Engineering materials science

,llalertol++ :',h'wm'+'amJ Ettgtn+,crmg, 3!, (19'7+4) t 19

132

119

ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE 1"),gan Izers l" ,I McH,Jrl~,UO,¢)01; Rtdgc [Vtlllt~llo/ L,al~+,'ut,, y ,I R 17,~.,+1.ERDA, Dlt,mto, .1' f'hV:;wal Rt't;t'otch

SC(_)PE T h e W<)rkshop ,)n Enk..,fii~eerlng Materials S<:lerlePS erl<.'()mpassed t,h reo areas: englneerlrlg ,nat,Prlals, Ollgllleerlrtg physl('S, and e n g i n e e r Ing ('hem~stry. It. t'ocuse(t on the ne('ossity <,f est.ablishing a selent.~fi<: bus++ 1'(.)I t e~'hnoh)gy reql.liron'l<-,nt,s whi,'h LISP c<)rnplex mat,erials in COtT~ldOX systemS or erlvLl'Ollnlell[,,,.3

W(_IR KSH( IF' F'FI I(.)R ITIES

Wit, hirt t,ho pri
t, uahlttllcUI

[ nl provPtTien

[,

mLISt, L)e m a d e m tltl(terst, aridlrlg t,he int,era<" t,ion ()t" p r o h m g e n e r g y (e g , ult, ras(:mlc, elec t,rc)magnet,.') with st, ruc't, ural mat,ermls, an~l in ql.anliLat, ive det,e(:t, ioil and chara('lerizat, ion o f flaws. 'T'his research area Iml_m(.'ts m a n y etiergy syst.ems. Syst.emat.wally t.,) iml.)ruve resell.it.ton and rPItabdit.y ot' measurenIe,lt.s, st.udies are rPqLIIrO
C o n s / L i e / w e rHatto/tshtps shouhJ I~e busPd (m mtcr<.)st.ru('ture and c<.)rr,lflex I()uqlmg t est.s. Because o f safot.y and envm.)nn+ont.al c o n slderations, and the largo capital costs o f new enerls.W syst.Prns, dorado(! st ru('l.urul t'Pasfffil~ty studies must. be made. (.'.un'ent. eonst/Lut.=ve OqLiat, l(.)ns d() not, uPcount, ['or m a n y ()f the t'OlllpJox ille(.'Jlalllt'aJ phellOlllella t,U bo ell I '(.)L111 t,ered. CrPep- l ' o t i g t w - m w l r o m m , u t mh.,racti+,ns m Plude effect,s o f envir(mrnPnt,, t,Pmperat, ure, stress or st, rain wave sllal~e, huht t,lmP, and ( ' o m b m e d d e f o r m a t , , o n , on ('rac'k mtt, iat,,(.m and growL, t1. Siich Int,era,'t,i('ms may guvPrn t,llv life of comlJlex L,;tri.ll't,u|'es. WHdmg. Research ,n weliling ,s urgPnt.ly Ileeded for [,he ('ont, r/)] <)f rtlli'l'os[.rlJ('ture el' fus,.)n wt+hls, [.wevent, lon o f ombrttt, loment,, U S e 1)[' m i l l e r eJetTlellt, S t,c) alter a r c pllyslcs, specify post, weld heal {,ro,':lt, r l i e r l t , S,, anll develop I.)r()l'es,':,es ['c)r j o i n i n g q'umplex mat,e rials. (_)1"all rriPLJlods o f 11lat,erlaJS i.~rocessinlg, wvhtlrlg IS o n e o f the m o s t widely used, .Vet. least, ttn(.lersl,~)u(I from u fltndamental vww Sur/'oces - properti+,s, rcact..ms, m+Mt/'u'o l/IreS Eu~:h i)f {,he five st, tidy gr<)ul_~S Idellt, lfleLI Si.)ITIO a s p P ( ' t , ( ) f s u J ' [ ' a L ' e IJeh;..IVliHr a s a crit, ical p r o b l e m in Olle ()1' mol"O ellOlrgy af.)pllPat, lons. Si.)e('ifi(' [,i)pli.'s InclLl(ie Pl'()SiOll, wear, I'( i r F o s l i _ ) l l

P[i h,'lllC'ed

Pr<_)SlOll,

sIJtl { , { , e r l l l ~

I.}|'o('Pss rPsourl'h, eoat, lngs, rno{llfl('at, lOll by iOlt implLii1La[,ioll, Lhlrl films urlct iil[,olrfai,'es Iii semic'()ndtic'U_)rs, and el'feeL ~)f siJi'fat'e reaPLIOnS cm crack I | l l [ , l a [ , l ( ) i ' l

Materials cttaroct+,rtzatton St.utlies t,,) ~lUanLify high spat, ta! resulut,=un, and surfac'e sensitive PhPmwal unit phase analysis, are In e l u d e d Ill prlorit, y o n e . All st, udy g r o u p s o1' t,his w()rksh<:tp i~tent, lfled s u r f a c e sensitive prohlorns

Ceratnics [or high IPmpert7lzlrt, serolt'P R,o F,eal'<.'h IS reqlllrO
()(J'J,)L~ b4 L6/Tfl/t)q)3',~ i.)l 19'1;2 ',)b

', G',l,,=-,vner S~='qlJilhJ .~ A , I,,jiJ,,Jrlri4,/PrLrli.l,iJ iri i.l"lt= N=-'flll=|l.Jrld~,

120

rami<'s, e g , t,he relation o f t,tle init, ml p o w d e r charaut, er t,u t,he fin ished soltd prud ucL novel fabricat, ion processes, mlcrost, ruet, ural- p r o p e r t,y relat, ionships. Deslgrl met, tlods must, t,ake Inb'~ auuount t,he need l,o use inherent, ly hrlt, t,le mat, et'mls and t,he fact, t,hal, fur any specific appli<'at, ion, design alt,erat, l<.ms a r e l'equLFed if <'eranlics are t,o be suhst, it,LIt,ed for rnet,als

Polymers. P o l y m e r s represent, a class n f mat, err,lJs whi<:h are riot, adequat,ely considered I~y file mat, ermls science e,Jmmunit,y b u t which deserve a cum.'ert,ed e f f o r t . T h e
Stress eorroslo// t'roettlllg A basle under st,anding o f t,his process is st, ill lacking, air,hough it, ts pervasive in most, energy syst,ems. Recent, advances in mlcroanaJyt, tcal procedltres may enable IleW a p p r o a c h e s t,o he d~vel
Sur/'acc ch+,tmslry ++J/'nmtertals tn hrmes Pn~b'9"ess II'l geotllerrrml energy ut, dizut, lon wuuld he acceleral,ed hy underst,andalg surface react, ions of met,als and polymers wlt, h <'0 nL'ert t,ra Led I.JrllIe s o l LI [,lOl'lS.

Hydrogen e m h r i t l l e m e n l n-,mams a significant, prol"dern in many syst,erns, in sptl,e o f a large amoLinl, o f research c<.m
Imsi,,.' resear¢ll. T h e one eOllSldered f o r e m o s t In t,hls w o r k s h o p is t,ile development, o f a sclent, lfle base frum wlllch applmd research and e n g m e e r l n g ,leveloprnerlL can IJroeeed Ill a Ioglc"'dJ and efficient, manner. One must,, however, 'always renl~rrd:~er t,hat, nlarly o f n u t most, impart,ant, t c-,..'hnoh~gies have evolved front discoveries made in t,lle pursuit, o f t,rut, h In nal, ure wtt, huut, reganl t,o a predicted use. A Sll,,m]fleant, port, ion o f fundarnent, al or bamc research is justified or1 t,he basra t,hat, htst, ory sh<~ws t,he rewards have been gn'eater t,han t.he cost, for u n d e f i n e d , but, imaglnat, tve probblg o f Lhe u n k n o w n

121 In [.lllS ,'4t,u~ly, we have [ouu,,il:,.(I i)11 a i'eas~m allly well del'ine~l set, u f i.~ruld~rn a r e a s but,

have also Inch.Ideal an eleil3ent, at' I.irubing as ileflne(I above,

Group I. NDE, MaLei'ials Characi,erizat, ion and Tesi, hlg

I N'T'R( I DI.I(""1"1(.) N

Imprrlwd seiwi~'t-' life and rellatlilii, y u f energ'y sysLems rnlisL lie achieved desl_li[,t-' Lhe s~vero st, resses all(t el~VlronnlenL'.i l,(.I whiuil t h~ diverse mat erl,'tlt ancl i'clml_lonenLs will lie Sl.lL)]eeI,ed. [{e,'ieal'c'h In ill.inlte~l, rul't, ive i-,vaJllai, lUll ( N D E), Inat,el'laJ,,4 i,ha.ial'l,erlzal, ll ill, anll t,~st, lng, will lil'OVliJe ' the k n o w l e d g e ail(| quallt, li, al, lVe t~,r)ls ilecte,e,sa.ry I,(.l aSS.I~SS t,he inl, tq~ril,y and i'haral't, er ('if mal, t~rlals and i.'l-)nl i_ione_lliS w h h ' h , ('Ulllilelt wil, h ui,|le.r t'a(.'[,lll'~ (~,~, iteslgn, rrial, t~rials seh~uLi(.in, failure iliei'ha_lll,~rlis), i_'all lead t,u Iiit-'allllll2,l'uJ fire(lie 110ins i l l Ill'el, lille anlt t'ulh.lre T h i s gu'a.I is viLal t.i~ rt~llalll~

i'l-)s[ t~t'l'el'ttw

elle. l'7,y

5.V~4l,em,'.i.

