- Email: [email protected]
Energy policy and climate change
I7
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
In this study two popular dynamic flexible functional forms for cost , the translog and the logit, functions are compared and contrasted using data on US industrial energy demand from 1960 to 1992 which has heen analysed by previous studies. The crucial role played hy different dynamic formulations of the translog is shown in this analysis of factor demands with respect to rates of dynamic adjustment and substitution possibilities. It is concluded that the poor performance of the dynamic translog relative to the dynamic logit cannot be explained solely by dynamic model mis-specification or the inclusion of priceunresponsive non-energy fuel use data. The most robust empirical result is that coal and oil are substitutes.
E-commerce, paper and energy use: a case study concerning a Dutch electronic computer retailer
03/01548
L. International Journal o/'Global 294.-301. Impacts of the application of e-commerce on paper and energy use are analysed in a case study concerning a Dutch electronic retailer (etailer) of computers. The estimated use of paper associated with the etailer concerned was substantially reduced, if compared with physical retailing or traditional mail-order retailing. However, the overall effect of e-tailing on paper use strongly depends on customer behaviour. Some characteristics of e-commerce, as practiced by the e-tailer concerned, such as diminished floor space requirements, reduced need for personal transport and simplified logistics, improve energy efficiency compared to physical retailing. Substitution of paper information by on line information has an energy use effect that is dependent on the time of online information perusal and the extent to which downloaded information is printed. Increasing distances from producers to consumers, outsourcing, and increased use of computers, associated equipment and electronic networks are characteristics of ecommerce that may have an upward effect on energy use. In this case study, the upward effects on energy use were less than the direct energy efficiency gains. However, the indirect effects associated with increased buying power and the rebound effect on transport following from freed travel time, greatly exceeded direct energy efficiency gains. Hoogeveen,
M. J. and Reijnders,
Energ.tIssues,2002, 18, (2/3/4),
03101549 Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: a meta-evaluation of US programs Banerjee, A. and Solomon, B. D. E?trrg~ Policy.2003. 3 I, (2),109-I23. Eco-labelling is a promising market-based approach for improving the environmental performance of products through consumer choice. While eco-labelling itself is not new, eco-labelling to promote energy efficiency or sustainability is a more recent phenomenon. Five such energy-labelling programmes in the US are evaluated: Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Energy Guide, Energy Star, and Green-e. Of these, the first four certify energy-efficient appliances while the last one certifies renewable electricity. While Energy Guide and Energy Star are government-run programmes, the rest are privately administered. Two evaluation criteria were used: consumer response and manufacturer/marketer response. Very few studies have been done on the private programmes making comparative analysis more difficult. It was found that government programmes, in general, and Energy Star, in particular, were much more successful than the private programmes. For appliance energy labelling, the private programmes were found to have an almost insignificant effect on the market. Government support proved to be crucial in determining a programme’s credibility, financial stability, and long-term viability. Further, targeting of specific product categories, legislative mandates, incentives and partnerships were found to be other important factors for programme success. Simple seal-of-approval logos and labels have generally affected consumer behaviour more than the complex information-disclosure labels.
03/01550 Ener y consumption and GDP: causality relationship in 8 -7 countries and emerging markets Soytas, U. and Sari, R. Energy Economics, 2003. 25, (l), 33-37. The causality relationship between energy consumption and income is a well-studied topic in energy economics. This paper studies the time series properties of energy consumption and GDP and reexamines the causality relationship between the two series in the top 10 emerging markets - excluding China due to lack of data - and G-7 countries. The study discovered bi-directional causality in Argentina, causality running from GDP to energy consumption in Italy and Korea, and from energy consumption to GDP in Turkey, France, Germany and Japan. Hence, energy conservation may harm economic growth in the last four countries. 03/01551 Energy management practices in SME - case study of a bakery in Germany Kannan, R. and Boie, W. Energ.yConversion and Management, 2003, 44. (6). 945-959. The role of energy management has greatly expanded in industries. Major industries are contracting with energy service providers to implement energy management practices to improve efficiency. The
266
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
effort to introduce energy management in small and medmm \calc enterprises (SME) is very limited due to the lack of initiation, expertise and financial limitations. In manufacturing, energy cost is usually ;I small portion of the total production cost, and therefore, cncrgy cost receives relatively little attention. Another problem is lack of knowledge about the underlying principles involved in energy management.
