- Email: [email protected]
Engaging the Community with a “Green Town” Concept
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
GHG GT-11
Engaaging the Comm munity w with a “G Green Town” Conncept Ning Chenga*, Mirjam Fürth hb , Michaeel C. Johnssonc , Zhi Yung Y Tayd , R. Ajit Shenoib , Phi lip A. Wilssonb a
Centre for Of Offshore Foundatiion Systems ,The University of Wesstern Australia, 35 3 Stirling Highw way, Crawley WA 6009, Australia b Faculty of E Engineering andd the Environmentt,University of Soouthampton, High hfield, Southamptton SO17 1BJ, Unnited Kingdom c Llooyd’s Register, 71 1 Fenchurch Streeet, London EC3M M 4BS, United Kin ngdom d Centre for Offshore O and Ressearch Engineerinng, National Univversity of Singapo ore, Singapore
Abstract This paper ddescribes a novvel CO2 mitigattion concept naamed “Green Town”. T “Green n Town” is a ffully integrated d carbon capturre and storage (CCS) ( system applied a at a tow wn or city scalee. It utilises air capture techniqques to capturee CO2 directly from atmospheere, as opposed to other CCS ssystems where CO2 is typically y captured in fl flue gas streamss pre- or post-ccombustion, theen the captured CO2 is transporrted by pipelinee and sequestereed in offshore ddeep geologicall formations. T The entire systeem is meant to be built withinn a community y and in this way w to inspire aand interest thee public and thee younger geneeration regarding CCS technoloogy. With enhaanced public understanding of C CO2 mitigation n via CCS techhniques it is therrefore possible to engage the ppublic in the eaarly stage of CC CS implementaation. Technicall details of the “Green Town”” concept are giv ven. To evaluatee public acceptance of the “G Green Town” cooncept, question nnaire surveys were designedd and carried in n Southamptonn, UK and Hambburg, Germany y in August 20111. Total of 158 8 and 366 effective completedd questionnairess wo cities respecttively. Results ffrom both surveeys are presenteed. were collected from these tw t was a direect correlation bbetween positiv ve perception off CCS and posiitive perception n It is shown that generally there s prefereence for the “G Green Town” concept c than foor conventionall of the “Greenn Town” idea. There was a stronger CCS. This prrovides evidencce that the idea of engaging thhe public throug gh the “Green Town” conceptt could play an n important role in laying a sttrong foundation for public intterest in CCS projects. p To exp plore the diverssity of opinionss on the “Greenn Town” idea and a CCS between the two survveyed cities, a comparison c of results r from Soouthampton and d Hamburg is aalso presented. The proposed “Green Tow wn” concept of air capture in tthe community was shown to be a viably posssible route forr public engageement in this orr other CCS pro ojects.
© 2013 2013The TheA Authors.Publis Published Elsevier Ltd. © Authors. hed byby Elsevier r Ltd.
* Corresponnding author. Tell.: 61-8-64883141 1; fax: 61-8-648881018. E-mail addr dress: [email protected] u.au.
1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of GHGT doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.672
7338
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345 Selection and/or responsibility of GHGT Selection and/orpeer-review peer-reviewunder under responsibility of GHGT
Keywords: Carbon capture and storage; Pipeline;Survey;Public Perception; Air scrubbing
1. Introduction Increasingly higher concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, at present 388 ppm [1] have triggered the desire to reduce the Earth’s atmospheric CO2 content. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been developed for almost two decades, but large scale CCS integrated systems, involving the complete process of CO2 capture from fossil fuel power plants, transport and storage, have not yet been fully implemented. Apart from technical challenges, negative public perception has been deemed a major obstacle in implementing CCS projects. Many reports [2,3] have confirmed that public objections have actually led to the cancellation of trial projects in some instances. For example, the Shell’s CCS project in Barendrecht, Hollands, and Vattenfall’s in Germany have attracted heated objections from the public. As a consequence, this results in the delay of implementing the project. Hence, the public perception should be treated as the key criterion in ensuring a successful CCS project. Public support is therefore crucial for the successful implementation of CCS at a large scale, irrespective of the engineering excellence of the approaches adopted. Often the public’s adverse opinion on CCS arises from two sources: firstly CO2 is recognized as a potentially hazardous gas, so there are questions of public safety in the capture and transport phases, and questions on the long term viability of sequestration including storage in deep geological formations. Secondly and perhaps the main reason is the disengagement and lack of knowledge of CCS technology itself. The public can be quick to judge, fear and even hate the unknown. Hence this paper presents a concept that serves to promote public perception of CCS.