Bi~l'cli't ~ ilnllrrlvement, in [he IongeviL.V and i'eliablJli,y in l.lerf(.li'nlanl'e i~[ r'tlal,e'i'lals t'l.ir u,.sl-, Ill i-,nl-,l'gy s7,',;t,enls i'all tie ac'('l.llrll.lll,shed, the lilai,el'lals ilrlll~l, lle t tllli'lll.llT, tlJy i'tla.i'al.'ll-,i'l'Z,e(t ,'lntt l t~st,ed all(l ,,;I.iI.itle i'hl_lllgeS i.illdlersi,(.l(id, i.lal'ill'lllarJy sinl'e, hlng tei'm life I.li'edll.'t, lon I~ ill_lrnlalI,v li,'lsl-qJ lln s h l l i t t,l-,i'iri lalll_li'at,clry atllJ sysl.ern i~st,s.

SC'(.)F'E ' H i e s~'ul.'le ul' N[_iE, i'haral't, erizat.ion, arid i est, ll'ig iri~'ltlde,,4 i i) the r'nure t,raditi,.mal VIeW ~t' N D E (llel,eul, irlri arid ariaJysis o1' mel'hariieal dl,~iuuntinuil;,leS), (11) t,he nclnrlesl, nil.'LlVe illeasl.i i'eillent, i) t" sele. el, ed ilia l,,i'ia Is I_~rulJerties that, a ft'eei,, (.)r m a y Lie uorrelal,e~l wit,h, ,.,:liei'Vll'e. . al.liliLy ( e l . , dl-,nsii, y, t~lasi, i~' t_)r~ll.lt~i'i, les, sLress, elel'tric'al i_)rcilJed, les, Ii(.irll(lt~,e. ii .ell,y , t,l lTI ), ;.IS va.l'lai, l(.illS m a y t.)e int, rcidtll.'t-,d diil'lllg I'abrll'a t.ll.ill o r st~i'viue, (ill) Lhe I1Plill'l'o,e,ciii.lll' and in li 'l'l.)si 'l ij.'ill' evaJtla tion cl t' i'tliern icaJ, I_)hysil.'aJ, aiid mt:,('hallll'al i_lrol.)ert, les o f Sl.ll'l'aees, t,hix~ layers, and b u l k mai, eriaJs (~,~ , wit,h elec't,r~ln Ilill'l'(.i,'41'ot_ly, ALII~eI', (.ir i-iI,her t, Vlle_s i_)l" ~jJel ' lrusl'lll-ly), and (iv) rri.lechaJlll.'aJ and pr(.il.if t l-',¢,l,lng i,o entlaill.'e knclwlerlge u f r'nat,erlal r.~erJ'~.~rlriailc'.le and t'ailure I'ne_(.'tlanl~l'rl,,4. "the l i m e tit' al~plil.'aLion [(11" l,hese i,el'h noh.)gl.le,.,:i i-,,v,t,elid,,i I'l'l-lrn in lahcirat, Ol~ evah.la

t lon and mclnlt,llring (e.g, d u r i n g mat,erials dewh_ll_lmenl, and c'tla.rael,ei'lzal, k.ln), t,(_)lilailLI fal't, ui'ing i.ii'l.)l.'e,~s i'l-)llt,rl.lJ ,'lll(] l.il'('lltl.li't, a~'('e.t.)l, allCe, t,i.) a,.,:i~e_~,e,illelll, i.l[ j.irol_ie,.r planL a,,4SellillJ.v, t,o Jil-sei'Vli.'te_ UlSl.lel'l,h.ill alllJ con t, llltll.ltlS nli.lliil, Ol'lrll.~, l,(.i as,~Lll'te, t,hat, l,he nlal,l-, rials anll i'<.ln3l.)on.enLs rnairlt, aln t,hl ~ desired int,egrit,y (t'i'ee f r u m signit'leant flaws oi" illaterlal degi'at|ai, ll.ln ).

EVALI.IA'T'I(IN PFI.OBLEMS IN ENER(.]Y SYSTEMS MqJst. erlel'bW" ,,4y,'.;t,eril,,4 have s,~me Itrii(lLte N [)E and rrlat,erlals ellarauLerlzat, ion i.irc~blenls b e c a u s e o f t,he dlVei'siLy in q~perat, llig e n v i r o n ,nent, arid maLeri',LIs rl-'qllLrl-'menLs. T h e s e Ii1 e l u d e , r e q u l r e m e n t , s t'ur h,.it.h ury. o g e n i c and iltgh t,emperat.ure exar'nlriat, iuri, SUlJei'c~m~luc t a r evaluat, lon, arid e v a l u a t , . , n ,,f first, wall ~larnage ii1 I'll,'.;lOll s.V,~t,elns,, reclLiIrement,s rt,r assessr'nerit, c.i1' i'a~liat.ion dan'lag, e ( and e x a m iria t, lliiJl ii1 a raqll,.)aq't, lve O_rlVlr()llmerl[) ii1 ['LINI(_)II :111(J J'lsSior| syst(-q11s, rl~e(.J, ¢, t'()r ey, arTillla(.iC)ll ()[ f hiuk secLtuns m t'tssiun and [osstl sysLems, r e q u t r ~ m e n L s for Lhm ~'oaLing ~ v u l u a t i o n in solar and t'nssd systems, and e v a l u a t l r m o f high i.~erfllrnmnc'e ~'erumtcs m fl.lssll (~,~, M H D ) ar'i~l c'unserval.iorl (t, urlml~) syst.l-'ms H ~ w e v e r , rllany crit, lt'al j.~r()L)Jerns ~J'e ('OllirllOll r,o must, ~l'lev'gy syst, e m s . F~l" e x a l n l d e , all e~luIprnl-,n[ and plarit, s axe assembled [ r o m a variet,y u [ rna[.erials and i'~lrn[.itments jointed I.)y a variet,y ~1' met, ho(Is such US wehlbl!4, brazing, ~r I.)oll('[lllg, lhu$, ,'1 ('(ilYIIT~(ill Ileed exists t'~r e v a l u a t i n g t,h~-, ICllnt, s t'or flaws, re,slilual sl, l'ess, .t,~' (.]Orl'O!ii(-ill alid e_l'l),,41(lll Lil'e_ tit, her 14t:.,n.ei'll' I.irohlems In musL sys[,enls, rl-'qLiiring an Iml.lrl)ved urnJersl, andint2, o f l h , nlec'hanisnls unit (.l tlali i, liat, lVe measures ~)t' d eg ree cl [" i l eb'rral I a L,.i ri.

NEEDS FOR RESEARCH IN NF)E, C'HARAC'"rER IZA'rI(.)N AND "rF;S'I"INC]

"Fc~~t'[e4'i, u gr~at.er Lieneflt, and Jml~a~'t ,m UnlmW~J

ener~

syst,erns, e m p h a s i s

m ,mr

122

reeolrmlon
ill, slllH usage in a nqHl-idoai

solut, l o n s t,u generic problems ('omnloll

addlLion, |,he quunt, izat, lqm and improvement, o1" |hose t,ools is required for irlvesLIgut,ing l'eal engill~erlng vvnat,erials. ExamlJles o1" |he t,ypos ul" insl,rLimenLat, ion t,hat, need addiLion:d imiJrovement, at~
t,O