There is a well-recogmzed need to target SMt with information on energy management concepts and practices. This paper aims to provide a guideline for entrepreneurs in implementing energy management. It reviews the methodology of energy management that was introduced in a German hakery with a clear and consistent path toward introducing energy management. The methodology, tools used, results and difficulties encountered during the study are discusrctl.
03/01552
Energy policy and climate change
Jean-Baptiste, P. and Ducroux, R. Enrrgr, Pnlicr. 2003, 31. (21, 155~ 166. The problem of massive emissions of carbon dioxide (CG- ) from the burning of fossil fuels and their climatic impact have become major scientific and political issues. Future stabilization of the atmospheric COz content requires a drastic decrease of CO2 emissions worldwide. Energy savings and carbon sequestration, including CO? capture/ storage and enhancement of natural carbon sinks, can be highly beneficial, although it is suggested that both economic and climatic feedbacks could nullify part of the gains achieved. Fossil fuels (coupled with CO2 capture), and lower-carbon hydrogenated fuels such as natural gas are still expected to play an important role in the future. Nevertheless, stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration in a growing world economy, now dependent on fossil fuels for 85% of its energy, will also require a vast increase in the supply of carbon-free power. Among these energy sources, hydropower and nuclear energy (operated under western safety and environmental standards) are the most readily available sources capable of supplying vast amount of energy at a competitive price. Wind power is also to be encouraged, as it is expected to approach the competitiveness threshold soon. The French example, where fossil fuel COz emissions were cut by 27% in a matter of a few years (1979-1986) despite increasing energy consumption, suggests that implementing CO2 stabilization is technically feasible at a competitive price.
03/01553 Environmental sustainability and capital investment appraisal McDermott, T. ef al. Int. J. Environmentul Technology crudManagemutt, 2002, 2.(4),328-343. Capital investment appraisal and its associated techniques is discussed in relation to the environment and its sustainability. Economic feasibility is to be linked to health, safety and comfort as well as conservation, preservation and regeneration. Environmental policies must be integrated with capital investment decisions; this is because convention investment appraisal procedures are often unsuitable for the green agenda to sustain nature. Moreover, contemporary strategic decision makers are becoming increasingly aware of their economic as well as their social responsibilities by having to confront the dual business objectives of being competitive and ethical. Methods are provided to incorporate more relevantly the environmental challenges into capital project decisions, focusing upon quality of life outcomes.
03/01554 Ethical dilemmas and the decision-making process. Is a consensus realistic? BCrubC, G. G. and Villeneuve,
F. Energy Polic!,2002, 30, ( 14).12X5
129.
Hydroelectric development projects, which frequently encounter ethical dilemmas, cannot be subject only to legal rules. Ethics are also at stake, especially in controversial situations. The purpose of this paper, which is based on an IEA report, is to find ethical principles that may help in the search for standards of conduct regarding hydropower development and the environment. The principles serve as the criteria for an article on legal and regulatory frameworks that also appears in this issue. This paper begins by restating, according to the IEA report, recurrent dilemmas raised by hydroelectricity projects (the protection of nature versus the satisfaction of essential human needs, distribution of wealth, the rights of affected communities, and the diversity of rules and cultural differences). The paper then presents and describes the five ethical principles discussed in the IEA report (stewardship; participatory decision-making; prudence and control; fairness and justice; and optimality). These principles are derived from international law and can guide decision-makers faced with dilemmas arising from hydropower projects. Accordingly, this text is a complement to the article on legal and regulatory frameworks that also appears in this issue.
03lO1555 Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 1900-l 998 Ayres, R. U. c’f (I/. &rcrgr,. 2003. 2X. (3).219-273.
