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Energy and economic effectiveness of a fruit and vegetable dryer
07 Alfemative
energy sources (others, including development.
economics)
production and fuel production. Further, such high moisture content biomass as sludge, seaweed, grass, etc. can he economical fuels. if advanced drying systems are adopted in a power plant.
03101330 Energy and economic effectiveness of a fruit and vegetable dryer Ivan0v;1. I). <‘I :,I l.ll,~r$I~ (‘lrllwl..viil/l il/l(i .2ltrnrr,~l~lllr~rrl.200.~. 44.
705 ?!I. Disseminatin energy-efficient technologies: a case study of compact 4 uorescent lamps (CFLs) in India
03/01326
Kumar, A. E! nl. Energ,t Pulic~,, 2003. 31, (3). 259 272. Disseminating energy-efficient technologies, even when they may appear to he technically perfect, is always a tough task, more so in economies with low purchasing power and educational levels. The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is one such well-known product that consumes only 20% electricity for the same light output as given out by the ubiquitous incandescent lamp and which, if adopted in a big way, has the potential of reducing peak electric power loads very significantly. However, in India, the CFL sales are still not growing in the expected manner. The current study was accordingly undertaken to investigate the underlying reasons and to determine the most effective ways in which an efficient technology like this could be popularized. The task involved the designing and administering of questionnaires to some 900 respondents from 100 locations representing various socio-economic. educational and professional backgrounds in and around Delhi, and analysing the results in terms of an importance index. Based on this feedback, the authors recommend an aggressive implementation of the formula standing for EDucation. Policy support, STAandards, Demonstrations and INdustry involvement (EDPOSTADIN) at least for popularizing CFL.s.
Ecological footprint - a tool for assessing sustainable energy supplies
03/01327
Stoglehner, G. Journal of‘C/mzer Productiw~ 2003. I I. (3), 267-277. This article introduces a modified calculation model of the ecological footprint for energy planning. The original footprint model can only evaluate energy savings, but not the substitution of fossil through renewable energy carriers. With the modified calculation model, energy savings as well as substitution potentials can be described. The examination of case studies where this model has been applied in energy planning led to the identification of strengths and weaknesses of the modified calculation model which are discussed subsequently. Hence it follows that the modified calculation model is suitable for energy planning processes from analysis to decision making. Used as a communication tool the model shows whether the principles of sustainable development are being realized on different levels of energy planning.
Economic aspects of the cotton-stalk biomass logistics and comparison of supply chain methods
03/01326
Tatsiopoulos, I. P. and Tolis, A. J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 24, (3), 199 -214. This paper describes a model, which simulates the cotton biomass supply chain. The research has been carried out within the frame of a project that examined the feasibility of producing energy from the chopped cotton-plant stalks after they are cut and after the seed cotton is collected. The heating value of the dry stalks is high and can be used for the production of combined heat and power (CHP co-generation). Thessally is the biggest cotton harvesting area of Greece and Europe. The study focuses on this area where the cotton-stalks are not used for energy production yet. There have not been any studies focusing on the specifications of this renewable source of energy and on the specifications of its harvesting area. This study examines the feasibility and the problems that arise while trying to organize an integrated logistics network and optimize its transportation economy. Also, economic aspects of other logistics procedures like collection and warehousing. are analysed.
Economic erformance evaluation method for hydroelectric generat Png units
03/01329
Liu, Y. c’tcd.Energy Conversion md Munqqvnent. 2003, 44. (6). 797808. Nowadays, there is no formal method to evaluate the overall performance of hydroelectric generating units (HGUs). In this paper, an economic performance evaluation method for HGUs is proposed, and the corresponding quantitative indices and criteria are introduced. Several new concepts for evaluating the performance of HGUs, such as ideal performance, reachable performance, operational performance, overall efficiency, index of efficiency maintenance, index of operational efficiency, are proposed and defined. Based on analysis of the energy flow of an HGU, a method and related formulas to calculate the energy indices of the unit are presented. Using these proposed qualitative factors, the efficiency characteristics and maintenance state of an HGU can be evaluated. A real case study illustrates the evaluation process of this method. The methodology proposed in this paper paves a new way to evaluate the overall condition and performance of the HGU and provides a new approach to assess the performance of other similar equipment.