m a n y syst.ems. A eLlrl'ol,lt, chronic problem in NI-)E sLerns frorrl the hist,OrlL",JJ use of eml_~Iri<.'al alJproaeh, os ror det,o('t, llng flaws. 'T'he quanl, lt,at,we ahilit,y I'or |,he analysis of n t'ault,ed eol,ldil, ion has no| hoen est,abllshed High pruJrlt,y has heon plm'od on reseaJ't'h t,o Improve |,he undorst, and lng o1" |he int,eract, iun of |,he probing onergy ( e g , ult, r0scmle, elec t,ronlugnel, u') wtt,h st,ru<.'l,ural mat,erials ror ii,npr(.~vement, of t,he <_luant,R,al.ivo measure. lnonL and <'hu.ra<'t,orlza|,l<.)n oJ' ['laws T h l s int'ltldeS |he st,tidy or I~ohawor I;ot, h in t,he bulk unr ad vaJleel,nent, and qLlaJlt.izat, lOl,1 of high Sl_mt,iaJ res<.)lut,tor~ and surface SellSl[,Ive ~'herntcal and i.'~hase anaJysls inst.rumont,at, u:m. S('~rno (~l' t.he must, <'LHnl,tt<.)tl, crlt, tcaJ, mat,erials related l.)r<)hh-'nls in the energy syst,ems are COtT<.~siLm, st, ross ('clrrt)Sl(Hl,, st, ressiassist,ed C()l'rOSllln, hydn.~gen embr~t,t, lement,, ra~llat, ion Llarnago, process forming and jomi.ng mdLICOd chemical segregat, l~m, creep, eromnn, envLrul,lmel,lt,aJly indm-ed ombvv'lt,t,lenl,ent,, layered st,meture degradat.lon, coat, lngs dogradat.ton, eom'ret.e <'uring, and scaling. A coml,non d e n o n l i n a t o r in these Im.~hlerns IS the need I'or deluded quanl.ltat.lve chemical and phase in f o r m a t | a n al.)o~tt, the mtrl'a<'e, the bulk, and t.he g-radlent,s in~'hemist~T Lhrough t,hbl layers Included In t,ho r e q u i r e d t,ecllriiqLioS a.re t,hose that, glve eloment,aJ inrormal, um, ehomu.'al sl,ul,o inror mat, lu!n, aml hn'atllent, ulformat, lOl,1. Ideally |,hey wouhl be nol,ldest,l,'Ll~'Livo and, at, leas| tn ePrt,ain )'asPs, he ult, tmat, ely mlapt,able for

environment,.

Ill

aN ('(.J|'r(.)SlOn~ er<.)SlOll, Weal', Sl)ut, t,erlrlg, ,'1111'1

bllst,erlng The m...-eossrul alJIJlieatiol,1 of nondest,ruc t,ive det,ect, lon and ulvaJyms t,echnltlUeS for m S I i l I exanllllat, lOllS after IMJ|'I(.)(|S Of set'vi('o, and for L'On[Inuou8 rlrlOnl[()rirlg o [ st,rtlctllral

of

i_)erl'orrnalu.O int,ebn'ity, wdl require resean'il for imldanLotl sensors, remotely coinLn:dled inspeet, lon devices, and techniques that, m'o roslst,al1(, oi.' i m l n u n o [,<_)a(lVOl'Se el,wironrnenl,s or radiaL, ion, t.enll.~erat.ure, and eon'osivo, or erosive media, or t,hat, can he ul, ilizeLI t,hrough inLorvening mat,erial.

(~ONCLI.ISION

R osem'ch In NDE m mut,erials eharact,eriza. t,i~m and in testing is a high prtorit,y It,era in engineering mat,orials s¢'iem.'e. Developrnel,lt o1' |reproved knowledge und t,echnolols."y for qLlant, iLat,ive analyms or l,nat,el'ials and t e m p o nont, s is tlo('essa./"~ for t,he assPssmel1[, o r Col,n I ponenL reliabdJLy and ror the prodlcLion of t,ho soRwi~'o lifo of onerl,W, syst,ems.

123

Group II. Engineeriug De formal, ion

I N'T'RLIDI II"lT'l()N In l.he I.U'e~el~t st, lldy we at, t empL [,~) Idel|l, il'y t,l~e must, iJre~slng p r u h l e m s assU('luted with tlefl)rlnaLl~)n an~t fluff, lifo exl~eet,ed [u be en ~'(n~nt.ered Ill lhe e~lergV ~.;yst.e,rns The Ill('re;JSllll. ~, Inlll(.)rti[llll'e (.)1' sa I'(-,t.y all(t ell Vll(mmelll.ul t'art~m.;, a~,; well as I."lrl~e, vaIJit.al rusLs, make ilel'esS;.lrV t.he ~le't.alle~l ;#ru('ltn'ol /'eomhdHy slud.':~ for illarly ell" t,he ener[2,y ~:;ystem~:; ~'11rrentlv being runsl(lere~l. The preSell[. I.,'uh n~)h.)~_,~, l'(~r ma k II1[..~sul'h .~ttld ie~ IS grussly I~m~le(itlate. Materials' imqJorl.y moa ,~iJrernent,~ Ull(iel' ,'IVUl lel,y uf h)adlng r~m(ll l,i~ml.; (miill.i~Lxlal, ~'yclI(', hlgl~ t.eml~Pral~Ire) fin a variety ~t' st, nwt, tiral inatertah~ are urgently i~eede~l. C~.ulSl,lt UtlVe eClllU[ll)il~'; that ael'Oilnt rea.lnstl~'ally t'~.~l' the ille('hulll('al [)llelli.llllellU kll()Wll { ' (I) (.I('('LII' (IllelusLI(', [,irlrle del..-'n~lent, I~igh strains) m u s t be develupe~l. In ~'~mlUm.'tlUl~ with this wurk It will also be i~ec'(-,ssa.ry l,u d e v e l o p ruml)tlLat, lcmal ro(tes thatl ujIe ~ut't'l('lellt, ly Ilexll~lP t.u ,'l('l't)i.l|ltl t'l)l' {,lie varl(Hl~,, maLerlals' Im.q~el'[,lel.;

mellt,, t,ernlleru[itlre, s{,ress (.)r S[,|'DII'I w,'lvl, shal~P_, hld~t Lime, ('yi'll~' [rP~lLl(-'n~'~ on {l~e life ur u inaLerlal ~.)1 c~t' u ~'()lnpurlerl{; ('LHIlpLiI'ISL)II u f high lellll)erat, ll|'e rreep-t'aL~gue ilamage r~)lWelflS t u (.'reeli-[il{l~,ue i'ra('k ~_,m~wLh law!.;, sLutly ~)f {,he physlra[ a,~l)er{,s at' wave shape ~lanlal~e t~)~let.errrllne the spe('lflC |TIII'rus[Irl.I(' t,ui"LII url(t rnli'rlmle('llUlll('al r;J(.,[ors nnvulved m Ui'der t,(~ (leI IVl-' 12,1.11delllle,q [()iiesIIgn t)(-,t, hq" alh)ys, the I'l-'l;I[IVe I'(~le's (~1' ('|'eer.) (tarllap, e al,I (.),'¢l(I;Jtlon-('olrL)I,iIun d~rrl~.l~2,~, (tllrlllp, Vl"al'k illl{,lU{l(_)ll UliCI ('ra~'k bq'owth

fro) From'lure aoalysts Linear elastlr l'raut,ure me~'hanll'S IS wi(lely IlSe(I Ill ,leslgn I)ul IS highly IdealIze, t with I'eSI)el't, {,o {,he be'huvll.)l LIt' re,'ll st, lu¢'[LlrUJ inatPrlals. There is u ('rlll,'al neelI fl)r (levelup IriS, Illlllruve(] iiil(lers[ilndll'l~ (.)1' I'rilCltlre r t l l eria wlll~ ~u.mirluant plasllr del'()rl'lla{l(.)ll. ~LH'h ,~ttl(lleS I|lt'ltl(le ela,,-;Lic-IJlasLl~'-('reel) analyse~ u f realistic' ul'at'k,~ ( w i t h I d u l l t l n g ) and mulLlaxlal h~a~llng ,'~m~llt, luns. ESl~e('lally i'rlt.lrill I~; tile II:.;e ~)t' reli;JI)le, nle('hanlst.lrully Ila~,;e(| i'OllS[ll,llllVe relatllmS as Inlet.,g'al I'lHll I)(_Hlell{S (_)1' tllel,;e LlllUI.Vses.

R ESF,A RI 'H A R E:AS R E',('()M M F:N ELF_:[) T h e l'~dh.)wing sperll'l~' rese~u'~'h aJ'eas haw, beeI~ Idenl~l'led and s~me rese:u'~'ll guidelines an' given,

(t) ('rmslHttht,~' relalt~m;; FIeallStl~' nrlat,e~lals Im.)perLles IIIpUI, fur s[,rllrt, tlrul st, ross analysis c'c)des IS (_)1' g|'eaL l|llplliI{iUrll'ei'T'(.) at'hleve this g~)al, we ml~sl llle,'lStlre_ rlle('ll/.llll(','tl pr~)l.)erties LIIILI(-'I' ('(H'llple,K lua(Is, and ('Oll('urrellLly ~levelul~ rllll'r()st, ru(' {l.ll"dJly I.)Lh%e(I i.'ons{Ittltive relations Many ,'.;{rll~'tllruI materials (~,;[,eels, st;.llllh-'s~ st,eels, Stll)er'aJh~y,'-;, |'e[ru('t,(~l'y and rea('tive illet,ams, ~'el'UmIPS, polymer,~) sh(i~uht I.)e e x a m i n e d M t l l t l a x m l h)udtnR, eXl_)erllTl(-,nts shuuhJ de[.er ilnllle yleh| hJl'l, Ilardelllll~, i'llle~.~, sLr(-'8,',;-,'-;t, raln rela{il.m,~;, i i w l t l d i n g r,lllle alld t,le_nll.~erLl{,Lll'e (Iel)ell(len('e ( r y r l l ( ' , I'reeru stI|'aLI1 rate), I.ires ,~lJrelh-,l.ll-,ll(l.ell('e l]ll(I lal'~,e 5[rUlll el't'ec'ts.