2. “Green Town” concept Fig 1 illustrates the “Green Town” idea. There is an air scrubbing facility to capture CO2 from the air (I); the captured CO2 will be transported by pipelines (II) to be stored in depleted oil/gas fields (III). The purpose of the “Green Town” idea is to create a cleaner environment in the local communal or town by capturing CO2 from the air. The air scrubbing tower hence plays an important role in the public’s daily life and could thereby enhance the public familiarity towards CCS technology. The main aims of the “Green Town” idea are to: x Enhance public understanding on CCS and its benefits towards the environment x Inspire and interest the younger generation regarding CCS technology x Encourage public acceptance of CCS technology It is anticipated that more air scrubbing facilities could be installed once CCS is proven to be beneficial to the public. The public acceptance of the “Green Town” idea could also remove their scepticism towards direct CO2 capturing from point sources such as coal power plants or cement plants. Hence, the “Green Town” idea is meant to be a ‘gate opener’ to the future implementation of a fully integrated CCS.
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
Fig. 1. Proposed concept of “Green Town” idea
The city of Hamburg in Germany was selected for a case study involving the “Green Town” concept. The total population in Hamburg is approximately 1.8 million and it was proposed that 1% of the CO2 emitted should be captured, transported and stored by the “Green Town” project [4]. It is estimated that an onshore land area of about 16,100 m2 is required for the 1% capture level air scrubbing facility. That level is approximately 200,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. A site in the industrial area of Hamburg was chosen as a suitable site for the air scrubbing facilities [4]. The technology being developed by Carbon Engineering Ltd. (CE) [5] of Canada was chosen as the model for the “Green Town” air capture facility. This has the capability to draw in air and remove most of the CO2. The facility consists of a large ‘slab’ of air contactors (about 20 m high) to drive air into the facility, make contact with the CO2 and absorb it in a fluid and a thermal system to release the collected CO2 from the fluid before recycling the fluid. CE’s air capturing method is a wet-scrubbing technique. The fluid used is an alkaline hydroxide solution. The facility could be powered by low-carbon fossil fuel such as natural gas or in principle by renewables such as solar or wind power, or as nuclear power. For the case study, the captured CO2 is envisaged to be transported in liquefied form by using pipelines from Hamburg to Emden (near Groningen) in the Netherlands. Existing subsea trunk pipelines would then be used from close to Emden to the Dutch K12-B platform where the CO2 would be stored in a depleted gas field. K12-B platform is on the Dutch continental shelf 150 km North West of Amsterdam. The K12B is currently a storage site for CO2 with successful on-going injections. The platform has a possible injection speed of 310,000 to 475,000 tonnes per year and the site has a theoretical storage capacity of 14.4 billion cubic metres [6]. The estimated cost of air capture is around five times higher than ‘conventional’ CCS for thermal power plants. Leakage is the biggest risk associated with these projects; it could permanently turn people away from CCS because of its effects to the local environment and population. Therefore safety should have the highest priority. The CO2 storage method used in this project, i.e. the geological storage in seismically inactive areas is considered to be the safest form of storing CO2 from the view point of risk and legal aspects. Leakage monitoring systems will also need to be installed to detect any CO2 leakage during the CO2 capturing, transportation and storing processes.
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3. Survey results and discussion A major part of this study was to investigate the public perception and acceptance on the “Green Town” idea through questionnaire surveys and to test whether public perception could be altered if proper and adequate information on the CCS project is provided. Surveys were conducted with the public in Southampton, UK and Hamburg, Germany to obtain their opinion on the “Green Town” idea and CCS in general. Total of 158 and 366 effective completed questionnaires were collected. The 95% confidence level is used in the surveys conducted in Southampton and Hamburg, with 9.8% confidence intervals for the surveys in Southampton and 6.3% confidence interval for the surveys in Hamburg.
