Engineering Simulators for Fossil Power Plant

Copyright 4:1 IFAC Control of Power Systems and Power Plants, Beijing, China, 1997

ENGINEERING SIMULATORS FOR FOSSIL POVER PLANT P. Neuman SKODA PRAHA.Plc . . Fossil Fuel Power Plan~ Division Prague 6. Czech Republic

Abs~ract . The paper generally describes a crea~ion of models for engineering simula~or and par~icularly ~he way and possibili~ies of work wi~h ~he own simula~ion programme CADCS when crea~ing si~ula~ion models. The CADCS is de~ermined for analysis of dynamic proper~ies of sys~ems. This programme is block-orien~ed simula~ion sys~em wi~h graphical user environmen~ . The paper issue one concre~e model of real boiler. This is linear model of OPATOVICE drum pulverized fuel fired s~eam boiler. The firs~ example of Simula~ors is OPATOVICE Power Plan~ Engineering Simula~or . The second example is VREsovA Combined Cycle Plan~ Opera~or Training Simula~or.

Copyright 4:1 1998 IFAC Keywords. Engineering Simula~ors. Op~imal ·· Con~rol. Modelling . Combined Cycle Plan~s. Opera~ors Training.

men~ioned models are used for of differen~ ~ypes of simula~ors. possible basic classifica~ions of simula~ors is in: A. Learning (basic principles) simulators B. Engineering (generic) simula~ors C. Opera~or training (full - scope) simulators The descrip~ions of ~hese simula~ors ~ypes are given by Zanobe~~i (1989).

These

above

developmeri~ One of ~he

1.1 General siJlluZarion JIIodels.

A real

plan~ is unique . non1ineari~ies and can

As a rule. i~ con~ains be described only wi~h a nonlinear model. Such model is more complex and may be well-founded in specific cases only. l~ migh~ be applied ~o ~he descrip~ion of ~he behaviour of boiler during s~ar~-up or shu~ down. i.e. during grea~ changes in opera~ing modes. and ou~pu~ wi~hin 0 - 100 %. However.~he developmen~ of such model requires ma~hema~ico-physical analysis of par~ial ~echnological objec~s (Dolezal and Varcop. 1970).

The s~eps of developmen~ of dynamic boiler model for Engineering Simula~or are generally described in paper by Neuman.at . al.(1988a). These s~eps were applied ~o ob~ain a practically applicable mathematical model .

The con~inui~y of par~icular models (non-linear. quasi-linear. linear) wi~h a precision of simula~ed dynamic behaviour of steam boiler and required ~ype of simula~ors (basic principles. generic. full scope) can be shown. known. 5 ~o

Plan~s

1 . 2 Types of simularors .

1. INTRODUCTION

l~ is well ~ of

Power

In this reference paper was described also the submodel of superheater of Czech boiler 1600 tph of Melnik Power Plan~ 500 MV. This boiler is the same as boilers of Shen-Tou Power Plant 2 x 500 MV. which ~ere built by SKODA Company (Neuman. Fessl and Kochta. 1988) . separa~e

accuracy of linearized devia~ions from ~he reference s~a~e is accep~able and ~ha~ i~ decreases wi~h increasing devia~ions . This model is sufficien~ for inves~iga~ion of con~rol loops of ~he s~eam boiler opera~ing a~ approxima~ely basic load (Neuman. 1988). ~ha~

10%

In

the

time ~he method of model was also' applied to once-~hrough subcri~ical s~eam boiler of 200 MV Czech uni~s (JarkovskY. Fessl and Kar~ak. 1984). which are the same as 200 MV uni~s of Shen-Tou Poyer Plan~ 4 x 200 MV. las~

developmen~

A compromise solu~ion is represen~ed by model. which is in fac~ a guazilinear linearized model wi~h a change of parame~ers. depending on opera~ing mode. being de~ermined by power level. Variable parame~ers represent mainly ~ime cons~an~s and amplifica~ion of ~ransfer func~ions. which can be change. for example. according ~o a polynomial dependence. l~ can be used for simula~ion in con~rol range 60 - 100 %.