240
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
(5,
Thi? article presents the energy and economic effectiveness 01 a fruit and vegetable dryer developed at the Ilniversity of Rousse, Bulgaria. The heating of the drying agent could use solar energy, geothermal 01 waste waters. a conventional source, or both conventional and unconventional energy sources. Based on the experimental results, the saved energy by different schemes for energy supply is determined. Compared with the possibility of saving money from using solar energy and the heat utilized, the investment will be paid back within 2.4 years.
03/01331 Faberge optics and edge filter for a wood powder fuelled thermophotovoltaic system Lindberg, E. and Broman. L. Renewohke Enrrg)~, 2003, 28. (3), 373-384. In order to achieve high efficiency in a TPV generator, it is important that a high fraction of emitted photons with energies below the TPV cell bandgap are reflected back to the emitter. This can be accomplished in several ways. The idea is presented of an internally reflecting egg-shaped double cone with the emitter at one end, an edge filter at the wide centred, and the TPV array at the other end. This geometry has so far been studied by means of both ray tracing analysis and hy means of measurements with a simulated emitter. A sharp switchover from transmission to reflection in a multiple layer dielectric filter can he achieved only if the angles of incident rays are confined to a fairly narrow angular interval. The two methods both show that the studied optics can lower the angular spread of rays incident onto the filter and that some Yh% of the emitted rays (in the ideal case) reach their goal without passing the filter or being reflected by the filter more than once. The concept of the whole of the wood powder-fuelled TPV system is also given.
03/01332 Hammarby Sjiistad - an interdisciplinary case study of the integration of photovoltalcs in a new ecologically sustainable residential area In Stockholm Brogren,
M. and Green,
A. Solar Ener,pl~ Materials
cmd Solar
Cc~ils.
2003, 75, (3-m4). 761-765.
The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in apartment buildings in a new residential area, Hammarby Sjiistad in Stockholm, has been studied using an interdisciplinary approach including, for example interviews with actors and modelling of PV systems in PVSYST. Four of the ten construction companies represented in the area will install PV systems. The yearly electricity production from these systems has been estimated to be 63 MWh or equal to an electricity demand of 38 (out of 2300) households in the area. Interviews reveal that obstacles for the integration of PV in buildings are e.g. perceived expense and a lack of knowledge. The choice of PV technology is based more on economy, aesthetic appearance, and a wish to demonstrate environmental concern, than on optimal system performance. By integrating renewable energy technologies in the buildings, the construction companies will lay a ground for an ecologically sustainable living, but how these opportunities are utilized by future residents, managers, and caretakers of the buildings will be of decisive importance for the final outcome.
Hydropower - the politics of water and energy: Introduction and overview
03101333
Koch, F. H. Dier~, Po/ic,r. 2002, 30. (14), 1207m 1213. This special issue of Energy Policy is dedicated entirely to hydropower and this introductory article provides an overview of the contents. It is divided into three main subject areas: the present situation and history, the main policy issues, and the future of the hydropower industry. The first area covers the evolving context, the diversity, and the potential of the hydropower industry, and also reports on hydropower in China, the country with the largest remaining potential. The policy area covers the social and environmental effects, the regulatory framework and public acceptance issues. The discussion of the future describes the changes that are underway and still need to be made, to ensure that hydropower will continue to serve the needs of society for electricity and several other important services. Hydropower projects can yield large benefits to society, but they also entail costs, and well-informed decisionmaking processes are necessary to ensure the best outcomes for a region or a country. The authors who contributed to this special issue hope that their articles will provide some of the information needed for good decision making. 03101334 Hydropower as a renewable and suetalnable energy resource meetlng global energy chafiengee In a reasonable way Frey, G. W. and Linke, D. M. Energ,v Policy, 2002, 30, (14) 1261-1265. Central and State Governments in many countries have enacted laws and regulations to promote renewable energy and to encourage sustainable technologies. In doing so, they had to define what they meant by ‘renewable’ and ‘sustainable’, and they had to decide which
energy sources (others, including development.
economics)
production and fuel production. Further, such high moisture content biomass as sludge, seaweed, grass, etc. can he economical fuels. if advanced drying systems are adopted in a power plant.
