Energy Efficiency Indicators in Peat Extraction Industry – A Case Study

Energy Efficiency Indicators in Peat Extraction Industry – A Case Study

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG...

230KB Sizes 0 Downloads 91 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7 ±2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD

(QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQGLFDWRUVLQSHDWH[WUDFWLRQLQGXVWU\±DFDVHVWXG\ ,HYD3DNHUH 'DJQLMD%OXPEHUJD Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12, Riga, LV–1048, Latvia

$EVWUDFW

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and &OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV Climate Technologies”. Keywords:EHQFKPDUNLQJFOHDQHUSURGXFWLRQHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQGLFDWRUVPDFKLQHU\HIILFLHQF\SHDWH[FWUDFWLRQ





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:LHYDSDNHUH#UWXOY

1876-6102 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.04.042

144

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHLQGXVWULDOVHFWRUDFFRXQWVIRUDJUHDWVKDUHRIWRWDOHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGHPLWWHG&2HPLVVLRQV7KHUHIRUH HQHUJ\UHGXFWLRQE\DSSO\LQJGLIIHUHQWHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\PHDVXUHVKDVEHFRPHHVVHQWLDO>@3HDWH[WUDFWLRQLVRQH VXFKVHFWRUVZKHUHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQIRUPVDSDUWRIWRWDOSURGXFWLRQFRVWV>@ 8QWLOQRZWKHUHKDYHEHHQVHYHUDOVWXGLHVDQDO\VLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRISHDWH[WUDFWLRQ>@DQGXWLOL]DWLRQ >@E\XVLQJWKHOLIHF\FOHDQDO\VLVPHWKRG-HVZLHWHWDO>@KDYHJDWKHUHGDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQHQHUJ\XVHDQG PDLQ FRQVXPHUV LQ RSHQ SLW DQG XQGHUJURXQG PLQHV 7KH PDLQ IRFXV KDV EHHQ SXW RQ WKH GLHVHO FRQVXPSWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQWPLQLQJPDFKLQHULHV8QIRUWXQDWHO\UHVHDUFKGRHVQRWLQFOXGHVSHFLILFUHVXOWVRIWKHSHDWH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVV $UHYLHZVWXG\UHODWHGWRHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQWKHPLQLQJVHFWRUKDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGE\$ZXDK2IIHL>@7KHDXWKRU FRQFOXGHV WKDW WKH PDLQ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ LQLWLDWLYHV LQ PLQLQJ VHFWRU DUH IRFXVHG RQ EHWWHU PLQLQJ HTXLSPHQW DXWRPDWLRQ DQG FRQWURO IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ PRGHOOLQJ DVVHVVPHQW RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH LPSDFWV HWF 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH DXWKRUVWUHVVHVWKDWWKHUHLVDJDSRQUHOHYDQWUHVHDUFKLQHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\RIGLIIHUHQWPLQLQJVHFWRUV 7KHPDLQFRQVXPSWLRQRIHQHUJ\LQWKHPLQLQJLQGXVWU\LVYLDGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIPDFKLQHU\DQGWUDFWRUV6HYHUDO VWXGLHVKDYHDQDO\VHGWKHPDLQSDUDPHWHUVLPSDFWLQJWKHIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIPLQLQJPDFKLQHU\ >±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Ș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

145

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

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

 )LJ3HDWH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVLQFRPLQJHQHUJ\IORZVDQGV\VWHPERXQGDULHV

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enchmarking ,QRUGHUWRFRPSDUHWKHH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVHIILFLHQF\LQGLIIHUHQWSHDWERJVWKHEHQFKPDUNLQJPHWKRGKDVEHHQ XVHG>@7KHDPRXQWRIH[WUDFWHGSHDWYDULHVDORWLQHDFKSHDWERJ7KHUHIRUHVSHFLILFHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ 6(& KDVEHHQXVHGDVWKHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQGLFDWRUIRUFRPSDULVRQ(T   SEC

