lamina, then forward and backward, taking care to have previously coagulated the ethmoidal arteries. After bilateral removal of the cribriform plate, the crista galli are drilled and removed. This last step often requires 4 hands, a surgeon pulling the crista galli downward and backward, thus enabling the main operator to dissect it more easily.
91
3.2. Intradural dissection
92 93 94 95
The dura is coagulated and incised individually on both sides of the falx. The tumor is resected almost entirely, except on its attachment site. Extracapsular dissection is performed by sharp dissection and gentle counter-traction (4-hands procedure).
We use 2 types of material for closure of skull base defects: fascia lata and/or fat. Fascia lata is the most used autologous graft in the literature. Its main advantages are ease of harvesting, its large size suitable for bigger defects, and its texture and resistance, which limit the occurrence of encephalocele. It can be used in the underlay technique (the graft is placed between the dura and the bone) and/ or in the overlay technique (the graft is placed between the bone and the mucosa). Fat can be used as a fat plug or as obliteration material. Abdominal fat is hydrophobic and contains stem cells, making it an excellent choice, especially for limited losses of substance. The use of biological glue, between the layers of fascia lata or in the abdominal fat, ensures good initial stabilization. In large defects, our preference is fascia lata. In all cases, the use of silicone under the reconstruction prevents encephalocele. The silicone is usually removed one month after surgery during the consultation. There are many other surgical procedures, such as the transclival, transsphenoidal and transodontoid approaches, depending on the areas of resection needed, but which will not be treated here.
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
5. Postoperative care
123
There are no uniform recommendations in the literature about postoperative care. Packing, duration of bed-rest and the use of a lumbar drain are dependent on the surgical team’s usual practice. Generally, we use neither packing nor a lumbar drain at the end of the transcribriform procedure. We recommend 4 to 8 days bed rest after surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis is advised in case of a high risk of infection. According to the literature, monotherapy is preferred, notably by cefazoline or ceftazidime. Alternative single-agent antibiotic regimes are based on amoxicillin-clavulanate; in case of suspected allergy, vancomycin or clindamycin may be administered [15].
124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
6. Surgical margins
137
Piecemeal resection of malignant tumors is needed using endoscopic endonasal procedures. This procedure does not seem to compromise oncologic results provided clear margins are confirmed by frozen section or histological analysis [15]. The French team of Bastier et al. [18] has published a diagram of the sinonasal cavities to help surgeons, pathologists and radiologists to evaluate margins postoperatively. This three-dimensional diagram facilitates understanding of tumor size, location and extensions. It also enhances case presentations and communication in multidisciplinary team meetings.
138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
Funding
148
None.
149
Ethical approval 96
4. Transnasal endoscopic closure of skull base defects
97 98 99 100
There is a wide variety of materials, both autologous and heterologous, to close CSF leaks and dural defects. In the literature, there is a preference for autologous materials, which avoid potential risk of infection [16,17].
Not required. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
150 151 152 153
G Model
JORMAS 69 1–3 R. Thomas et al. / J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
Q2 Uncited references
[9–13]. References [1] Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Nicolai P, et al. European position paper on endoscopic management of tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and skull base. Rhinol Suppl 2010;1(22):1–143. [2] Nicolai P, Battaglia P, Bignami M, Bolzoni VA, Delu G, Khrais T, et al. Endoscopic surgery for malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base: a 10-year experience. Am J Rhinol 2008;22(3):308–16. [3] de Divitiis E, Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O, Esposito I. Endoscopic transnasal resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2008;25(6):E8. [4] Fatemi N, Dusick JR, Paiva Neto MA, Malkasian D, Kelly DF. Endonasal versus supraorbital keyhole removal of craniopharyngiomas and tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2009;64(5 Suppl 2):269–86. [5] Lund V, Howard DJ, Wei WI. Endoscopic resection of malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses. Am J Rhinol 2007;21:89–94. [6] Lund JV, Chisholm JE, et al. Evidence for treatment strategies in sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Head Neck J Sci Spec Head Neck 2012;34:1168–78. [7] Vergez S, Devars du Mayne M, et al. Multicenter Study to Assess Endoscopic Resection of 159 Sinonasal Adenocarcinomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:1384– 90. [8] Meccariello G, Deganello A. Endoscopic nasal versus open approach for the management of sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A pooled-analysis of Q3 1826 patients. Head Neck J Sci Spec Head Neck 2016;38:E2267–74.
3
[9] Michel J, Fakhry N, Santini L, Mancini J, Giovanni A, Dessi P. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinomas: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42:153–7. [10] Michel J, Fakhry N, Mancini J, Braunstein D, Moreddu E, Giovanni A, et al. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;43:1–6. [11] Michel J, Radulesco T, Penicaud M, Mancini J, Dessi P. Sinonasal adenocarcinoma: clinical outcomes and predictive factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;46(4):422–7. [12] Dulguerov P, Jacobsen MS, Allal AS, Lehmann W, Calcaterra T. Nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma: are we making progress? A series of 220 patients and a systematic review. Cancer 2001;92:3012–29. [13] Michel J, Taı¨eb D, Jolibert M, Torrents J, Wassef M, Morange I, et al. Sinonasal paraganglioma with long-delayed recurrence and metastases: genetic and imaging findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(11):4262–6. [14] Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19(1):E3. [15] Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Zanation A, Prevedello D, Gardner P, et al. Endoscopic skull base surgery: principles of endonasal oncological surgery. J Surg Oncol 2008;97(8):658–64. [16] Kassam A, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Gardner P, Mintz A. Evolution of reconstructive techniques following endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19(1):E8. [17] Kassam AB, Thomas A, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Vescan A, Prevedello D, et al. Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Neurosurgery 2008;63(1):ONS44ONS53. [18] Bastier PL, de Gabory L. Design and assessment of an anatomical diagram for sinonasal malignant tumour resection. Rhinology 2016;54(4): 361–7.
Please cite this article in press as: Thomas R, et al. Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal tumors: The transcribriform approach. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2017.06.015
179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208