2 . SIMULATION SOFTVARE 2 . 1 CAOCS.

As to the simulation sof~ware for engineering process s~udies and learning simulators of Power Plan~s . we firstly considered the application of own simula~ion language CADCS. Simulation sof~ware CADCS is powerful graphic orien~ed simula~ion environmen~ for PC compu~ers : wi~h MS DOS opera~ing system (Kopi'iva. 1993).

343

3.1 Combustion chulllbre model.

Integrated development environment (IDE) of the program use drawing of block scheme as entry of simulation models. Program CADCS is block oriented simulation system with elaborated graphic user interface. Program is determined to simulate the behaviour of dynamic systems continuous. discrete-time and combined. linear. nonlinear as well . Program CADCS uses block schemes. similar as world well known programs PSI. Ctrl-C. TUTSIM. SIMULINK-MATLAB. etc . Models are described with connection of elementary function and higher composed blocks into block schemes .

The example of block diagram of part (coal mill and combustion chambre) of Opatovice boiler is shown in Fig.l. It is evident from the block diagram . that it is a model of a boiler itself without superheater truct. wi'thout feedwater system. etc . For this case only supplying of fuel. transfer of heat into boiling tubes. creation of a pressure and volume of steam (steam superheater) and transfers of influences of primary and secondary air for production of steam are modelled. In this combustion chambre model ar'e following transfer functions:

For the needs of this paper. the CADCS application is indicated. when developing model of OPATOVICE steam boiler and OPATOVICE Power Plant Engineering simulator. The developed models are classified into the class of generic models. The described model of a boiler is linearized for certain output level, which serves for a design of new advanced control loops and their optimizing.

,e- 3p . . . transfer of coal mills and coal feeders

F4(p) 1 + SOp

0.5 . 0.18

FS(p)_0.79 . e- 1 • 2p

[ 0.03Sp3+0.33p2+0 . 72p+O . 18

+

O.S(S.9Sp + 0.5)

2 . 2 SORYA-HX.

+ 268.4p3+239,7p2+29.Sp

The second type of simulation software is SORYA_HX, which is used for performance of a non-linear model of Combined Gas-Steam Cycle Plant for development of vREsovA Plant Operator Training Simulator .

. .. heat transfer surface of combustion chambre 1.16 F6(p)

c

.. .

1+ 290p+ 63Sp2

By this time the author was experienced ' only with basic principles and generic engineering simulators . therefore in connection with Operator Training Simulators he chose one very experienced foreign company for cooperation in Combined Cycle Plants Models. It is French company RSI, Realisation en Systemique Industrielle. The firm's objective is to fields of automation (modeling. simulation. process control), signal processing, and scientific computing .

evaporater pressure truct

1

F8(p) .. 1 + 3Sp

steam pressure - to steam rate transfer

k F9 (p)

primary air (1+ 291p) (1+ 16.4p)4

1 F10(p) 1+ O.2p

The RSI's modeling software package Models Library can be used in connection with backbone software SORYA_MX which provides the database required for the models (Panzarella, 1995) The individual sections describe the various process model incorporated as application packages in the proposed simulator system. Should the simulator be used for optimization purpose , the models should be further tuned using experimental data from the unit after start - up (Neuman. 1996).

...

secondary air

The physical-mathematical derivation on these transfer functions is in excess of this paper. I~ yields from reference book (Dolezal and VarC:op. 1970) and this derivation is partially shown in paper (Koptiva and Neuman. 1995). Others blocks in Fig . l are following : 1 ... load change disturbance 2 ... heating value change disturbance 7 .. . feedforward from load change to steam pressure 3,11.16 . . . coefficients 14.24 .. . Digital ~ to - Analog (D/A) converters 13 . 29,19 ... controllers 12 . 22 .. . Analog - to - Digital (A/D) converters 17 . 20 . .. sensors transfers 18.21 .. . desired values of controlled variables

For the purpose of modeling. the differential equations for the mass, momentum and energy conservation are solved considering equipment data and principles of equilibrium and kinetics (First Principle Modeling Technique). 3.LINEAR MODEL OF CONVENTIONAL DRUM POVDER BOILER OF OPATOVICE POYER PLANT The boiler G-230 is pulverized coal fired. dry bottom, balanced draft, natural circulation. production 230 tph of superheated steam .