(ll ) (.~FI't'p-fOII~IIU-PIIUII'OIIIIIt'fll IIiff:rat'll(~ll,~ ']~he ('rlt~cal areas [or wurk in this spe~'ll'lc resea_r('h urea r u n r e r n t,he efl'ert,s at' e n v i r o n

(tt,) Ellr('l ~'1 r u d m t . m un d~'l'rmnat,m and l'rat'lur~' El'raft shullhJ be cllre('Led to a~'hiPve a bel,t,er Ull(lersLandnlg o r the me~'hanlral I_lellavli~r c~r ellglllf,el'lllg IllU[el'lUl,%;.isal'feq'l,eql |LV radlalliHl i~nvlr()nnlPnt,s alqJIh'ahle lu l'is,~;liJil;Jild I'tlSli.)iileu('t,(Jr,% uil(l {,o ('(~ll(Ii[,i()ris p~ssihly eIl~'Ln.lnlere(l Ill llul'h~llr wusl,e management :lnd solar systems. 'T'IIP emlJhasl:; IS {I(.) ~)e ()rl ill;JL(Jrrd]s II(.)w ailed, ~_)1'r)r(.llel'ti,d [u t.)e u,,.;e(I, irl erl(Jl'~y [e('llll(.)h.)e, leI,;', examples are, rerll{l(' unit ,ql,alrlless steels, ret'rul'{(pl'y

rTlelals, aml ('eramn('~.~ fin' l'lrst wall alqfll('aLIC)ll Ill ['ll,~l(.)ll real'{,(.pIs. Till-_, I.)heni_)llle'llLI ilIVeSLi ~,,'lle(.I will Prlrlhr;J('e (,()lllr.)hex h.yalllJil2, ('()rl(]l t, lL)lis Stlq'h ;.l,q ill'l=, exl)erlem,e(I tn ('r'eel), t'at, igttP, st res,q rtll_)ll.ll'e ~ ~rl(I I)rl[t, le Ullit du('l, lle l'rill't, ure

tlllil(Ji

[)ra('t,l('~l

¢'Oli(lltl(.)ll,,.;,

([,) Strus,~ rorrcL~1on c'raH; ing St re,,~e~ (.'()rri)siuii L'l"~('klrl~ is pervasive ill alrnust, 'all energy Ny,~tl~. Ill,N, hilt a IIUSI(' Ull(Jel' ,,.;/.an~lnlg IS lucking. St ll~lle,~; aimed at. develop Ing merhanisLir IIIIdersLall(tml~ are nee~le(I

1o4

i= o

;,,I,

=

£

o

o I.~

=

.£

,-~

£

,_~ o

= o

._~ ,.1~

~

0 N >I,

;4,

~ ,.

-

~,

~

>,I,

:-1

o

,-~ = =

£

ill ¢J

,2

'~

r2

,,J

~,

=

o

,-,

.,.

,

,= . o

.

~.~:

~

~

~ '~ g ' ~ -

'~ ~ ' ~

.~,~ ~I

RI

0

'~

~

"

'--

,,,.::.,s ~ o~ ~ ~'=~ .'~"S ~ ~ .~ ~-i~, '- ,,, .~ ~= 8 ,:.~..~ ~,., m

I r I

NNN NN

M

i

1 2h

T h e s e sht)Lth.l In,:lude such t.hlngs us Auger analysis <)i' gram |)oun(la.ry segregat, ion, tn mttt uI.)setwat, lonS using elwironmel~t,al st, raining st,ages m the HVEM, and |,he use o f Ion ~mplant,at,~ol, t,echl~iques hot,h t,o dot,ermine inm.'llartlst, lt' eft'e<.'t.s o f alloying element,s and to dmcover mal,err,ds wit, h high reslst,an<.'e. New t e<.'hl+~ques o r m<:mlt,orlng in||tat, ion o f t'atltlres in real st.ru<:t,ures should he devehJIJetl, e g , small angle nout, r~m s<:ut,t.ermg (SANS). (t,t) ,41trralicm oi' n w c l m n w a / prtJperttes by Sl/l'/'aco /rrattm,nls T h e r e IS IIl,'reasl|llg ileed t,o alt,or surrm'es o f st, ruct, ural mat.erlals e x p o s e d t,o host, lie OnVl ronn~ent,s in o r d e r tJ) mo
Group

III.

defiJrmat, lOll and fallLire nleohall]Sms such as stress y o n ' a s i a n cracking, erosion, wear, and fat,tgue. (t,/I) Structural ceramws Many ,.)1" |.he emerging energy syst, Pms will use st,ruct, ural voramies tinder condlt, lons and in envlronment, s that, have not, yet, heen en volint.erod. At, t,ent, lon shouh.t be rol'USl-,d |lot, italy on |.he high denslt, y ceramlvs Stl('h as SI3N, 1 o r SIC expet't,ed t,c) be used m ('eramw engines, trot, also on the low ,lonslt,y ceramiq's or rel'ract, oriest, hat will he used for liners m l.ossil enor~.w, rolat,ed Industries Stlvh as cord gusil.lcat, ion, incinerah)rs, wasi, e heat, rel'ul~erators, wast, e managen~ellt, oh'. T h e proport, lesoi, these mat,erlals d e p e n d un I,jt,h envlrl)nment, and i)r~)('Osslng, so I:,hat, inochanl('al IJropert, y st,tidies must. he c(mdu,'t.od un c'aJ'efully synthesized mat.erlals in earl(mS t.est, envtronmellt, s. The ulJplwatlOll of l.ravture mechanics t,o veramlcS has just, I)egLIn alld shouhl I~e on(.'ouraged. St,|idles (tl' high t,em petat, ure creep and vreep rract, ure are i'rlt, ivally Important. t.o |.he SU('Vesst'LII (teveh.)pmont oi. I't-'lIa |ll II' e l l ~ l n e s ,

Mal,erials Processing

1 WELDING AND ,J()ININ(3 (_)f all met, h~)ds o1' mat,orlals pr(.wesslng, welding is one ~)t' t,he most, widely used; yet,, l.rom a l.ltlutarrlent,al pabst, o f view, it, remains ,Hie Of |.he least underst, o o d . Fabrwat,ors are usually l.orced by e x p e d i e n c y t,o establish wohtlng pl'twedures on a Lrtal and err~)r basis w~t,hout, t,he bel~el,it, o f s o u n d , svlent, ll,ically based guidelines. Many st, n w t u r a l failures are (Ih'e~'t, ly |,rateable t,o i m p r o p e r l y made welds, and repairs ,.,i. unneq'essary weld defect,s oft,en load to delays and cost o v e r r u n s on ('rtt, ical proje,'t,s. T h e needs for higher quality wolds, l.ast,er welding, and SOlOn|If,it',ally Imsed met, hods r e q u t r e t , he est,abltshment, o f a SOLind base hullt, u p o n a voorclinat, ed rosean'h program. T h e l.ollowmg paragraphs s u m m a r i z e , In o r d e r o f de('reaslng priorlt, y, five l,ruit, l'ul areas oi, basil' welding research.

,4 Cuntrol o1' the tnwrostruclure t,/' lustun welds 'Pile mlcrost, ruct,u re and m IcroseffregaLiorl in l,usion welds can be m o d l h e d by vont, rol or process variables and ext,ernal Ollvironmen t,al IIII.]umwes t,o provide (I) me('hanlt,aJ pr()perLleS whic'h more ('h.)sely mat.oh t,h~)se ul" the ~'ont, lgUOtlS base mat,or|a J, (ll) sit.,mll'lcant, ly de,'reased senslt, ivtt, y t,o general i'(.)m.)si
(lil) mlnlmlZat, i()n of swelling In rluvlea.r a Pl )1lea (,ions; (iv) improved reliabdtt, y t,hr(mgh red,wt, lon in senstt, lvit, y t,o hot,.eraekinp,, p(mJsit,y, and other c()mmon weld (lel.ects.

B. Pret,en tton¢#' em brttth, tnent An improved underst,andmg ~i. t,he me<'ha nlsmS Involv~,d in t.he l,ollowtng forms oi' Pmbrlt, t,lement, IS essential.