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
In this study two popular dynamic flexible functional forms for cost , the translog and the logit, functions are compared and contrasted using data on US industrial energy demand from 1960 to 1992 which has heen analysed by previous studies. The crucial role played hy different dynamic formulations of the translog is shown in this analysis of factor demands with respect to rates of dynamic adjustment and substitution possibilities. It is concluded that the poor performance of the dynamic translog relative to the dynamic logit cannot be explained solely by dynamic model mis-specification or the inclusion of priceunresponsive non-energy fuel use data. The most robust empirical result is that coal and oil are substitutes.
E-commerce, paper and energy use: a case study concerning a Dutch electronic computer retailer
03/01548
L. International Journal o/'Global 294.-301. Impacts of the application of e-commerce on paper and energy use are analysed in a case study concerning a Dutch electronic retailer (etailer) of computers. The estimated use of paper associated with the etailer concerned was substantially reduced, if compared with physical retailing or traditional mail-order retailing. However, the overall effect of e-tailing on paper use strongly depends on customer behaviour. Some characteristics of e-commerce, as practiced by the e-tailer concerned, such as diminished floor space requirements, reduced need for personal transport and simplified logistics, improve energy efficiency compared to physical retailing. Substitution of paper information by on line information has an energy use effect that is dependent on the time of online information perusal and the extent to which downloaded information is printed. Increasing distances from producers to consumers, outsourcing, and increased use of computers, associated equipment and electronic networks are characteristics of ecommerce that may have an upward effect on energy use. In this case study, the upward effects on energy use were less than the direct energy efficiency gains. However, the indirect effects associated with increased buying power and the rebound effect on transport following from freed travel time, greatly exceeded direct energy efficiency gains. Hoogeveen,
M. J. and Reijnders,
Energ.tIssues,2002, 18, (2/3/4),
03101549 Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: a meta-evaluation of US programs Banerjee, A. and Solomon, B. D. E?trrg~ Policy.2003. 3 I, (2),109-I23. Eco-labelling is a promising market-based approach for improving the environmental performance of products through consumer choice. While eco-labelling itself is not new, eco-labelling to promote energy efficiency or sustainability is a more recent phenomenon. Five such energy-labelling programmes in the US are evaluated: Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Energy Guide, Energy Star, and Green-e. Of these, the first four certify energy-efficient appliances while the last one certifies renewable electricity. While Energy Guide and Energy Star are government-run programmes, the rest are privately administered. Two evaluation criteria were used: consumer response and manufacturer/marketer response. Very few studies have been done on the private programmes making comparative analysis more difficult. It was found that government programmes, in general, and Energy Star, in particular, were much more successful than the private programmes. For appliance energy labelling, the private programmes were found to have an almost insignificant effect on the market. Government support proved to be crucial in determining a programme’s credibility, financial stability, and long-term viability. Further, targeting of specific product categories, legislative mandates, incentives and partnerships were found to be other important factors for programme success. Simple seal-of-approval logos and labels have generally affected consumer behaviour more than the complex information-disclosure labels.
03/01550 Ener y consumption and GDP: causality relationship in 8 -7 countries and emerging markets Soytas, U. and Sari, R. Energy Economics, 2003. 25, (l), 33-37. The causality relationship between energy consumption and income is a well-studied topic in energy economics. This paper studies the time series properties of energy consumption and GDP and reexamines the causality relationship between the two series in the top 10 emerging markets - excluding China due to lack of data - and G-7 countries. The study discovered bi-directional causality in Argentina, causality running from GDP to energy consumption in Italy and Korea, and from energy consumption to GDP in Turkey, France, Germany and Japan. Hence, energy conservation may harm economic growth in the last four countries. 03/01551 Energy management practices in SME - case study of a bakery in Germany Kannan, R. and Boie, W. Energ.yConversion and Management, 2003, 44. (6). 945-959. The role of energy management has greatly expanded in industries. Major industries are contracting with energy service providers to implement energy management practices to improve efficiency. The
266
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
effort to introduce energy management in small and medmm \calc enterprises (SME) is very limited due to the lack of initiation, expertise and financial limitations. In manufacturing, energy cost is usually ;I small portion of the total production cost, and therefore, cncrgy cost receives relatively little attention. Another problem is lack of knowledge about the underlying principles involved in energy management.