Fig. 2. “Green Town” idea preference comparison
Fig 2 shows the preference differences between Southampton and Hamburg. It can be seen that “Green Town” idea is less prefered in Hamburg than in Southampton. However, consistent data trend has been observed in both cites.
Fig. 3. Comparison of public opinion on CCS
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
Fig 3 shows the comparison of the public opinion on CCS between Southampton and Hamburg. It can be seen that conventional CCS is more prefered in Hamburg as compared to Southampton. It has been observed in both cities that there is a direct correlation between the public perception and public acceptance. It shows that those who do not like the “Green Town” idea would generally feel negative on having the air scrubbing facility in town and vice versa. This indicates that the interest of the public on “Green Town” idea should be inculcated in the early stage and the engagement and opinion of the public is important to enhance public acceptance on the “Green Town” idea. The same would apply in ensuring a successful CCS project. It is observed in both cities that the public who like the “Green Town” idea would generally appear to like CCS. However, those who appear neutral on the “Green Town” idea do not like CCS. This implies again that the “Green Town” idea plays an important role in laying a strong foundation to incur public interest in CCS project. The correlation between the public perception on the “Green Town” and CCS with the demographic variables such as education level, income and age were also studied. More details could be found in [4]. Comparisons of the survey results are made between Hamburg and Southampton. The public responses towards the “Green Town” idea and CCS in Southampton and Hamburg were similar in many respects. It was found that the public in both Southampton and Hamburg: x were concerned with the environment. However Hamburgers were more environmentally conscious x liked the idea of the “Green Town” and CCS. But less so in Southampton x are willing to pay around 4 to 5 Pound/month and Euro/month, respectively. It was also shows that the additional energy prices/month that the public are willing to pay to support the “Green Town” idea is independent on their personal income. Reasonable cost estimation could be draw from this basis x those with a higher educational level have a greater positive response towards the “Green Town” idea. This indicates that school or university could function as a platform to effectively educate the public on the “Green Town” idea. It could also indicate that the opinion of the public could be altered if adequate information on a new technology is provided x those who did not like the “Green Town” idea generally felt negative about having the air scrubbing facility in town and vice versa. This indicates that the public should be engaged at an early stage of CCS projects x those who liked the “Green Town” idea generally liked CCS. The “Green Town” idea could therefore play an important role in laying a strong foundation for public support of CCS projects The public opinion could be altered if more information on the proposed technology is given and if the whole project involves the public engagement in the early stage. The “Green Town” idea plays an important role in laying a strong foundation to incur public interest in CCS project. With regards to most effective means of communication on CCS, television and newspaper were found to be the most effective means in UK whereas newspaper and internet are the two most cited methods in Germany.
4. Conclusions Existing failures with CCS due to public objections have been identified. Engaging the public at an early stage is seen as key to successful large scale CCS projects in the future. The “Green Town” idea
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Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
was suggestted as such a route to eng gaging the puublic. The em mpirical data from f questionn nnaire surveyss vindicates thhe suitability of o this approach.
Acknowledgements This reseearch was suppported by th he Lloyd’s Reegister Educaational Trust (LRET) throuugh the 2011 LRET Summ mer Collegium m at the Univeersity of Southhampton.
References [1] Blasiing, T. J. (Febbruary, 2011). Recent Greennhouse Gas Concentrations C s [Online]. Car arbon Dioxide Information Analysis Cenntre. Availablee: http://cdiac.ornnl.gov/pns/currennt_ghg.html [Accessed 20 Julyy 2011]. [2] Shacckley, S., Gouugh, C., McLaachlan, C., 20005. The publicc perceptions on carbon diooxide capturee and storage in UK: resultts from focus groups g and a survey. Climaate Policy, 4, 377-398. 3 C captu ure and storagge: public percception of CC CS, in: The 3rdd Internationall [3] Morrris, B., 2007. Carbon Conference on Clean Coaal Technologiies for our Fuuture. 15-17 May M 2007, Caagliari, Sardinnia, Italy: IEA A Centre. Clean Coal C [4] Chenng, N., Fürth, M., Johnson, M.C., Tay, Z .Y., 2011. Thee Key to Successful Carbonn Capture and d Storage: Enggaging the Puublic. University of Southam mpton, UK. [5] Carbbon Engineeriing Ltd. (2011). Air Captuure-Frequently ly Asked Quesstions [Onlinee]. Available:: http://www.carrbonengineering.ccom [Accessed d 19 August 20011 2011]. [6] K12--B CO2 Injecttion Project. K12-B K CO2 Inj njection Projeect [Online]. Available: A http:://www.k12-b.nl// [Accessed 19 August 2011 2011].