Cel  C fuel



 

A

$VHOHFWULFLW\LVPDLQO\XVHGIRUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSXUSRVHVWKHVSHFLILFIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ 6)& IRUSHDWH[WUDFWLRQ FDQEHXVHGDVDPRUHDFFXUDWHLQGLFDWRUIRUSURFHVVHIILFLHQF\HYDOXDWLRQ)RUWKH6)&FDOFXODWLRQWKHQHFHVVDU\IXHO IRUWKHH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVLVGLYLGHGE\WKHWRWDODPRXQWRIH[WUDFWHGSHDW7KHDYHUDJH6(&DQG6)&KDVEHHQXVHG DVDEHQFKPDUNIRUHIILFLHQF\FRPSDULVRQLQHDFKSHDWERJ

146

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

3.2. Evaluation of peat extraction machinery efficiency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tractor

C fuel



 

T ˜ Prated ˜K power 7DEOH1HFHVVDU\VKDUHRIUDWHGHQJLQHSRZHUIRUHDFKSURFHVV 3URFHVV

6KDUHRIUDWHGHQJLQHSRZHU

3HDWH[WUDFWLRQ



)LHOGPDLQWHQDQFH



3HDWLQQHUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ



:HHGSORZLQJVWXPSSXOOLQJGLWFKFOHDQLQJ



6WDIIWUDQVSRUWVXSSO\RIIXHODQGURDGPDLQWHQDQFH



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

1XPEHURI ZRUNHUV $SULO± 2FWREHU       

1XPEHURI $PRXQWRIH[WUDFWHG )XHOFRQVXPSWLRQ ZRUNHUV SHDWWKRXVDQGP IRUSHDWH[WUDFWLRQ 1RYHPEHU±0DUFK SHU\HDU WKRXVDQGOSHU\HDU      

     

     

)XHOFRQVXPSWLRQ IRURWKHU SURFHVVHV WKRXVDQGOSHU\HDU      

(OHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ 0:KSHU\HDU      

147

ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ DtŚƉĞƌLJĞĂƌ

&ƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕DtŚ

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

ϯϱϬϬ ϯϬϬϬ ϮϱϬϬ ZϸсϬ͘ϵϱϬϱ

ϮϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬ ϭϬϬϬ ϱϬϬ Ϭ Ϭ

ϭϬϬ

ϮϬϬ

džƚƌĂĐƚĞĚƉĞĂƚ͕

ϯϬϬ

ϭϲϬ ϭϰϬ ϭϮϬ ϭϬϬ ϴϬ ϲϬ ϰϬ ϮϬ Ϭ

ϰϬϬ

ZϸсϬ͕ϵϰϯϯ

Ϭ

ϮϬ

ƚŚŽƵƐ͘ŵϯ

ϰϬ

ϲϬ

ϴϬ

ϭϬϬ

ϭϮϬ

ϭϰϬ

ǀĞƌĂŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ



)LJ&RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQDQGH[WUDFWHGSHDWDPRXQW

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶĨŽƌƉĞĂƚ ĞdžƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ŬtŚͬŵϯ

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ϰ͕ϱ ϰ ϯ͕ϱ

ŽŐϭ

ϯ

ŽŐϮ

Ϯ͕ϱ Ϯ

ŽŐϯ

ϭ͕ϱ

ŽŐϰ

ϭ

ŽŐϱ

Ϭ͕ϱ

ŽŐϲ

Ϭ Ϭ

ϱϬ

ϭϬϬ

ϭϱϬ

ϮϬϬ

ϮϱϬ

ϯϬϬ

ϯϱϬ

ϰϬϬ

džƚƌĂĐƚĞĚĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƉĞĂƚ͕ƚŚŽƵƐ͘ŵϯ



)LJ&RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQIXHOVSHFLILFIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQIRUSHDWH[WUDFWLRQDQGH[WUDFWHGDPRXQWRISHDW