There is a well-recogmzed need to target SMt with information on energy management concepts and practices. This paper aims to provide a guideline for entrepreneurs in implementing energy management. It reviews the methodology of energy management that was introduced in a German hakery with a clear and consistent path toward introducing energy management. The methodology, tools used, results and difficulties encountered during the study are discusrctl.
03/01552
Energy policy and climate change
Jean-Baptiste, P. and Ducroux, R. Enrrgr, Pnlicr. 2003, 31. (21, 155~ 166. The problem of massive emissions of carbon dioxide (CG- ) from the burning of fossil fuels and their climatic impact have become major scientific and political issues. Future stabilization of the atmospheric COz content requires a drastic decrease of CO2 emissions worldwide. Energy savings and carbon sequestration, including CO? capture/ storage and enhancement of natural carbon sinks, can be highly beneficial, although it is suggested that both economic and climatic feedbacks could nullify part of the gains achieved. Fossil fuels (coupled with CO2 capture), and lower-carbon hydrogenated fuels such as natural gas are still expected to play an important role in the future. Nevertheless, stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration in a growing world economy, now dependent on fossil fuels for 85% of its energy, will also require a vast increase in the supply of carbon-free power. Among these energy sources, hydropower and nuclear energy (operated under western safety and environmental standards) are the most readily available sources capable of supplying vast amount of energy at a competitive price. Wind power is also to be encouraged, as it is expected to approach the competitiveness threshold soon. The French example, where fossil fuel COz emissions were cut by 27% in a matter of a few years (1979-1986) despite increasing energy consumption, suggests that implementing CO2 stabilization is technically feasible at a competitive price.
03/01553 Environmental sustainability and capital investment appraisal McDermott, T. ef al. Int. J. Environmentul Technology crudManagemutt, 2002, 2.(4),328-343. Capital investment appraisal and its associated techniques is discussed in relation to the environment and its sustainability. Economic feasibility is to be linked to health, safety and comfort as well as conservation, preservation and regeneration. Environmental policies must be integrated with capital investment decisions; this is because convention investment appraisal procedures are often unsuitable for the green agenda to sustain nature. Moreover, contemporary strategic decision makers are becoming increasingly aware of their economic as well as their social responsibilities by having to confront the dual business objectives of being competitive and ethical. Methods are provided to incorporate more relevantly the environmental challenges into capital project decisions, focusing upon quality of life outcomes.
03/01554 Ethical dilemmas and the decision-making process. Is a consensus realistic? BCrubC, G. G. and Villeneuve,
F. Energy Polic!,2002, 30, ( 14).12X5
129.
Hydroelectric development projects, which frequently encounter ethical dilemmas, cannot be subject only to legal rules. Ethics are also at stake, especially in controversial situations. The purpose of this paper, which is based on an IEA report, is to find ethical principles that may help in the search for standards of conduct regarding hydropower development and the environment. The principles serve as the criteria for an article on legal and regulatory frameworks that also appears in this issue. This paper begins by restating, according to the IEA report, recurrent dilemmas raised by hydroelectricity projects (the protection of nature versus the satisfaction of essential human needs, distribution of wealth, the rights of affected communities, and the diversity of rules and cultural differences). The paper then presents and describes the five ethical principles discussed in the IEA report (stewardship; participatory decision-making; prudence and control; fairness and justice; and optimality). These principles are derived from international law and can guide decision-makers faced with dilemmas arising from hydropower projects. Accordingly, this text is a complement to the article on legal and regulatory frameworks that also appears in this issue.
03lO1555 Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 1900-l 998 Ayres, R. U. c’f (I/. &rcrgr,. 2003. 2X. (3).219-273.