A. Hamburg survey s form Appendix A
Weareco onductingassurveyonan novelideatooreduceCO2 2intheair.T Thissurveyiss conducted donbehalfo oftheUniversityofSouthhampton,UK K.Youdono otneedtohaaveany specialisedknowledgee,itisyouro opinionasam memberoftthegeneralp publicthatw weare interested din.Yourop pinionwillhe elptoformssomeoftheffuturegoverrnmentpoliccies withregardstotheen nvironment.Pleasekindlyytickyouranswerinthe eboxprovideed. 1.DoyouliveinHamb burg? YES NO 2.Haveyo ouheardofgglobalclimattechange? YES NO
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
3.Ifyes,p pleaserateth helevelofyo ourconcern onclimatecchange? notconceerned veryconncerned 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 4.Haveyo ouheardofggreenhousegases? YES NO Pleasereadthefollowingdescrriptiononth heproposedidea Amajorso ourceofclim matechangeiscarbondiooxide(CO2)e emission.Thegovernmenntis considerin ngremovingCO2fromth heairbyusinnganewtech hnologyknownasthe'CCO2 CapturinggTower'.Thisstowerwillbeinstalled inthetownandthecaptturedCO2wiillthen betransportedforsto orage.Theprrocessofcappturing,transportingand dstoringthe CO2is showninthepictureb below. I.CO2from mtheairisccapturedbyttheCO2captturingtower.. II.Thecap pturedCO2isstransported dbyoffshoreepipelines. III.ThetraansportedCO O2isstoredindepletedooil/gasreservvoir.Thisresservoirismoorethan 1500mdeeepunderneaththeseab bedandisennclosedbyth hickporousrocks.Hence,, leakageisshighlyunlikkely.CO2mon nitoringsyst emwillalsobeinstalledtodetectanny leakagesffromthereservoir.Since e1996,afew wdepletedre eservoirswerealreadyussedto storeCO2andleakageehasnotbee endetected sofar. 5.Doyouliketheideaaof"co2capturingtowerr”? don'tlikeeit neiitherlike atall don’tlikeit norrdislikeit likeit reallylikkeit don'ttknow PleaseTurnO P Over 6.Howdo oyoufeelab boutthe"CO2capturingttower"ideainyourtown n? NEGATIVEE PO OSITIVE
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0
1
2 3 4 5 7.HowmuchwouldyoubepreparedtopaypermonthtosupporttheCO2capturing tower? Morethan £ 0 5 10 15 15 Aboutyourself 8.Areyou Male Female 9.Howoldareyou? Age Age A Under18 E 4654 B 1825 F 5564 C 2635 G 65+ D 3645 10.Education A “Withoutqualifications” B “Secondaryschool” C “GCSE” D “Alevels” E “CollegeorUniversity“ 11.Personalincome(€beforetax)[optional] A 0699 B 700899 C 9001399 D 14001849 E 18502749 F 27503699 G 36994600 H 4600+
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
12.Occupation 13.Doyouconsideryoursselftobeenvironmental friendly? YES NO 14.Inthelongterm,howdoyoufeelaboutco2capturingdirectlyatthechimneyat powerplants? don'tlikeit neitherlike atall don’tlikeit nordislikeit likeit reallylikeit don'tknow 15.Haveyouheardofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS) before? YES NO 16.IFYES,WHEREHAVEYOUHEARDOFIT?(e.g.TV,website, radio,etc.) ThankYouandHaveANiceWeekend!