126 (i) sLress relier ('|'aeklng in low alloy st,eels;

(ll) st, rain age erackmg in nickel base super alloys; (111) <.T(-'ep eml~rll, t,lernent, I11 I()w alloy st,eels; (iv) t,emper embrlt, t,lernent, In carholl aud h)w alh.)y st,eels; (v) irradiahon embrd, t,lement, tn weldment,s; (v]) sigma phase embrlt, t,lement, in st,ail~h-,ss steel. (r. E/'[+'C'I o/' m i n o r +,h,mt,nts on urc physics F'rellmlrl;try irlvPst, lgallorls have
he invest, lgat, ed.

3 E)EPOSI"PII.)N AN[) SI.IRFA(."B MODIFICA'T'ICIN P R OC,ESS ES ,4 Ion nnpIonlatton Because or its poterfl, ml wide ranging appll<:at, lOnS t,o hrlmd ellerg'y research and t,echnol<~gy, ,:m implant, at, Ion IS a high priorit, y area for F)PR ma{,eriaJs reseapvh funding. Ion implantat, lcm is a well k n o w n subsl, lt,ut,e for dlffUslorl Irl SlIIVCm single cryst,al devtrus; however, exvit, lng new appllcatlor~s re(lutres basic resear<'h on {,he near surraee m o d l r i c a

t,lOli i)r rnate|'lttls. ,.q(.)rne [Jr(_)l~llSln~ areas Include. t,he cL'yst,tdllzutJon of glasses, Ihe forlnat, iun <.)I' l-'roSlOll al1(| <.'orroslon r'eslst,an[, sur[a('es, t,he ino(llfi<'atlOn and St,Lidy c)f catalyst,s, t,he cc)nt, rolled adhesloll or t,hln film ('ont,aq't,s, t,he I'L,¢at,ion or radi(.mct, lve wastes l)y iml.+lanLat,l
B Sputtering process res+,arch T o e x p a n d sput{,ering capal)illt,y to provide s<.)lut,iorls I'or rllarly erlergy relat,ed materials or t'alJrl<'at,lon problems, t,he fcdlowlng research shou I
1 2'7

ailheslOll tall t,he SuUstlI'at,P, i'OnllJUSlt, lOnrd st,ahillt, y atl high {,emlJPrat,tlres, ;JllCI i'(.)llt, r()l i_)[' ~rairl stlrtli,t, llre or t,he c(.)at, lng, IIPPC] elu ('ldat, lng

cel'aml~' procPSSlllg arid prolJPrLy .ont, r~fl, I)ut, very. I'ew prmcilJle,~ have I~een Pst,abl~shPd. In~'orporaLion or prevlpil,al, ion aml i:~hasP t,ransl'~)rlnat, lOnS as an atldlt,~olYa_l i.'ocPssfl~g ptu'amet, er has n~L been st.udiPit e x t e n s i w l y .

3 PARI]~I("I.ILA'T'E PFH )C'ESSES

E F'm+:dm~g Basic resetu'ch into t.he wear', bq'll~dmg, <.'~lt,t,ing, and I'inlshil~g ur b|.l{,t, Ie ma{,erials is t.he t'b~a] st,ep in IJr()i'eSSlllg t,echl~oh)t~,y.

,4

Re,~,urch on prc.'esst.~ ~/' partw.late T h e reaper p',u't, or cPramic maLPrlals, and

,~om~ mPt,als, al'P pl'~wessPd

I'l'om part, lCLiIaL~

.~t,arl,ing mat, erlals. In t,h~ casP ()I' cPramics, many ~)I" Lh~ l_~at,t,Pri~s ror rel_m:,.luclbly fabri~'aLin~, hlgh l)PrI'ormai~cP maLerials h£1vP n~)t, lJe,en el,.;LahllshP~l. I~ Illtatla.I systll~ms, rapidly ~luen('hed droldel,s when densil'iPd Int,o a I~ulk mat, eria.I permit impruved micro ~.]t.l'll~,Lul'e and [JIrOj.)ert, IPS t)ecausP or rnet, a stable c'~rniJ{)si{ions o r s{,rLict, urPs, a n d I.)P ~'ause or w r y rl.e dPm.lrit.P arm spa('lng As a . P×amldP (_)r t.he kllld o r plr(H'(-'SSlll~ SCIPn('e needed t,o [JUt, [-)ailltlll'tll;.ItP pll(!,~'essin[3, O1'1 '3 u[' LI ~lelll4P ~'elr,'lnll~_'.

The i~leal I)ow~ter wl~lch ('ouhl zesult, ill a [,heorel, l('tllly (IellSP, i)oly('ry, sLallule i'er;..imlC' I~y a Sillt,~t'lllg t.e~'l~n~que is rnon~,.t~sl.~Prsed

(size lens t.han ().5 ,um ), non agglomPrat,ed, single pl~a..~e and " p u | ' e " li'l composlt.ion, w~t.h ;.111 e(lUl;.Lxed nl<_)rl.)holob~/" The SclPnc'e <.)J" pro ililClllg P.~tl('tl I_)(.)wdPr,',; b y vap()r or liquid i)r(-,('ij_~it,tt{,l(.)ll t,P('Jllll
(' S h e p m £ - / u r m m g Research an(t anaJysPs or the pruwiples ~1' IiUPc't.lOl~ mohJmg, I~ressIng, and cast.l.g l.echnlquPs are needed For example, what, are the flow I.~l'opPrt, les ot' h i g h l y loaded [_)olyrne'ric ('al3'lPl'S i-)l' LhP celarnic iJa.rLl('ulat,es, ,'lnd whLl{ LII'P t h e eI'fel;t,s {)r StliIl'~'l('l J ai'{,IVe

add I t.I Vl-'~,;') D D~'Hstflt'ulton-tnlt'rostrttctln'~, c o n t r o l Can bodies w h i c h ~'orltam gt'~aLer than 25"; wJids be sint,ered t,o oh.me h)lerancPs and Sl~e~'l(~ll mli'rl)st, ruct, ures'! St, udIPS ~)n bn'airl I~)I.IIII.ILLI'IeS, {,heir moL}dlt, y, nP~' I.)oUlld~'y ImF)urlt, y dIs{,rll)ut,~orl, et,i' , az'e I'Pquu'e(I fur tT'lli'rIiIs{,rlli'{,LlrP cont, r(.)l. "(.tram h~)ur~du.ry PIl~lllP(-'rln,~"

I~,~ ()l" t,h(-' tI{,ITI(.)S{, iITll_)()r[,;.lllCe In

Ill Ptl~'I1 ()J" tihP ;..Ih()ve, Ill'PUS, IleW PXl.)erlnlerl

t,al m~t, huds, t,lzeoret, l~'al m~)dels, and ~'on t,roll~d expPrm~ent, Ut,lCm, a.r~ nPPclPd, t'or eXamlJIP, laser drlVerl, gas phase |'eai't.lOllS ror [inP I~arLIculat.P ['orn~at.l~mS, slnt.ermg m a glow dl~cha.l'ge t.o Increa.,.;P slnt.erlrlg rut.es by I.enl'ohl, ii.~ll"lg bl disalq.~em'lng li, fllid phase Sil'lt.el'lllg addlt.lve, LISP o f hot, l'~,'ged ~'ry.st.£11s Lo sLudy Int.rulsw l..,q'nln bourHla_ry [':_)ehavl~)l', ~lesIbm pril~cipIPs I'or mat.erlals having h~w Inl~er~,llt. ~lu~'t.llihes, subst.~t.Lit.lon ~1' ~'eralnlCS I'or rnet,a h~

UNC()NVBN'PI(-)NAL F'R(_)C'BSS R BSBARC'H

A

MA'T'ErtlALS

AN[)

,,4mr.'phcm,~ mah.rtal,~ and prc.'m~mng A ITIOI'phoLIS tn~'lals atld ,~;~,llllt'r)lldll¢'lors alp

a n . w ('lass or rnut,#rials wlLh new an~l mt,.rest,

inl.] me~'haniq'al and physwal propert, ies. The processes ror i.)repa_l"lllg t,tl.SP mat,erlals ill ll,~Prul I'q)Im are relaLively simple and (l'_)ussilfly) inherPnLly less e×pel~Stve t,han con vent, lonaJ I.}roe~-'sses I'or IJrel)arlng mut.erlal wlt.h similar pr~qJerLles. Amorl.d,Jus metals ~'e Prelmre~t, I'or e×ampIP, hy ralJid q u e n c h i n g [r~)m the rnPIt,, or alloys comprised generally or one or more r'net.als Wlt.h metalloids, such as B, P, $1, (.',, (.~e, e[,l' , {.(~ p r o v l d ~ a i'()nl[_)osit, lf)ll Ill-'Llr £1 low lying ~uLect,,' T h e met, alh~lds lisu',.dly comprise al~ouI, 20 at, % of [,he ',xlh~y. A l l o y s based on u'on ~r n i c k e l - i r o n , with Fdlosphorus a . d b~m.m as t,he in.t,alloicls, h a w beell prPptu'ed in I'lLlJll)ll I'orm SIIIPP t.he t o m I_)O~,;It,lOIIS may resemble wPll k t l o w n , COllVPn t ion',xl sort. magnet.it alloys, e g , Fe- N i- P- B, F'~- NI- B, or F'~-B, such mat,~rlals might, have magnet.it pr~pert.les approaq'hlng t hc~se o[ t,he convellt.lonal alloys e×c~lJL ror the ract Lhal. t,he anzorph(ms alloys are ncmcry, stalling. Early results imlicat.~ t.hat, s~mlP coml.~Oslt.~()ns ol'uon orlllckelt~aseamorl_~housalloyshave

128

sat, llrat, tun flu× densit, tes sul'ficient,ly high t,hat,, cuupled wlt, h the low <'oerrlve force and low elect, r't<'aJ losses oI' Lhe mat,ertal, t,h~y may l~e use
o

E l..d

i:I ,l,-p

i:I o

~,,,%

B Ion imp~enter|tin

"O

=~,

~,,, q/1

~

l'~

E¢,.i

w

~ o~ ~,=: l~ :'.