The mathematical model of this boiler was derived in paper (Koptiva and Neuman. 1995) .

Operating conditions a't M. C.R. : evaporation rate 230 tph (511111 Ib/hr) outlet temperature (1004 OF) 540 °c outlet pressure 9 . 6 MPa (1350 psig) feedwater temp . (417 OF) 215 °c average efficiency 86 %. average air excess 1.26 coal heating value 10 . 9 MJ/kg

Three control loops are in this model . The main control loop of steam pressure is conventional PID controller. however. it contains a digital version with analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. The second loop . that controls secondary air according to a volume of steam. is similar with the main loop . In the third loop there is also digital PID controller or an experimental optimum (extremal) controller. that controls the optimal combustion in the ratio of harmful elements/output by a control of primary air.

The required outputs are in the simula'ted con'trol range 150 - 230 t/hr.i.e . 65 - 100 % of nominal output.

344

where constan~s k differ each o~her for ~hree particular transfers and they are determined by s~a~ic calcula~ion. Depending on required precision, this ~ransfers are possible to be approxima~ed and omitted, for example, part of transpor~ delay and to take into considera~ion only the necessary . number of members of a series of HcLaurin expansion, e~c . The whole block diagram of multi-stage superheater, including regula~ion, is indica~ed in ~he Fig . 3.

The example of ~he cons~ruc~ion of a par~ of such model can be shown when describing dynamic proper~ies of superhea~er of s~eam . The Fig.2 shows a diagram of ~he wall of superheater, where the meanings of ~he signs are as follows: T

- temperature of heated material

T.

- temperature of heating material

T.

- temperatLnl of wall of exchanger

v. v.

- speed of now of both materials

't • 't.

-

e •e. -now of both materials

There

time constants of heating of materials - time constants of heat-exchanging wall

are

following

~ransfer

func~ions

of

~ubes

The element of ~echnological equipment is possible to be described by par~ial differen~ial equations for exchange of heat be~ween ~he materials and ~he wall and an equation for heating of exchange s~a~ion:

- O,81p - 0,24 S3(p)

to

p + 0,0007 P + 0,0173

p + 0,0212 0,7866

P + 0 , 0173 p + 0,0026 - l,57p - 6,21 p + 0 , 0726

S4(p) - e 1

Time

constan~s

1: ...

are expressed by

1,45 + 122p + 3500p2

rela~ions :

= :;;A [s] ,

where : cp - specific hea~ of s~eam a~ permanen~ pressure K flowing volume of ma~erial coefficien~ of ~ransfer be~ween ~he wall and the ma~erial o surface of exchanging area per leng~h unit in the direction x , Cs - specific hea~ of ma~erial of exchanging . areas (overhea~ed ~ubes) GS weigh~ of material of exchanging areas per length uni~ in ~he direc~ion x.

Others transfer

are in Fig.3,

func~ions

~oo .

0,08 SO(p) = 1 + SOp

... hea~ing power input - tosuperheated steam temp .

0,1 SH(p)"

steam rate - ~o - steam temperature transfer

1 + 60p 1

sys~em of equa~ions is under ~he several presump~ions . For example : the ma~erial of the wall does no~ resis~s a transfer of hea~, bu~ in ~he x direction a resistance i s infinitive, ~here is no~ hea~ exchange in the direc~ion of movemen~ of ma~erials, time cons~an~s and speeds of ~he ma~erials are only ~ime func~ions, ~empera~ures are func~ions of ~ime as well as place . The resul~ing simplified ~ransfers can be derived, according ~o Dolezal and Varcop (1970), gradually by elimina~ion of ~empera~ure of ~he wall, by lineariza~ion and double Laplace ~ransformation. The main transfer of superheater can be expre~sed in the form of the following

The

The transfer functions of tubes Sl(p) and outlet superhea~er S2(p) are the same ~ype, but wi~h a little different values of parame~ers. These functions are derived for 100 % of nominal boiler power . The func~ions Sl,S2,S3 , S4 for 80 % and 60 % of nominal power have a differen~ numeric values of parame~ers.