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Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
GHG GT-11
Engaaging the Comm munity w with a “G Green Town” Conncept Ning Chenga*, Mirjam Fürth hb , Michaeel C. Johnssonc , Zhi Yung Y Tayd , R. Ajit Shenoib , Phi lip A. Wilssonb a
Centre for Of Offshore Foundatiion Systems ,The University of Wesstern Australia, 35 3 Stirling Highw way, Crawley WA 6009, Australia b Faculty of E Engineering andd the Environmentt,University of Soouthampton, High hfield, Southamptton SO17 1BJ, Unnited Kingdom c Llooyd’s Register, 71 1 Fenchurch Streeet, London EC3M M 4BS, United Kin ngdom d Centre for Offshore O and Ressearch Engineerinng, National Univversity of Singapo ore, Singapore
Abstract This paper ddescribes a novvel CO2 mitigattion concept naamed “Green Town”. T “Green n Town” is a ffully integrated d carbon capturre and storage (CCS) ( system applied a at a tow wn or city scalee. It utilises air capture techniqques to capturee CO2 directly from atmospheere, as opposed to other CCS ssystems where CO2 is typically y captured in fl flue gas streamss pre- or post-ccombustion, theen the captured CO2 is transporrted by pipelinee and sequestereed in offshore ddeep geologicall formations. T The entire systeem is meant to be built withinn a community y and in this way w to inspire aand interest thee public and thee younger geneeration regarding CCS technoloogy. With enhaanced public understanding of C CO2 mitigation n via CCS techhniques it is therrefore possible to engage the ppublic in the eaarly stage of CC CS implementaation. Technicall details of the “Green Town”” concept are giv ven. To evaluatee public acceptance of the “G Green Town” cooncept, question nnaire surveys were designedd and carried in n Southamptonn, UK and Hambburg, Germany y in August 20111. Total of 158 8 and 366 effective completedd questionnairess wo cities respecttively. Results ffrom both surveeys are presenteed. were collected from these tw t was a direect correlation bbetween positiv ve perception off CCS and posiitive perception n It is shown that generally there s prefereence for the “G Green Town” concept c than foor conventionall of the “Greenn Town” idea. There was a stronger CCS. This prrovides evidencce that the idea of engaging thhe public throug gh the “Green Town” conceptt could play an n important role in laying a sttrong foundation for public intterest in CCS projects. p To exp plore the diverssity of opinionss on the “Greenn Town” idea and a CCS between the two survveyed cities, a comparison c of results r from Soouthampton and d Hamburg is aalso presented. The proposed “Green Tow wn” concept of air capture in tthe community was shown to be a viably posssible route forr public engageement in this orr other CCS pro ojects.
© 2013 2013The TheA Authors.Publis Published Elsevier Ltd. © Authors. hed byby Elsevier r Ltd.
* Corresponnding author. Tell.: 61-8-64883141 1; fax: 61-8-648881018. E-mail addr dress: [email protected] u.au.
1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of GHGT doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.672
7338
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345 Selection and/or responsibility of GHGT Selection and/orpeer-review peer-reviewunder under responsibility of GHGT
Keywords: Carbon capture and storage; Pipeline;Survey;Public Perception; Air scrubbing
1. Introduction Increasingly higher concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, at present 388 ppm [1] have triggered the desire to reduce the Earth’s atmospheric CO2 content. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been developed for almost two decades, but large scale CCS integrated systems, involving the complete process of CO2 capture from fossil fuel power plants, transport and storage, have not yet been fully implemented. Apart from technical challenges, negative public perception has been deemed a major obstacle in implementing CCS projects. Many reports [2,3] have confirmed that public objections have actually led to the cancellation of trial projects in some instances. For example, the Shell’s CCS project in Barendrecht, Hollands, and Vattenfall’s in Germany have attracted heated objections from the public. As a consequence, this results in the delay of implementing the project. Hence, the public perception should be treated as the key criterion in ensuring a successful CCS project. Public support is therefore crucial for the successful implementation of CCS at a large scale, irrespective of the engineering excellence of the approaches adopted. Often the public’s adverse opinion on CCS arises from two sources: firstly CO2 is recognized as a potentially hazardous gas, so there are questions of public safety in the capture and transport phases, and questions on the long term viability of sequestration including storage in deep geological formations. Secondly and perhaps the main reason is the disengagement and lack of knowledge of CCS technology itself. The public can be quick to judge, fear and even hate the unknown. Hence this paper presents a concept that serves to promote public perception of CCS.