,.

':" ,1"1

E

'~

~

,"I

"~

i

i11

,-,-~

¢J

O i~ I

~

ill

N

o ¢"I

i~,) iii

~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ,} ,

,~

8

'~7~ ~

~,'1

,:

J I

lun trnl.flanL.a[.lun ts an excit, tng and versat, ile pro,:ess t.o produce new and t,aih.,red maLermls for energy t.e,'hn,.,Iogtes. 'T'wu pro, raising areas are' (i) |.he h.,w t,emperat, ure i.,ruduet, ioti o f met.ast,ahle mat.ermls, and (=i) |,he rup=d F,rodu,.'t.ion ,.,[" specic.dly t,ath.,red e q u i l i b r i u m phases for mat.erials research.

(I) Metaslahle matm'tals. As a research t,uul, ion irnl.darft, at, ton provides a eont, r~dled means o f p r u d u c m g met,as|able mat,erials. Addit, ionaJ work, huwever, is needed tn o r d e r [,o u n d e r st,and t,he physteal processes inw.)lved tn t,he ['onnat, ion ul' t,hese maLertals. S o m e examples o f implant,ed met,ast,able materiaJs are h y d r o gen implant,at, ion mt, o Pd-C,u has p r o d u c e d a SUl.)erccmdLICt.ut Wlt,h a (,rarlsit, l(.m t.emperat, ure

129 ~f I'7 K. Iml.,lant.at.[on has heen LlSe, l [4.) inodti,'e, arnl.)r].)h<.)iIS met,al alh)ys and semi c'o|1~ lut'{,ors,

(~) Eqt~d~hrmm phas+'s I,,n tml,lant.at...m I)l'<)vldes t| IJr(.H'es,'-; t,o <.)l~[,alll ~luunt.lt,tlLIw inl'orlnaLI(_)ll aL)otlt, equlllL~rltlm phases ,.)1' ii+~l,erl'lle{,nlll<.' alloys 'T'he [_)re t_l~'a t,ll.)tl ,.)1" inl.ln'laLe tlL(_)llli,' mlxt,ures I)y loll inll.)lant,0l.ion all,~ws t.he, l'()rrlrla[,Jon <~1'phases w h i c h can be ('halral't,erlzed by '.PEM tlllll (til't'rac[,t~m. T h e th'-;e c)r i,.m I.)a~'k,~('at.[,erllll2, {,o munit,<-)r, con t.lllutllly tUld ii<.t,nlle,'-;t.rtl,'{.Jvely, {,he (.lel.)Lll ltlst, rll.)uLl()n o f in'l[)lan{.eli al, OlllS I.l.el"nllLS se,nslt.lve Ilet.el'ltlJllal, ll)llS I)1' tJhuse dl.'tgralllS •'~ld (l~l'l'umun raLes, Lherehy q~mnt, iLatwely I~ivinl.1 t,he h.)w LemlJer~Lure e q u ~ l i h r m m aml ,~lal.)il~[y <~t"alloys. T h e ('onLr(fll~
('at,alyt, k' stir|aces, amt b~,hav~()l o f ceramic SLIt ['a<'es.

C MtHe,clllor he,am deposition (.'~()nl.,rulled deposaL|on frt.)m miflec'ula.r I~earns has Ll~e I,.)LenLml h.) p r o v i d e new ma t ermls wiLh dlffPrenL laLt.ices, c,m~l...)mLIcnm, an(I prcq.~er{,leS. Theort-,t.li':d mo
D C~m~p~sHes A U u ) r o u g h u m l e r s L a m l m g of Lhe n m n n e r In w h . ' h pr, q.~ertleS ~)l' diverse maLerluls can I~e c<.)mbmed t,o I.Iro,Jtl,'P tlni(lue Imhavior m a y lead t.o m a j o r advan,:es In st.ruct.i~ral mal.ermls. Mat.et'vaJ e o m b m a t , , . m s m<'lu
Group IV. Erosion, Corrosion, and Prot,ect.ion

The, l.e,'hnolob.W reviews I.)res<-,nt,ed at. t,hP W<.)l'kSht)p rm En~,lll(eerln~, Mat.erlals ~<'len,'e ,|(JITIOl'ist,r,'lLe Lhat, (_'orroslOrt ii1 it, s various asl.)e~'t.,~ is a I.)r(.d.flenl ('lI)lllnlOll {,1.) ITI(.')~{, syst,ems We i.)erc'eJve {.he role ot' e n g i n e e r i n g nlat,eriaJs SClell,'e I11 aLLackblg Lhese I.!,roblelns [,i.) Lie [,h;J{. ,)1" illOvlng bey,.irld [,ht-, st, u
I CRITII'ALPR<)BLErVl AREAS 'T'he list, o f speUlflC (.'or1'<.)slorl I}rohlen+s IS alm,:)sL en
A (.'~t~ltlblll+'d +,rt~.~tOll-t'orrt~,SlcHi h+'hdplor dl +,h,+,at+,d temperatures O f all t.he t,echn<.,h)gies reviewed, we bell(eve corrosiOll I_)n.)blems in coal ,'onversl,-)ll sys{.elll~ t,o L)I-, t,he most, severe. Part,'ula.rly ~lit'l'iculL I,o solve are p r o b l e m s in whi<'h el'usive 12r,.),'esses l'orl{,lllually desLroy 'all u r ila..r{.N i)t' ,"111 o{.l'lerwJse relal, lvely pr<,Lecl, ive B<.'ale SLI('|I i{'clrl',.),~i<.)l'l i.l('Cl.lrs ir] b,.)Lh ,:)xlde and s u l l ' l d e - f o r m l n g ellvlrl.)nlllerl[.S. Aiil)t,hl-,r er,.hqJon-,.'l.lr|'(.lSl,:l, rl reac{,IOll {,y[.le IS t.hat. Ii1 w h i c h a li(.lUi<| phase is rcmned on a sl, ru('Lural cumpc)nent., Lhus i n L r o d u c m g a vaJ'iet,y o1" ,,+pe(.'ial

,'orri)si,)rl problenls, P.g, "l+loL '' A spe,,ra.I area {.hot, ,leserves explh'lL at, t,ent, lOrl is t,ha{. u r erusJon, per ,s+,', l,here IS a lack o f I'undament,al underst,an
(t) Adh~,st+m end bonding phem.mwne Much

~rre;J{,er usl ~ c<.)LlJd he, m a d e c,l" t,he pr<.,

130 t.eet, ive ('(.)a{,lllgS ( p o l y m e r s , ('era1111es, (.'(-)i'l'iI.,OSlt,e rnat, erlals) il' I'aet, ors at'real, lag t,he }'~()rldlng ,.)t' these uoat, ings t,o el, her sLirl'aces were L)el,t,e r u rl(lers[,ood.

fit,) 8url'ace Htetmstry o/tnatertuls tn brine suhtttcms F'rugn'ess Ill ge(.)t,h e r m a l erlerg','y generaL, ion requi_res solul, t(.)ns Lo file sealing l-)l',fl.,lems ~ncoLinl,~red in conceal, rated hrines. A b~t,t,,-'r Linders/,arlding o r t.he surface cherlliSl, l."y o[" L,ot.h ',.alloys and p o l y m e r t ( ' c,r ,'erarni(" rnat, el'iaJs s h o u l d hell:, in solving t,his d ifrncull,y.