03101330 Energy and economic effectiveness of a fruit and vegetable dryer Ivan0v;1. I). <‘I :,I l.ll,~r$I~ (‘lrllwl..viil/l il/l(i .2ltrnrr,~l~lllr~rrl.200.~. 44.
705 ?!I. Disseminatin energy-efficient technologies: a case study of compact 4 uorescent lamps (CFLs) in India
03/01326
Kumar, A. E! nl. Energ,t Pulic~,, 2003. 31, (3). 259 272. Disseminating energy-efficient technologies, even when they may appear to he technically perfect, is always a tough task, more so in economies with low purchasing power and educational levels. The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is one such well-known product that consumes only 20% electricity for the same light output as given out by the ubiquitous incandescent lamp and which, if adopted in a big way, has the potential of reducing peak electric power loads very significantly. However, in India, the CFL sales are still not growing in the expected manner. The current study was accordingly undertaken to investigate the underlying reasons and to determine the most effective ways in which an efficient technology like this could be popularized. The task involved the designing and administering of questionnaires to some 900 respondents from 100 locations representing various socio-economic. educational and professional backgrounds in and around Delhi, and analysing the results in terms of an importance index. Based on this feedback, the authors recommend an aggressive implementation of the formula standing for EDucation. Policy support, STAandards, Demonstrations and INdustry involvement (EDPOSTADIN) at least for popularizing CFL.s.
Ecological footprint - a tool for assessing sustainable energy supplies
03/01327
Stoglehner, G. Journal of‘C/mzer Productiw~ 2003. I I. (3), 267-277. This article introduces a modified calculation model of the ecological footprint for energy planning. The original footprint model can only evaluate energy savings, but not the substitution of fossil through renewable energy carriers. With the modified calculation model, energy savings as well as substitution potentials can be described. The examination of case studies where this model has been applied in energy planning led to the identification of strengths and weaknesses of the modified calculation model which are discussed subsequently. Hence it follows that the modified calculation model is suitable for energy planning processes from analysis to decision making. Used as a communication tool the model shows whether the principles of sustainable development are being realized on different levels of energy planning.
Economic aspects of the cotton-stalk biomass logistics and comparison of supply chain methods
03/01326
Tatsiopoulos, I. P. and Tolis, A. J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 24, (3), 199 -214. This paper describes a model, which simulates the cotton biomass supply chain. The research has been carried out within the frame of a project that examined the feasibility of producing energy from the chopped cotton-plant stalks after they are cut and after the seed cotton is collected. The heating value of the dry stalks is high and can be used for the production of combined heat and power (CHP co-generation). Thessally is the biggest cotton harvesting area of Greece and Europe. The study focuses on this area where the cotton-stalks are not used for energy production yet. There have not been any studies focusing on the specifications of this renewable source of energy and on the specifications of its harvesting area. This study examines the feasibility and the problems that arise while trying to organize an integrated logistics network and optimize its transportation economy. Also, economic aspects of other logistics procedures like collection and warehousing. are analysed.
Economic erformance evaluation method for hydroelectric generat Png units
03/01329
Liu, Y. c’tcd.Energy Conversion md Munqqvnent. 2003, 44. (6). 797808. Nowadays, there is no formal method to evaluate the overall performance of hydroelectric generating units (HGUs). In this paper, an economic performance evaluation method for HGUs is proposed, and the corresponding quantitative indices and criteria are introduced. Several new concepts for evaluating the performance of HGUs, such as ideal performance, reachable performance, operational performance, overall efficiency, index of efficiency maintenance, index of operational efficiency, are proposed and defined. Based on analysis of the energy flow of an HGU, a method and related formulas to calculate the energy indices of the unit are presented. Using these proposed qualitative factors, the efficiency characteristics and maintenance state of an HGU can be evaluated. A real case study illustrates the evaluation process of this method. The methodology proposed in this paper paves a new way to evaluate the overall condition and performance of the HGU and provides a new approach to assess the performance of other similar equipment.