2. “Green Town” concept Fig 1 illustrates the “Green Town” idea. There is an air scrubbing facility to capture CO2 from the air (I); the captured CO2 will be transported by pipelines (II) to be stored in depleted oil/gas fields (III). The purpose of the “Green Town” idea is to create a cleaner environment in the local communal or town by capturing CO2 from the air. The air scrubbing tower hence plays an important role in the public’s daily life and could thereby enhance the public familiarity towards CCS technology. The main aims of the “Green Town” idea are to: x Enhance public understanding on CCS and its benefits towards the environment x Inspire and interest the younger generation regarding CCS technology x Encourage public acceptance of CCS technology It is anticipated that more air scrubbing facilities could be installed once CCS is proven to be beneficial to the public. The public acceptance of the “Green Town” idea could also remove their scepticism towards direct CO2 capturing from point sources such as coal power plants or cement plants. Hence, the “Green Town” idea is meant to be a ‘gate opener’ to the future implementation of a fully integrated CCS.
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
Fig. 1. Proposed concept of “Green Town” idea
The city of Hamburg in Germany was selected for a case study involving the “Green Town” concept. The total population in Hamburg is approximately 1.8 million and it was proposed that 1% of the CO2 emitted should be captured, transported and stored by the “Green Town” project [4]. It is estimated that an onshore land area of about 16,100 m2 is required for the 1% capture level air scrubbing facility. That level is approximately 200,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. A site in the industrial area of Hamburg was chosen as a suitable site for the air scrubbing facilities [4]. The technology being developed by Carbon Engineering Ltd. (CE) [5] of Canada was chosen as the model for the “Green Town” air capture facility. This has the capability to draw in air and remove most of the CO2. The facility consists of a large ‘slab’ of air contactors (about 20 m high) to drive air into the facility, make contact with the CO2 and absorb it in a fluid and a thermal system to release the collected CO2 from the fluid before recycling the fluid. CE’s air capturing method is a wet-scrubbing technique. The fluid used is an alkaline hydroxide solution. The facility could be powered by low-carbon fossil fuel such as natural gas or in principle by renewables such as solar or wind power, or as nuclear power. For the case study, the captured CO2 is envisaged to be transported in liquefied form by using pipelines from Hamburg to Emden (near Groningen) in the Netherlands. Existing subsea trunk pipelines would then be used from close to Emden to the Dutch K12-B platform where the CO2 would be stored in a depleted gas field. K12-B platform is on the Dutch continental shelf 150 km North West of Amsterdam. The K12B is currently a storage site for CO2 with successful on-going injections. The platform has a possible injection speed of 310,000 to 475,000 tonnes per year and the site has a theoretical storage capacity of 14.4 billion cubic metres [6]. The estimated cost of air capture is around five times higher than ‘conventional’ CCS for thermal power plants. Leakage is the biggest risk associated with these projects; it could permanently turn people away from CCS because of its effects to the local environment and population. Therefore safety should have the highest priority. The CO2 storage method used in this project, i.e. the geological storage in seismically inactive areas is considered to be the safest form of storing CO2 from the view point of risk and legal aspects. Leakage monitoring systems will also need to be installed to detect any CO2 leakage during the CO2 capturing, transportation and storing processes.
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Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
3. Survey results and discussion A major part of this study was to investigate the public perception and acceptance on the “Green Town” idea through questionnaire surveys and to test whether public perception could be altered if proper and adequate information on the CCS project is provided. Surveys were conducted with the public in Southampton, UK and Hamburg, Germany to obtain their opinion on the “Green Town” idea and CCS in general. Total of 158 and 366 effective completed questionnaires were collected. The 95% confidence level is used in the surveys conducted in Southampton and Hamburg, with 9.8% confidence intervals for the surveys in Southampton and 6.3% confidence interval for the surveys in Hamburg.