(in) El'/'~,ct,~ u f radtat..m on currosiun. Be cause ()r rnany uniqLle t,Pst tllg t'a,."ilit, ies, erlCOUl'agernen[, should i)e given t,o studies o[" radiaL, ion efl'e('t,s (.)n ('an'asian irl rlSslOn alld, l~robahly, rlnsi(.)nl react,ors B R('comtnend,,d epproach to f'ngtneermg Illat plIiols ,qt'lt'llt'f' corr081011 I'C.~;~ort'h Virl.uaJly rely ('OIT(.)dln[J, sysl.elll carl I.,P (.Invnded inb, three c,,'nl.,()nenls q,r phases, the envu'onment., t.he barrier layer~, arid t.he has,-, rnat.eria.I. Dit'l'erPnt. evenl,s oc,'ur ill ea('ll c,t' t,h,-,se phases. (7. E//(t#'on/Iwttt "rile ('<.,rnl.,osit, ion or t.he enVll'C)tlnlenl, del,i-,r rnnnes, t,o a large degree, [,he t,hernnodynamnus (.)I" file pt'<.)(:e+s {,o be st, u(lied. IL is {,he source o f erosnve iJuJ't,wles. Flun(l flow wit, hin the eiivirollmerlt, iill]uenees ero,SlOll and file c,,rn lw,sit,ion uf t.he llund-solid boundary, layer. "rile ellVil'(.)llITlell[, m u s t be uharacLerized and p r o p e r l y simulaLe(t irl lahurat, ol.'y {.est,s.

D. Barrier lay,,r ']"he barrier layer IS t,he ('hief s o u r c e o f pr(.,t,e('t,i(m r,:,r t,he base nlat.erval t'rom t.he en vir,,nrnt-'nt. Mat,Prlal t,ransp,.,rt, l.,r()cesses Wlt, lllll t,he layer riie(lLlelll, ly clef, e r m i n e t,he kinel, ies o f eorrost(m. T h i s layer must, be (lescrihed II1 t,errns o f It.s e(:,nlposit, ion, (terect,

sl, ruet,ure, and m o r p h o l o g y , lt,s rnechariicaJ and ,'hernic'3 pr(.)t.,ert, tes det,errnine It,s rPsp, mse l,o i-,l'(.)sive int, era,.'t, tons. D t f r u s i o n rne,.'hanisrns m this layer nlus{, bl-, IIn('lerst.ood, und tt,s adhesion t,,.) the I)ase ma[,erlal is ,.'ri Li,.'aJ.

E Base matet'l~l Corrc)sion Iaro,'esses can alt, er file dlrnen mons o f [.he base Inat,erlal, and d i f f u s i o n pro ,.'esses w i t h i n the l,ase may ('hunge it,s mechunt~'a.l and l.,hysic;.d l~rolJerl, ies as well as its rPspc, nse I,o con'osive at, t,aek T h e overall t'(lrr(_lSll.)ll process IS del,erm Ined not, ,rely hy file evenlLs OCCl.ln'lllg In ea<'h o f these, [.llree phases h u t 'aJso hy l,he inL.eraet.i(m aiTi(.)n~ {,llese everlt,s. For eXallil.)le, erc)sl(.ln ('all e n o r m o u s l y Illfluell(?e cL)rrosicHI, iJIld {,lie chernt(",.d and physical iJrc)l.)er{,ll-,s a t {,lie st'ale layer (lel.errninv, t,hP ext,enL o1' er'uslon. T h i s t,yl.)e i.)l' inL(-,rrela[,ionshll.i is part, J('Llla.rly im port.ant in u,.)mplex engineerinlz, nla{,eriaJs. For tills reason, we urge l.hat, reseur('h t,rc)gl'ams Ill-' sLriwtured In such a way t,ha{. t,he synergi,st, ie et't'e(.'t,s l'i}l" {lip varloLIS i)l'O('esse,s Ct]ll be ,'lrlalyzed. Clearly, rese,qrch silotuld t,e cerlt,ered on mab,rials o f t,echnologleal Illt,lJl'eS[,. (~)lily Ill t,hls way wall at, be I.,.)ssihle t,o tdellt, il'y m a n y o f [.he essent, lal IIr(-)(.'esses t,ha[, o0(~ur ill e(.,rnr)lv× ,syst,-,ins. (]nee t,hese I(|en[,i[ica{,l()rl~ have I)eerl rnade tl, i)e(.'orrles I..)ssible t,(') sort ou L t,ho,'.;e i.)roblelnS re( lu U'lllg m o r e ru ll(larnerl[,al SLLtdy. FLtrt, hermore., the "m{,egq'a{,ed" un(lerst,anding ,)[' t.he eill, lre IJro('ess shoul('i alhJw I~,et,t,el' and m o r e Ulliforrn t,est,lng rneLIlods {,c)I)e i~lent, irit-,d. '.rhe rllodellng el't'(.)rt.s a~sc)ciat, ed Wlt, h [,he cllara,..'Lertzat, ion a t t,he pr(),'esses may allow t,he deveIcll.lmellt, (')t' [.)re( I tel, ive guidelines, [i~.) he LISe(I In desll.:Tnlng e()rrosl()n rvsl~[,all{, rrla{,erla.[s, we LILre conwnm'ed, hq,wever, l,hal thus last, goal ('all be reached ,rely t h r o u g h (.'lose and c o n l nrliled itiL,eru(.'t, ion heL,ween [hP t'un(lamenLal and appl le, I researchers.

Group V. Complex MaL,erial Phenonnena

TFIIs bin')up had [,he iJroblem at' ident.nt'ying maLeriaJs used nn st, rucLures or devnces which require c o m p l e x arrarlgem~nt,s o f eL,ores in

nlult,lCOml.)orlerl[, aJIr,ys, or in c, mlpourlds im pc)M, anL b~ energy eonverston or uhllzat, lon. Because o f t,he wide range o f i.,roblems en-

131 eOlillt,ered,

many

van(litlat,e mat,erials w e r e

tdent, ified ~)i] w h i v h basic w o r k seer'rl~ t-,!.,]sei] t.lal "rhl'e,e lTIaliHr illal.erials iLl'e Iist.ed '&long wflh several of sevomlal,'y imlJorLulu'~. Major i n'obleln=~ are I TIIIN F'lbb,'l,q AND IN'T'EFIFACES

A The Iwohh'm M a l l y i.)heiloinetla, ImlJOlt,LIIll, In ~ilergy ('OllVl-=rsl()ll sysf,ems, (_)(_'('ur Lit, inl,orl'a~'e~';. $ ( ) l l l e

~t' t,i]ose ifl)enornenu nre imi_H~rLant, ill eilerlr,'ry tirLIIISfol" t'lIOi|| Olle lll(JlliLllll [I,O an~)t.her; or, h e r s

al'e ~telet,eri~un oft'~'ts wht~'h d~,gq'a~le the tl I IOl'Lltll(.)ll (ill" the syst, om.

(I)) ut,tlizat, i,m o(' novel t,eehniques for t'OI1 Lrolled pr~)litletlon of I~¢fl.h eqtilllbriLinl and metiast,al)le [)hases: laser heat, tillS, IIHI IiIll_dant,a t,wm, mnh-,u~llur b~arn eplt,axy, sputt,erln~.

'2 HIGH TEMF'ERA'T'IIFIEI'ERAMI(" MA'1~F',RIALS A 'The Iwuhh_'m Sovol'e t'ltgh t,eitll~erat, ttre s~-,lWl¢'e roqtiLre rnelll.S d e l n , ' l l l d tihl-, IlSe I)f ~'~ruml~' nlLlt,erl,"lls. One e×alnlJl~ m t.he Iinlt~g ~1' ~'~ml gu.ait'lvat.lOl~ sysl,erns, al_~[dlUat.lons of SI,I'LICt, LII't.I] cerLIITII('S I11 lOW ~'USI gUS t.urblnes al'e plagued by t.h~ appal'elfl, inherent. I~rit.t, lel~eS~ ~f veramlV mat.ermls.

B Opp~.'luntty B~,('tlllSe ()l' (q)ll[llllll;]l trnlJrovetnei]t.s In n]et.h,~ls of ~'onl.r~l ~)f ~t'~)lllilOSll, lOrl und i~hyslcal arranKement ~t' ah)ms at. surl'uu~s, in the near s~=rl'uce region and in t.hin Films, uon sulerald~ i m l m w ~ n ] e n t s sho~lh| be i_~ossible in ~l~velulntWl~t of slru~'lur~s and d~vlceS. F','~aml des are'

ft) Thin l'flm pl.m.n,ulluu. ~.~,lls A large efl'~t't, is I~en~g ma~lo into (,he ~h-,w-,hq~mel]t, ~1' Id~Ohwolt.ul=' ~'ells tlSlllg single erVSt,ul SlllI'OI1 ,'ells It, is ill-)l, ('ertaln t h a t the iJrt~'e o f such ~'ells ~'an I)e lu'ought, ~lown t,o accept,able levels (110 l l l l l l e than $50() per kW) Work s h o u h l he ~'~l'=~lu~'le~l on ,)th~,r materials, eSl~eumlly Oll uOrnl~>t~l~d .,:;emluundu,'t.ors 'T'he followlr=~, sulHe~'ts sh<.nlht h~ ~xarnille~l: (a) t'alU'l~'at, lCm, ~'hm'act,erizat, ion, and u, ml.l'ol ~,[' t.hin t'lllt~ ~en~iuomluut,ur devices ol' u w t d ~ railg, e o r mat.~riuls, (1~) ~'~mtr~d o f elet't,l'~n Ilol~ [m.q.)el'l, ies o f i..dy,'ryst,alltne t hinl films, (~') ~'ol~t.r~d and t~r~lerst,an~ling o f Int.el faces hot w~on illet;Jis, ,;emll'Orl(il.le{,()rl.;, tlnll il~m=lut.ors, (~1) Inwst, il~,at.lOl~ of t_WolJert.les o f mult, i~'om ]1~ )nell(, Seqlll('Oll( ]Ll~'[or ~'~ HI11 )4 )U lldI.i.