men~ioned

C1(p)=C2(p)=C3(p)=

cons~ruc~ed

1 + 15p P1(p) , P2(p) , P3(p)

PlO spray

sensors transfer con~rollers

The variable T1 is inle~ s~eam ~empera~ure to last but one superhea~er and T3 is ou~le~ superhea~ed steam tempera~ure. The variables VI and V3 are desired values of controlled variables T1 and T3. There are controlled variables Xl and x2 (s~eam pressure and quality), manipulated variables Y1 ' Y2 and Y3 (fuel, primary and secondary quantity), disturbance variables ul and u2 (quantity and quali~y of coal).

equat~on :

3.2 Boiler model.

It is possible to include ~his model of superheater into the block diagram of a par~ of a boiler, being indicated in ~he Fig . l by suitable connection of input and ou~put variables . The volume of steam and waste gases are variables in ~he model directly accessible . To obtain a necessary variable. representing temperature of heat on the outpu~ from the boiler. it is necessary to ex~end the original model wi~h a block. ~hat simula~es the corresponding transfer . Then. i~ is necessary to connect the corresponding inputs and outputs and we get new model of a boiler wi~h superhea~er. of course, under a presumption. that the model of a boiler as well as the model of an superheater were

where a. ~ , y are concentrated coefficients, being calculated from constructional, material and operational parameters ot the concrete overheater (a deriving of the equations for their expression exceeds a frame of this paper). Besides the main transfer, it is necessary to know noise transfers for input variables 9p , elf, , t.T. , and output variable t.T:t All three transfers have the same form:

F2 (p)

= -; [e-; I

(_I" P - ( ,.. ).

1.

345

The above descrided model of OPATOVICE boiler was ex~ended abou~ models of s~eam ~urbine, steam headers, gas ~urbine, was~e-hea~ recycle s~eam boiler (HRSG) and elec~ric al~erna~ors . These differen~ sub-sys~ems consis~ of ~he OPATOVICE Power Plan~ Engineering Simula~or .

derived and parame~rized for ~he same power and opera~ional condi~ions. Such more complex "boiler model" wi~h superhea~er and feedwa~er ' sys~em is shown on block diagram in Fig.4 . par~ of "superhea~er" is "combus~ion chambre" ~hrough

The

func~ions

connec~

~he

wi~h ~ransfer

The Model of Gas Turbo-Al!erna!or groups has some par~s, which were modeled by following way. The compressor model represents a level of a volume~ric compressor . The compressed gas is supposed perfec~ and is characterized by its

SQ, SM and F25.

The "boiler model" is also ex~end abou~ "wa~er level" par~, which is connec~ ~hrough ~he blocks nos . 30 and 26. The con~rolled variable H is boiler wa~er level . The block 30 is complex "macroblock", of transfer func~ions S30 1 (p)

S30 2 (p)

H

1

0,16 + O,49p + O, 14p2

Xv

P

47,S + 317p + 4S3p2

H

1

-0,16 + 3,72p

T2

P

4'1,5 + 317p + 4S3p2

poly~ropic cons~an~ .

The ~urbines is mode led as a perfec~ pressure reducer. The condenser is asumed perfec~. The mechanic yield is ~aken into accoun~. The model of the alternators is a model of synchronous reac~ance . The ne~work is assumed very powerful, either in shor~-circuit either disconnected, The rotation of ~he ro~or is regulated by the excitation curren~ .

consis~

The Model of !he S~eam Ne!work is mode led by ~his way ~hat each elementary is represented as a capaci~y , conta1n1ng a perfec~ gas, exchanging calories with ~he outside (~hermic losses) receiving different feeding and furnishing a certain amount of demands.

Others blocks in Fig.4 are following: 31 . . . desired values of boiler water level 32,33 .. . controllers 34 .. . feedwa~er rate change dis~urbance 35 . .. feedwater integral transfer function

Mass and thermic balance re-es~ima~es the pressures and temperatures for each ' periodpf sampling . Flow (feeding and drawing off) for an elementary network are calcula~ed by means of valves simulation. Each valve has particular linear dynamic.