Fig. 2. “Green Town” idea preference comparison
Fig 2 shows the preference differences between Southampton and Hamburg. It can be seen that “Green Town” idea is less prefered in Hamburg than in Southampton. However, consistent data trend has been observed in both cites.
Fig. 3. Comparison of public opinion on CCS
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
Fig 3 shows the comparison of the public opinion on CCS between Southampton and Hamburg. It can be seen that conventional CCS is more prefered in Hamburg as compared to Southampton. It has been observed in both cities that there is a direct correlation between the public perception and public acceptance. It shows that those who do not like the “Green Town” idea would generally feel negative on having the air scrubbing facility in town and vice versa. This indicates that the interest of the public on “Green Town” idea should be inculcated in the early stage and the engagement and opinion of the public is important to enhance public acceptance on the “Green Town” idea. The same would apply in ensuring a successful CCS project. It is observed in both cities that the public who like the “Green Town” idea would generally appear to like CCS. However, those who appear neutral on the “Green Town” idea do not like CCS. This implies again that the “Green Town” idea plays an important role in laying a strong foundation to incur public interest in CCS project. The correlation between the public perception on the “Green Town” and CCS with the demographic variables such as education level, income and age were also studied. More details could be found in [4]. Comparisons of the survey results are made between Hamburg and Southampton. The public responses towards the “Green Town” idea and CCS in Southampton and Hamburg were similar in many respects. It was found that the public in both Southampton and Hamburg: x were concerned with the environment. However Hamburgers were more environmentally conscious x liked the idea of the “Green Town” and CCS. But less so in Southampton x are willing to pay around 4 to 5 Pound/month and Euro/month, respectively. It was also shows that the additional energy prices/month that the public are willing to pay to support the “Green Town” idea is independent on their personal income. Reasonable cost estimation could be draw from this basis x those with a higher educational level have a greater positive response towards the “Green Town” idea. This indicates that school or university could function as a platform to effectively educate the public on the “Green Town” idea. It could also indicate that the opinion of the public could be altered if adequate information on a new technology is provided x those who did not like the “Green Town” idea generally felt negative about having the air scrubbing facility in town and vice versa. This indicates that the public should be engaged at an early stage of CCS projects x those who liked the “Green Town” idea generally liked CCS. The “Green Town” idea could therefore play an important role in laying a strong foundation for public support of CCS projects The public opinion could be altered if more information on the proposed technology is given and if the whole project involves the public engagement in the early stage. The “Green Town” idea plays an important role in laying a strong foundation to incur public interest in CCS project. With regards to most effective means of communication on CCS, television and newspaper were found to be the most effective means in UK whereas newspaper and internet are the two most cited methods in Germany.
4. Conclusions Existing failures with CCS due to public objections have been identified. Engaging the public at an early stage is seen as key to successful large scale CCS projects in the future. The “Green Town” idea
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Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
was suggestted as such a route to eng gaging the puublic. The em mpirical data from f questionn nnaire surveyss vindicates thhe suitability of o this approach.
Acknowledgements This reseearch was suppported by th he Lloyd’s Reegister Educaational Trust (LRET) throuugh the 2011 LRET Summ mer Collegium m at the Univeersity of Southhampton.
References [1] Blasiing, T. J. (Febbruary, 2011). Recent Greennhouse Gas Concentrations C s [Online]. Car arbon Dioxide Information Analysis Cenntre. Availablee: http://cdiac.ornnl.gov/pns/currennt_ghg.html [Accessed 20 Julyy 2011]. [2] Shacckley, S., Gouugh, C., McLaachlan, C., 20005. The publicc perceptions on carbon diooxide capturee and storage in UK: resultts from focus groups g and a survey. Climaate Policy, 4, 377-398. 3 C captu ure and storagge: public percception of CC CS, in: The 3rdd Internationall [3] Morrris, B., 2007. Carbon Conference on Clean Coaal Technologiies for our Fuuture. 15-17 May M 2007, Caagliari, Sardinnia, Italy: IEA A Centre. Clean Coal C [4] Chenng, N., Fürth, M., Johnson, M.C., Tay, Z .Y., 2011. Thee Key to Successful Carbonn Capture and d Storage: Enggaging the Puublic. University of Southam mpton, UK. [5] Carbbon Engineeriing Ltd. (2011). Air Captuure-Frequently ly Asked Quesstions [Onlinee]. Available:: http://www.carrbonengineering.ccom [Accessed d 19 August 20011 2011]. [6] K12--B CO2 Injecttion Project. K12-B K CO2 Inj njection Projeect [Online]. Available: A http:://www.k12-b.nl// [Accessed 19 August 2011 2011].