B ()pp~.'ltt//tly BtlSll' I'oseul'l'h Ill l.l~e IJl'~)dut'[,IOll u f eeramws may provide sl,ruct.urul mat erluls wtt, h more predlet,ulJle iWOlJert, leS aml, i_~e('hal~s, rm.n'o deslrabl~ prolJerties C.umtidat.e nlul,~l'ials a.re ()xides, carl)i(les, IIllll'llles, ai]tl mi×e~l ~'CmlI.Jun~ls New met, h o d s uf Illl('l'll analys~s will I_)ermlt, IJolt, or ~,hma,'terlzatlOl~ of t11o rtlut,ermls Pr~MuuLi=m of ~'Oml..mtl,~ ,'eralllt~'s sh~mhl ImJvl(l~ I)~tt,m' ,.;trer~gt, l'=

;{ I)EVEL( )F'MEN'T' (.IF ,.g'T'RI.jC'T'I.I RE PF¢( )F'EFcTY RBLATIONSHIPS IN POLYMER,.q ,4 The' prcdflem P. d y m e r s have 111Lllly feat, t i r e s q~I' IllllJ~Hr l am'e iii ei]~rgy ('OllVOl'SlOll, tll tlizatlon, alld t'(.lllservut, l,i.)ll, (."()ntt'(.)l of [,tie i)r(H'e.':;sing anti fulJriq'at.l~m o f i~cdylu~rs c'an i m . l u u , mat.err&Is of Nq'~at.ly enham'e~l ~'llal'uetPrlsl.l~'S.

B. Oplaorltutil.v (L) P o l y m e r s P;.lll rel_daee metals in m a n y upl_dic'ut, luim. 'T'heir aprJliuuLion uan redu~'~ Lh~ weight, uf vehl~'les, wlLh consequent ~uvlng o1" fuel. (el) V a l l a l . ) i l l t , y

(tt) N~.orm.'leve p h m . m w n a

Many IJhe tl~m'lOllU ure eont,r~dlml by the ¢'hal'ueterlSt, leS o f Lhe stlrfaee Ul~(I near s u r f a c e I'elglOII ,'~)l"l'(j. NIOII, ~.'~ll'd.lysls, fl Hi'tillIll, Weal', oro,.':;ion, oll[,ll%d , aml H~'t,r~nlC I_W~q'Jm't,leS. 'T'ho f~dh)wing st ibjecL~.; rn~rit, StllJPort, (a) uont, imled d e v e l o p i n e n t , o f t,evhnlques for ~XLIITIIII,'It, ILH1 l)f SLit'f,":ace un~l iwal' stit'ra~'o chelnist~.'y (~'f GrOLil~ I, N D E ) ,

Ill i)rIi)('(-=~,~ c'~ulLroI I'Llll g i v e

p o l y m e r s wLt,h u wide ~al~ge uf r~wr~su_m resi.gt,~lc'e, elast, le prope, rLies, dielee|rl~' pro perhes. (111) Prodl.:t,s c_'Ull t~e tailor~-,ct tc~ t,he elU.I use with lit, fie wast,e o f mat~lml an(I wlt, h srrr,.dl heat. ilIIJLll, t)e~'uuse ~)t' t h~ low t~u'np~rat, Lire ~)t' [ II'qlH 'esl.]lll~

(iv) Areas where t'esoa.n'h ml~.;ht produ~'e F,u[.lel'lOr in;ll.~l'l~.lls ~_11'1-,

1,32

(a) I)et, t,er underst, a n d i n g <.)f del'orrnat, i<.m pro('Psses,

(b) cont, rol <.)r int,ernaJ st,ru('t,ure t J ) p r o v i d e UllLiStlLll ijro pert, les, (c) product, ion o f h i g h e r t,emlJerat, Llre ma t,erials ['c)r m o r e severe service; ( d ) r e c y c l i n g eapahilit, ies

S u c h n l e u s u r e m e n t , s o r basic rem't, lunS in t,he set, t,ing o f cement, s s h o u l d p e r m t t b e t t e r ut, dizat, ton el' o n e o f o u r most, h e a v d y used <'onst, nJ<'tlon',d mat,erials. PA R'T'II~IPA NTS T

AIl'rev, D,uw C'hernlcal Co.

B R ApplehJn,(.)RNL 4 PRIORI'T'Y 2 - CI~MEN'T'I'I'IIII.IS MATERIALS

H Berl~e=, NuL'I Bureau or Sf,andards ,I R Blevms, ERDA, Oak Ridge H K Bc~wen, IMI'T'

,4 The pt'uhlem T h e setting o f eernent, s is a h i g h l y < ' o m p l e x c h e m i c a l react, ion. F o r P()rt, land Cement, t h e p h a s e s f(.)rrned, and t,he rates o f react, ion, :u'e part, rally k n o w n , hut, fl:)r m a n y cements, t,he chemmt, t.'y is vi|'t, tl',.tJly unkrlOWll. S i n c e c o n c r e t e m used ext,ensively in the const, ruc t, lun o f m a n y e n e r g y ('OliversiOll syst,ems, since t,he Ira>duct, ion a n d ,'ast, ing o r uement, th.':;eS a ~.,q'eat, deaJ
B Opportunity M o d e r n met, h o d s <)I" nllcro a n a l y s i s o f small v o l u m e s permit, t,he m e a s u r e m e n t u f the chPrnist, t.'y a n d iJhysiual a r r a n g e m e n t o r ut.'yst, als r<.)rmed d u r i n g I,he set, t, mg <.)r cement, s. T h e y s h o u h t also permit, a bel, t,er undersl,and i n g o t ' t,he uddit, ives ilsed ror spe<,ial p u r p o s e s q u t e k set, ring, salt,, and w a t e r r e s i s t a n c e , e<)rrosion r e s i s t a n c e . T h e t i m e ts ripe t,o a p p l y met, hods such as t,r a n s m t s s t o n a n d s c a n n i n g {,ransmission mtcros<.'opy, AugP|' air, dysis, and ~nergy a m d y s i s met, h o d s , t u t , he s t u d y o r c e m e n t s . T h e t,echniques at'+-, Ptt,h~r a v a d a h l e i)r are being d e v e l o p e d , hot, h m untverstt, tes anti in nat, ional l a b u r a t o r i e s . -

A. D. Bradsford, F'o~d Motur C'o (.) Buck, Rockwell Science (?enter J V (?at,h c a r l , ( ) R N L A H Clauer, BMI ,1. R. ("~)st,, ERDA, Physical Resemch H E Flankel, ERDA, Fossnl Energy

H L Flasel, Univ oflllmuis I) H (lu~msky, BNL S Hocker, LqJs Alamos SoL Lab L (? [annwlhh ERDA, Phymcal Res. D Ketser, Eli & (J Iclaho W D KIIIgery, MIT J M Khan, LLL D L, Kumrne=, M c D o n n e l l Douglas A. Levy, L a w l e n c e Berkeley Lab. J J L~d'mskt, Brown I.Imv

H. L Ma,cus, I.Intv of 'Texas R. W. Mcl~lun~.;, (.)RNL C' ,1. McHaCgue, ( ) R N L R D Nelson, Pacll'ie Northwesl. Lab F' A Nwh~ds, ANL W D Nix, Stanford I.Intversily R M F'elloux, MI'T' ,J PeHma, I.Iniv ul'"renne~.~see 17 S Pet, Lit,, Prat.f. & Whilney

L W Robert, s, LLL W F Savage, Ren:+,,,elaer Pi~ly Insl

J . T Sprulell, I.Iniv <,f'T'ern'iest~e

-

E A Stern, linty of Washington V A F' ,I M

,I Tennery,(JRNb P b Turner, ANL b. V<.Jk, Sandla Labs L Wallet, General Electric S WeehslPr, Ames Labc~rat,cuy

R W Weeks, ANL C. Well, I.Jmv or[llnu~lS S Wiedeih<~rn, Nai'l Bureau or Sfandards F Wfl,m~r, E R D A , Bnvm.mment, al Cont, rol