The some representative simula~ion resul~s of OPATOVICE Boiler are shown in Fig.S and Fig . 6. The heat flow (variable 3 in Fig . S) is fluctuating during step response because transfer func~ions F4(p) and FS(p) are high orders with ~ime delay.

At the beginning of the uni~ implementation it is difficult to know how a process will behave and its regulation will react. At ~his moment expensive loss of time and money can occur. To avoid this loss, the developer has to be able to validate ~he system before its implementation.

The fluctuation of heat flow is still suppor~' by serrate-dentate load changes of disturbance (variable 8) in Fig.6. 4.0PATOVICE POVER PLANT ENGINEERING SIMULATOR

4 . 1 Conte1llporary state of Power Plant .

The utilisation of an Engineering Simulator meets this requirement, by testing the different solutions on the simulated process. It is this sta~e that personnel can ask "Io/ha~-if" queSt10ns and obtain realis~ic answers . For this case the modularity to study separately parts of process, mus~ be built-in .

There are installed six uniform G-230 steam boilers (6x230 tph) and six ~urboalterna~ors (6xSS MY), which are gradually being equipped by the e ZAT SERIES E modular Czech control system. The all boilers G-230 are pulverized coal fired, dry bo~~om, balanced draf~, natural circula~ion. The heat-flow diagram of Plant is shown in Fig.7.

con~emporary

The some representative simula~ion results of OPATOVICE Engineering Simulator will be shown , during sympusium presentation.

Power

S . vRESOVA

4.2 Extended state after reconstruction. The OPATOVICE Power Plan~ will be reconstructed and enlarged abou~ Gas - part of Combined Cycle. This recons~ruction will be commissioned at 1998.

COMBINED CYCLE PLANT TRAINING SIMULATOR

OPERATOR

Combined Cycle Models and Operator Training Simulator are developed with cooperation in above mentioned French company RSI , Grenobel. In the field of energy, RSI developed the Models Library ,of ~hermal pOlo/er plants modules . RSI's catalogue offer a choice of products, which include industrial process simulators (backbone sof~ware SORYA-MX and a catalogue of modules Models Library).

New equipment will be probably following: - GEe Als~hom Gas Turbine ( 70 MYe ) - Vas~e-Hea~ Recycle S~eam Genera~or (HRSG) The heat-flow diagram of ex~ended Combined Cycle Plan~ is shown in Fig . 8 .

The modelling , because of the rigorous 'approach " gives a representa~ion which closely matches with the reality . So, shu~ down and star~ up can be simulated close to real life

4.3 Model , for Engineering Simulator. Today s cus~om simula~ors can be cons~ruc~ed as exac~ duplicates 'o f the process uni~ or even several in~egra~ed process uni~s. This replica of ~he facili~y can be used for more ~han jus~ opera~or ~raining, bu~ i~ can also be useu to develop safe and operable con~rol schemes and enhance ~he knowledge of the process uni~ by ~echnical personnel (Neuman , 1994) .

situa~ion.

SORYA-MX Dynamic Simulator package is used in developmen~ of vRESOVA Combined Cycle Plant , Operator Training Simulator because it is ~ailored for full-scope nonlinear dynamic ~ . SORYA-MX Dynamic Simulator is designed for ~raining and engineering process operation studies (Neuman, 1996).

346

The very importan"t for our developing of YRESOYA Combined Cycle Plant Opera,ing Training Simulator is fact that YRESOYA Plant is similar as KAVAS Plant . Therefore ,he user s mode1ing software of KAVAS can be modificated for YRESOYA Simulator.

5.1 Simulation model . Y~ESOYA Combined Cycle Power PlanL wi,h ,wo combined cycle uni,s (2 x 185 MVe) was pu, i~ operation in Czech Republic this year. YRESOYA Power Plant is equipped by complete Distributed Con,rol Sys,em ALSPA P320 DCS with CENTRALOG SO VME Sta,ion. Each cycle of YRESOYA Plant is composed of 1 x 135 MVe GEC Als,hom gas turbine and 1 x SO MVe ABB-PBS steam ,urbine.