A. Hamburg survey s form Appendix A
Weareco onductingassurveyonan novelideatooreduceCO2 2intheair.T Thissurveyiss conducted donbehalfo oftheUniversityofSouthhampton,UK K.Youdono otneedtohaaveany specialisedknowledgee,itisyouro opinionasam memberoftthegeneralp publicthatw weare interested din.Yourop pinionwillhe elptoformssomeoftheffuturegoverrnmentpoliccies withregardstotheen nvironment.Pleasekindlyytickyouranswerinthe eboxprovideed. 1.DoyouliveinHamb burg? YES NO 2.Haveyo ouheardofgglobalclimattechange? YES NO
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
3.Ifyes,p pleaserateth helevelofyo ourconcern onclimatecchange? notconceerned veryconncerned 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 4.Haveyo ouheardofggreenhousegases? YES NO Pleasereadthefollowingdescrriptiononth heproposedidea Amajorso ourceofclim matechangeiscarbondiooxide(CO2)e emission.Thegovernmenntis considerin ngremovingCO2fromth heairbyusinnganewtech hnologyknownasthe'CCO2 CapturinggTower'.Thisstowerwillbeinstalled inthetownandthecaptturedCO2wiillthen betransportedforsto orage.Theprrocessofcappturing,transportingand dstoringthe CO2is showninthepictureb below. I.CO2from mtheairisccapturedbyttheCO2captturingtower.. II.Thecap pturedCO2isstransported dbyoffshoreepipelines. III.ThetraansportedCO O2isstoredindepletedooil/gasreservvoir.Thisresservoirismoorethan 1500mdeeepunderneaththeseab bedandisennclosedbyth hickporousrocks.Hence,, leakageisshighlyunlikkely.CO2mon nitoringsyst emwillalsobeinstalledtodetectanny leakagesffromthereservoir.Since e1996,afew wdepletedre eservoirswerealreadyussedto storeCO2andleakageehasnotbee endetected sofar. 5.Doyouliketheideaaof"co2capturingtowerr”? don'tlikeeit neiitherlike atall don’tlikeit norrdislikeit likeit reallylikkeit don'ttknow PleaseTurnO P Over 6.Howdo oyoufeelab boutthe"CO2capturingttower"ideainyourtown n? NEGATIVEE PO OSITIVE
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Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
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2 3 4 5 7.HowmuchwouldyoubepreparedtopaypermonthtosupporttheCO2capturing tower? Morethan £ 0 5 10 15 15 Aboutyourself 8.Areyou Male Female 9.Howoldareyou? Age Age A Under18 E 4654 B 1825 F 5564 C 2635 G 65+ D 3645 10.Education A “Withoutqualifications” B “Secondaryschool” C “GCSE” D “Alevels” E “CollegeorUniversity“ 11.Personalincome(€beforetax)[optional] A 0699 B 700899 C 9001399 D 14001849 E 18502749 F 27503699 G 36994600 H 4600+
Ning Cheng et al. / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 7337 – 7345
12.Occupation 13.Doyouconsideryoursselftobeenvironmental friendly? YES NO 14.Inthelongterm,howdoyoufeelaboutco2capturingdirectlyatthechimneyat powerplants? don'tlikeit neitherlike atall don’tlikeit nordislikeit likeit reallylikeit don'tknow 15.Haveyouheardofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS) before? YES NO 16.IFYES,WHEREHAVEYOUHEARDOFIT?(e.g.TV,website, radio,etc.) ThankYouandHaveANiceWeekend!
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