(OHFWULFLW\ LQ SHDW ERJV DUH PDLQO\ XVHG IRU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SXUSRVHV VR WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQDQGDYHUDJHQXPEHURIZRUNHUVKDVEHHQGHWHUPLQHG7KHUHIRUHWKHVSHFLILFHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQSHU ZRUNHUFDQDOVREHXVHGDVDQHIILFLHQF\HYDOXDWLRQLQGLFDWRU

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ŬtŚͬŵϯ

148 ϭϬ ϵ ϴ ϳ ϲ ϱ ϰ ϯ Ϯ ϭ Ϭ

ϳ͘ϲϳ

ϴ͘ϵϵ

ϴ͘Ϯϰ

ϳ͘ϮϮ

ϳ͘ϯϱ

Ϯ͘ϰϰ Ϯ͘ϱϭ

ϯ͘ϯϯ

ŽŐϭ

ŽŐϮ

^&ĨŽƌƉĞĂƚĞdžƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ

ϭ͘ϵϬ ŽŐϯ dŽƚĂů^&

ϳ͘Ϯϭ

ϳ͘ϬϬ Ϯ͘ϴϬ

Ϯ͘ϯϲ

ϭ͘ϳϯ ŽŐϰ

ŽŐϱ

^&ďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬ

ŽŐϲ

dŽƚĂů^&ďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬ



ϭ͕Ϭ

Ϯ͕ϱ

Ϭ͕ϴ

Ϯ͕Ϭ

Ϭ͕ϲ

ϭ͕ϱ

Ϭ͕ϰ

ϭ͕Ϭ

Ϭ͕Ϯ

Ϭ͕ϱ

Ϭ͕Ϭ

Ϭ͕Ϭ ŽŐϭ

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ

ŽŐϮ

ŽŐϯ ĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬϭ

ŽŐϰ ĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬϮ

ŽŐϱ

ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ;ŬtŚͿƉĞƌ ǁŽƌŬĞƌ

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ ŬtŚͬŵϯ

)LJ%HQFKPDUNDQDO\VHVUHVXOWVIRUGLHVHOIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQHIILFLHQF\HYDOXDWLRQ

ŽŐϲ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶƉĞƌǁŽƌŬĞƌ

)LJ%HQFKPDUNLQJDQDO\VLVUHVXOWVIRUHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQHIILFLHQF\HYDOXDWLRQ

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



149

ϭϰ

Ϭ͕ϯϱ

ϭϮ

Ϭ͕ϯ

ϭϬ

Ϭ͕Ϯϱ

ϴ

Ϭ͕Ϯ

ϲ

Ϭ͕ϭϱ

ϰ

Ϭ͕ϭ

Ϯ

Ϭ͕Ϭϱ

Ϭ

Ϭ dƌĂĐƚŽƌϭ;ϮϬϭϰͿ

dƌĂĐƚŽƌϮ;ϮϬϬϲͿ

dƌĂĐƚŽƌϯ;ϮϬϭϮͿ

dƌĂĐƚŽƌϰ;ϮϬϬϮͿ

dƌĂĐƚŽƌϱ;ϮϬϭϰͿ

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ ůͬŬtŚ

ǀĞƌĂŐĞĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ůͬŚ

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

dƌĂĐƚŽƌϲ;ϭϵϴϲͿ

dƌĂĐƚŽƌŶƵŵďĞƌ;ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞLJĞĂƌŽĨƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞͿ ǀĞƌĂŐĞĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ

^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĨƵĞůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ



)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHDYHUDJHIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ OK DQGVSHFLILFIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ ON:K IRUGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIWUDFWRUPDFKLQHU\

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³(QHUJ\HIILFLHQWDQGORZFDUERQVROXWLRQVIRUD VHFXUHVXVWDLQDEOHDQGFOLPDWHYDULDELOLW\UHGXFLQJHQHUJ\VXSSO\ /$7(1(5*, ´