6.CONCLUSIONS The mathemetical description of non-linear system generally a system of partial non-linear equations. the solution of which and practical only for certain sLate conditions.

The common basis of all simulaLors is ,he process model whose objective is to replicate ,he real process behaviour. The compuLer. supporting this model. plays the role of the real-life unit.

Therefore it is suitable. and someti~es necessary to approximate a description of certain technological func,ional units to the system with concentrated parame'ers. This approximation results to ,he system of ordinary non-linear differential cqua,ions;This sys,em of non-linear differential equations is a basis. for example. for non-linear model of combined gas-steam cycle. that is necessary for numeric simulation of large operational . changes of outputs. including starting and breaking periods within a range from 0 to 100 ~ of nominal output of power plants.

A realistic reproduc,ion of the real time process. the simu1a,ion ~hich is based on mathematical models so as to ob,ain an important accuracy including for start-up and shutdovn simu1ations and emergency conditions are main fea,uro5 of Opera,or Training Simulators (OTS). 5.2 Operator Training Simulator .

The

basic

requiremen,s

of

customer

dynamics of results to differential is possible boundary and

are

fol1o~ing:

The opera>or sta>ion must be the replica ,ype of the real operator station also with real control panel. The ins>ruc>or station is equipped so as the instrucLor could: a) enter the tasks of parLicular regimes (the kind of fuel. power and heat plant output •... ). b) track of the actions of the trainee. c) stop and start the process of ,he ,raining simulator during the operation. d) track of his lecturer operation mode. including malfunc,ions scenarios. instructions for their elimina,ion. etc.

Ve can conclude that ,he main functions Engineering Simula"tor are following:

of

- Design study power plant modifications - Check controller ranges. ac"tions and down limits - Test the control strategies and the control logic before its implementation - Elaborate the operational and maintenance manuals before start-up of modified power plant Transfer of much DCS engineering work directly to ,he control sys,em from the simulator

The ins,ruc,or station need not be the replica ,ype of the real control panel of boiler

In short. Engineering performance ,ools to decisions.

These requirements call for Direct Connect Type of Training Simulator. Ve can describe the main function of i,. Atypical operations such as s,art-up or shutdown will be played out on ,he simulator so as to explore emergency situa,ions ,ha, occur infrequently or may never occur under normal operating conditions. Trainees and operators seeking refresher information can experiment and recreate a,ypical events and practice their response skills and learn the consequences or their actions without risk to "the plant.

Simulators are high improve engineering

Ve can also presume ,he main advantages of Operator Training Simulators on our contemporary experiences as follows: - Increase in personnel and equipmen, security so as "to limit the damages and risk New operators learn by practising their responses vithout risk to the plant Fast training of operators in realistic situations and under safe conditions Saving in both time and money thanks to faster plant commissioning The proce-;s control is more accurate. which · increases the produced quantities. their quality and reduces at the same time ,he consumption of energy and raw-materials A more efficient co-operation and comprehension between engineers and operators leads to substantial economies

5 . 30TS reference.

In the energy field one main reference of RSI company is full-scope direct connect tra1n1ng simulator of KAVAS Combined Cycle Power Plant in India. KAVAS Power Plant has two combined-cycles units 2 x 330 MVe. each cycle is composed of 2x 110 MVe GEC Alsthom gas ,urbines and 1 x 110 MVe GEC A1sthom steam ,urbine. The controlled system CEGELEC is modelled by using of SORYA-MX software. Instructor Sta"tion is also realized by SORYA-MX. The simulation computer is an HP/834 works"ta"tion. Operator S,ation is realized by CENTRA LOG YME (proprie"tary sys"tem of CEGELEC). This Soft Link Training Simulator was commissioned in the year 1992.

In short. Operator Training Simulator one like trump cards for increasing productivity and plant safety .

347

REFERENCES Dolezal . R. and L. Varcop (1970) . Process Dynamics . 1 . ed . ELSEVIER. London. JarkovskY.J . • J. Fessl and J. Kar.ak (1984) . Once-.hrough subcri.ical s.eam genera.or dynamic analysis by 200 MV uni. modeling . 8.h Poyer Sys.em Compu.a.ion Conference. Hels i nki. Kopriva . M. (1993) . Program CADCS - Sof.yare for simula.ion of dynamic sys.ems . In.erna.ional Vorkshop on Applied Au.oma.ic Con.rol VAAC 93. Prague . Kopfiva. M. and P . Neuman (1995). Simula.ion sys.em CADCS yi.h applica.ion of dynamic model of a boilers for fossil fuel . In.erna.ional Con.rol Conference NSAEP 95. Zlin . Neuman. P . • a • . al. (1988a) . S.a.e con.roller yi.h observer design for superhea.er .empera.ure con.rol. 4.h IFAC Symposium on CADCS 88. Beijing . Neuman. P . (1988). A self-.uning predic.ive regula.or. 8.h ._IFAC/IFORS Symposium on lden.ifica.ion and Sys.em Parame.er Es.ima.ion . Beijing. Neuman . P . . J. Fessl and V. Koch.a (1988) . A microprocessor based regula.or SKODA SCS yi.h adap.ive con.rol algori.hms. 8.h IFAC/ IFORS Symposium on Iden.ifica.ion and Sys.em Parame.er Es.ima.ion. Beijing. Neuman.P.(1994) . Poyer plan.s .raining and engineering simula.ors (in Czech). Is. In.erna.ional Conference on Process Con.rol ~lp 94 . Horni Be6va. Neuman. P. (1996) . Training and engineering simula.ors of .echnological processes in refinery indus.ry. 2nd In.erna.ional Conference on Process Con.rol ~lp 96. Horni Be6va . Panzarella. L. (1995). lndus.rial process simula.ion. RSI Dynamic Simula.ion and Advanced Process Con.rol Technologies. Company brochures . Zanobe •• i.D. (1989) . Power S.a.ion Simu1a.ors. ELSEVIER . Ams.erdam.

stean heded rredum

't ~

Fig. 3. Block diagram

o~

the superheater

348

S

,'t

SK

•..•••••••.• V

flue g:::s heating rredum

Fig. 2. Diagram

o~

K

VK,'t K

the superheater wal

T3 Tl

p

Vp

~®_U_1"",,_~)-+--+

Lr

H5

Y2

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the combustion chamber

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the boiler

349

U

Steam quantity Steam pressure Heat flow Coefficient alf'a

Min. -0.3 -0.4 -0.2

A tual.

0 -0.~29

0 0

l.

Max.

Actual.

5 6 7 8

~ .5

0.89 0.9 .2

Primary air rate Secondary air Gain coefficient Deviation

Max .

2 -0.02

~.02

0

2

2 3

o.

~--------------~

Mln.

0 0

____

l.

3

----------~6

3

.................. ...................................... ~

----~------------~------------_Jl.

o

t

=0

1.000-

Fig. 5. Simulation step responses on load change

U

Actual .

Ste£sm quantity 0 . 327 Steam pressure -0.0424 3: Heat flow 0.726 -1.28 4: Coefficient alfa 1: 2:

Min. -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 J.

Max . 1. .-5 S 0.89 6 0.9 7 2 a

ut Actual . Pr i mary air rate -0.558 Secondary a i r 0.941. Deviation -0.323 Fuel heatin value 0 . 1.27

Min .

2 -0.02 2 0

Max . 3 J..02 3 1.

1 _ _....,~2

8 1000 . 7

Fig. 6. Simulation step responses on disturbances

350

BOILERS

No. 1 ·6

P 9.6, t535

10

p1 .0,t220,

11

~~---+------~--~-------

l

Feedwater to boners

15

14

P-MPa t - deg C

Fig. 7. Heat-flow diagram of the OPATOVICE Power Plant

--+-----.-----0

L---{~_--'_ _

0

<+==------® 1-GT

2-HRSG 3- FEEDWATEP. 4- LP steam 5- HP .steam ..

Fig. 8. Heat-flow diagram of the OPATOVICE Combined Cycle

351

®