240
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
(5,
Thi? article presents the energy and economic effectiveness 01 a fruit and vegetable dryer developed at the Ilniversity of Rousse, Bulgaria. The heating of the drying agent could use solar energy, geothermal 01 waste waters. a conventional source, or both conventional and unconventional energy sources. Based on the experimental results, the saved energy by different schemes for energy supply is determined. Compared with the possibility of saving money from using solar energy and the heat utilized, the investment will be paid back within 2.4 years.
03/01331 Faberge optics and edge filter for a wood powder fuelled thermophotovoltaic system Lindberg, E. and Broman. L. Renewohke Enrrg)~, 2003, 28. (3), 373-384. In order to achieve high efficiency in a TPV generator, it is important that a high fraction of emitted photons with energies below the TPV cell bandgap are reflected back to the emitter. This can be accomplished in several ways. The idea is presented of an internally reflecting egg-shaped double cone with the emitter at one end, an edge filter at the wide centred, and the TPV array at the other end. This geometry has so far been studied by means of both ray tracing analysis and hy means of measurements with a simulated emitter. A sharp switchover from transmission to reflection in a multiple layer dielectric filter can he achieved only if the angles of incident rays are confined to a fairly narrow angular interval. The two methods both show that the studied optics can lower the angular spread of rays incident onto the filter and that some Yh% of the emitted rays (in the ideal case) reach their goal without passing the filter or being reflected by the filter more than once. The concept of the whole of the wood powder-fuelled TPV system is also given.
03/01332 Hammarby Sjiistad - an interdisciplinary case study of the integration of photovoltalcs in a new ecologically sustainable residential area In Stockholm Brogren,
M. and Green,
A. Solar Ener,pl~ Materials
cmd Solar
Cc~ils.
2003, 75, (3-m4). 761-765.
The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in apartment buildings in a new residential area, Hammarby Sjiistad in Stockholm, has been studied using an interdisciplinary approach including, for example interviews with actors and modelling of PV systems in PVSYST. Four of the ten construction companies represented in the area will install PV systems. The yearly electricity production from these systems has been estimated to be 63 MWh or equal to an electricity demand of 38 (out of 2300) households in the area. Interviews reveal that obstacles for the integration of PV in buildings are e.g. perceived expense and a lack of knowledge. The choice of PV technology is based more on economy, aesthetic appearance, and a wish to demonstrate environmental concern, than on optimal system performance. By integrating renewable energy technologies in the buildings, the construction companies will lay a ground for an ecologically sustainable living, but how these opportunities are utilized by future residents, managers, and caretakers of the buildings will be of decisive importance for the final outcome.
Hydropower - the politics of water and energy: Introduction and overview
03101333
Koch, F. H. Dier~, Po/ic,r. 2002, 30. (14), 1207m 1213. This special issue of Energy Policy is dedicated entirely to hydropower and this introductory article provides an overview of the contents. It is divided into three main subject areas: the present situation and history, the main policy issues, and the future of the hydropower industry. The first area covers the evolving context, the diversity, and the potential of the hydropower industry, and also reports on hydropower in China, the country with the largest remaining potential. The policy area covers the social and environmental effects, the regulatory framework and public acceptance issues. The discussion of the future describes the changes that are underway and still need to be made, to ensure that hydropower will continue to serve the needs of society for electricity and several other important services. Hydropower projects can yield large benefits to society, but they also entail costs, and well-informed decisionmaking processes are necessary to ensure the best outcomes for a region or a country. The authors who contributed to this special issue hope that their articles will provide some of the information needed for good decision making. 03101334 Hydropower as a renewable and suetalnable energy resource meetlng global energy chafiengee In a reasonable way Frey, G. W. and Linke, D. M. Energ,v Policy, 2002, 30, (14) 1261-1265. Central and State Governments in many countries have enacted laws and regulations to promote renewable energy and to encourage sustainable technologies. In doing so, they had to define what they meant by ‘renewable’ and ‘sustainable’, and they had to decide which