150

Ieva Pakere and Dagnija Blumberga / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 143 – 150

5HIHUHQFHV >@ %XQVH . 9RGLFND 0 6FKRQVOHEHQ 3 %UXOKDUW 0 (UQVW )2 ,QWHJUDWLQJ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ SHUIRUPDQFH LQ SURGXFWLRQ PDQDJHPHQWJDS DQDO\VLVEHWZHHQLQGXVWULDOQHHGVDQGVFLHQWLILFOLWHUDWXUH-RXUQDORI&OHDQHU3URGXFWLRQ± >@ &OHDU\ - 5RXOHW 17 0RRUH 75 *UHHQKRXVH *DV (PLVVLRQV IURP &DQDGLDQ 3HDW ([WUDFWLRQ ± $ /LIHF\FOH $QDO\VLV $PELR   ± >@ 7LVVDUL-0@ .LUNLQHQ-0LQNNLQHQ.3HQWWLOD7.RMROD6HWDO*UHHQKRXVHLPSDFWGXHWRGLIIHUHQWSHDWIXHOXWLOLVDWLRQFKDLQVLQ)LQODQG²DOLIHF\FOH DSSURDFK%RUHDO(QYLURQPHQW5HVHDUFK± >@ -HVZLHW-$UFKLEDOG-7KRUOH\8'H6RX]D((QHUJ\8VHLQ3UHPDQXIDFWXUH 0LQLQJ 3URFHGLD &,53± >@ $ZXDK2IIHL.(QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQPLQLQJDUHYLHZZLWKHPSKDVLVRQWKHUROHRIRSHUDWRUVLQORDGLQJDQGKDXOLQJRSHUDWLRQV-RXUQDORI &OHDQHU3URGXFWLRQ  ± >@ 2VNRXHL0$$ZXDK2IIHL.$PHWKRGIRUGDWDGULYHQHYDOXDWLRQRIRSHUDWRULPSDFWRQHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\RIGLJJLQJPDFKLQHV(QHUJ\ (IILFLHQF\  ± >@ .HFRMHYLF9.RPOMHQRYLF'+DXOWUXFNIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQDQG&2HPLVVLRQXQGHUYDULRXVHQJLQHORDGFRQGLWLRQV0LQQLQJ(QJLQHHULQJ ± >@ 0RWORJHOZD 2* 0LQQLWW 5&$ 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI GLHVHO XVDJH DW 8LWYOXJW PLQH -RXUQDO RI WKH 6RXWKHUQ $IULFDQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 0LQLQJ DQG 0HWDOOXUJ\± LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWV $YDLODEOH >@ &HQWUDO 6WDWLVWLFDO %XUHDX RI /DWYLD 58* 6DOH RI PDQXIDFWXUHG KWWSGDWDFVEJRYOYS[ZHEHQUXSQEXYQUXSQEXYQBBLNJDGBBUXSQ58BHXURS["U[LG DIHEDHFGFFFIF >@ 3K\OLSVHQ'%ORN.:RUUHOO(%HHU-%HQFKPDUNLQJWKHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\RI'XWFKLQGXVWU\DQDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHH[SHFWHGHIIHFWRQ HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQG&2HPLVVLRQV(QHUJ\3ROLF\± >@ =RJOD / =RJOD * %HORERURGNR $ 5RVD 0 3URFHVV EHQFKPDUN IRU HYDOXDWLRQ HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH LQ EUHZHULHV (QHUJ\ 3URFHGLD ± >@ 6DKRRD/.%DQG\RSDGK\D\D6%DQHUMHHD5%HQFKPDUNLQJHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQIRUGXPSWUXFNVLQPLQHV$SSOLHG(QHUJ\±  >@ .XEXOH$=RJOD/5RVD05HVRXUFHDQG(QHUJ\(IILFLHQF\LQ6PDOODQG0HGLXP%UHZHULH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD±