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Enhancement of Sulfaquinoxaline Activity by Nystatin
581
CAROTENOIDS IN SKIN AND YOLK
Peterson, W. J., J. S. Hughes and L. F. Payne, 1939. The carotenoid pigments: Occurrence, properties, methods of determination, and metabolism of the hen. Kansas State College Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 46. Quackenbush, F. W., J. G. Firch, W. J. Rabourn, M. McQuistan, E. N. Petzold and T. E. Kargl, 1961. Composition of corn-analysis of carotenoids in corn grain. Ag. Food Chem. 9: 132135. Schrenk, W. G., D. S. Chapin and R. M. Conrad, 1944. Determination of vitamin A in dehydrated eggs. Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 16: 632-634. Thompson, C. R., M. A. Ewan, S. M. Hauge, B. B. Bohren and F. W. Quackenbush, 1946. Chemical determination of vitamin A in dried whole eggs. Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 18: 113-115. Williams, W. P., R. E. Davies and J. R. Couch, 1963. The utilization of carotenoids by the hen and chick. Poultry Sci. 42: 691-699. Zechmeister, L., and P. Tuzson, 1934. Isolation of lipochrome from chicken fat and horse fat. Z. Physiol. Chem. 225: 189-195.
Enhancement of Sulfaquinoxaline Activity by Nystatin SAMUEL G. KAHN AND PAUL ACTOR1 Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Received for Publication November 5, 1965)
W
ITH the many medicaments being added to poultry rations, it is of interest and importance to determine if one feed additive influences the activity of another. We have observed that feeding nystatin (N) increases the blood level of sulfaquinoxaline (Sq), and this influence is reflected by a greater efficacy of Sq against E. tenella infections in chicks. Blood was withdrawn periodically from turkeys being fed Sq or Sq+N. The whole blood samples were extracted with 1:1 methyl ethyl ketone prior to the analysis for Sq (A.O.A.C. method, 19SS), and in the 'Present address: Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.
birds fed N, analysis for N was conducted following the procedure of Pagano and Stander (1955). The results shown in Table 1 TABLE 1.—Effect of nystatin on blood level of sulfaquinoxaline Treatment 1 Sq
Sq+N
Mean Sq value (p.p.m.) 3
No. of2 birds
5 day
10 day 13 day
total
5 5
33.6 44.4
35.9 42.3
33.1 42.7
Netted class analysis of variance 1
29.7 41.5
P<0.05
Sq = sulfaquinoxaline (250 mg./kg. diet), N = nystatin (220 mg./kg. diet). i Two male and 3 female turkeys were used for each treatment. 3 Sq was not detected at 0 day (<0.4 p.p.m.).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 7, 2015
xanthophylls in fresh and dehydrated alfalfa. J. Ag. Food Chem. 2 : 563-566. Brockman, H., and O. Volker, 1934. The yellow feather pigment of the canary and the presence of carotenoids in birds. Z. Physiol. Chem. 224: 193-243. Curl, A. L., and G. F. Bailey, 1961. Carotenoid epoxide detection: An improved test for epoxides. Ag. Food Chem. 9: 403-405. Ganguly, J., J. W. Mehl and H. J. Deuel, Jr., 1953. Studies on carotenoid metabolism XII. The effect of dietary carotenoids on the carotenoid distribution in the tissue of chickens. J. Nutrition, 50: 59-72. Goodwin, T. W., 1954. Carotenoids, Their Comparative Biochemistry. Chem. Publishing Co., Inc., New York, New York. Marusich, W., E. DeRitter and J. C. Bauernfeind, 1960. Evaluation of carotenoid pigments for coloring egg yolks. Poultry Sci. 39: 1338-1345. Palmer, L. S., 1915. Xanthophyll, the principal natural yellow pigment of the egg yolk, body fat, and blood serum of the hen. The physiological relation of the pigment to the xanthophyll of plants. J. Biol. Chem. 23: 261-279.
582
S. G. KAHN AND P. ACTOR
TABLE 2.—Effect of nystatin and sulfaquinoxaline in Eimeria tenella infected chicks1
Basal Basal Basal Basal 1 2 3
diet (NR 109) diet+Sq diet+Sq+N diet+N
20 50 80 60
60 50 38 65
Data are a composite of several experiments. Sq = sulfaquinoxaline (250 mg./kg. diet), N=nystatin (220 mg./kg. diet). White Leghorn chicks, 3-4 weeks old.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Methods of Analysis, section 32.237. Pagano, J. F., and H. Stander, 1955. Bioassay of nystatin (mycostatin) in body fluids. International symposium: Therapy of Fungus Diseases, Little, Brown & Co.
Hypothalamic Lesions, Growth and Body Composition of Male Chickens S. LEPKOVSKY AND M. YASUDA* Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Berkeley, California (Received for publication November 8, 1965)
INTRODUCTION
H
YPERPHAGIA and aphagia have been produced in many animals with appropriate lesions in the hypothalamus (Brobeck, 1946; Mayer, 1953). Previously, numerous attempts in this laboratory to produce hyperphagia in chickens by means of lesions in the ventromedial nucleus failed. As a guide, the coordinates which had been successfully used to produce hyperphagia in rats were used in placing le* Present address: Department of Animal Husbandry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
sions in the hypothalamus of the chickens. While hyperphagic chickens were not produced, aphagic chickens were produced (Feldman et al., 1957). The lesions that produced aphagia were in the anterior, medial or posterior hypothalamus, and not localized in a specific area of the lateral hypothalamus as they were in rats. The results indicated that aphagia was caused by the interruption of a neural circuit and this agreed with the suggestion made by Brobeck (1955). An atlas of the hypothalamus was constructed, and it indicated that hypothalam-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 7, 2015
indicate that increased Sq blood levels were obtained when N was fed with Sq. The amount of feed consumed by each treatment was essentially equal. Nystatin was not detected in the blood of any test bird. Chicks were fed their respective test diets one day prior to injection with 20,000 sporulated oocysts of a pathogenic strain of E. tenella. Comparison of the groups was conducted on the basis of percent mortali-
ty. All of the deaths observed occurred between 120 and 168 hours post infection. The data summarized in Table 2 strongly suggest that N enhanced Sq coccidiostat activity in E. tenella infected chicks. Nystatin, itself, did not possess coccidiostat, activity. The results show that N increases the blood level of Sq and Sq coccidiostat activity. Nystatin probably exerts its influence on Sq when in the digestive tract of the bird, since nystatin itself is not absorbed. This synergistic effect of nystatin has not been observed with combinations of nystatin and other medicaments.
CAROTENOIDS IN SKIN AND YOLK
Peterson, W. J., J. S. Hughes and L. F. Payne, 1939. The carotenoid pigments: Occurrence, properties, methods of determination, and metabolism of the hen. Kansas State College Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 46. Quackenbush, F. W., J. G. Firch, W. J. Rabourn, M. McQuistan, E. N. Petzold and T. E. Kargl, 1961. Composition of corn-analysis of carotenoids in corn grain. Ag. Food Chem. 9: 132135. Schrenk, W. G., D. S. Chapin and R. M. Conrad, 1944. Determination of vitamin A in dehydrated eggs. Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 16: 632-634. Thompson, C. R., M. A. Ewan, S. M. Hauge, B. B. Bohren and F. W. Quackenbush, 1946. Chemical determination of vitamin A in dried whole eggs. Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 18: 113-115. Williams, W. P., R. E. Davies and J. R. Couch, 1963. The utilization of carotenoids by the hen and chick. Poultry Sci. 42: 691-699. Zechmeister, L., and P. Tuzson, 1934. Isolation of lipochrome from chicken fat and horse fat. Z. Physiol. Chem. 225: 189-195.
Enhancement of Sulfaquinoxaline Activity by Nystatin SAMUEL G. KAHN AND PAUL ACTOR1 Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Received for Publication November 5, 1965)
W
ITH the many medicaments being added to poultry rations, it is of interest and importance to determine if one feed additive influences the activity of another. We have observed that feeding nystatin (N) increases the blood level of sulfaquinoxaline (Sq), and this influence is reflected by a greater efficacy of Sq against E. tenella infections in chicks. Blood was withdrawn periodically from turkeys being fed Sq or Sq+N. The whole blood samples were extracted with 1:1 methyl ethyl ketone prior to the analysis for Sq (A.O.A.C. method, 19SS), and in the 'Present address: Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.
birds fed N, analysis for N was conducted following the procedure of Pagano and Stander (1955). The results shown in Table 1 TABLE 1.—Effect of nystatin on blood level of sulfaquinoxaline Treatment 1 Sq
Sq+N
Mean Sq value (p.p.m.) 3
No. of2 birds
5 day
10 day 13 day
total
5 5
33.6 44.4
35.9 42.3
33.1 42.7
Netted class analysis of variance 1
29.7 41.5
P<0.05
Sq = sulfaquinoxaline (250 mg./kg. diet), N = nystatin (220 mg./kg. diet). i Two male and 3 female turkeys were used for each treatment. 3 Sq was not detected at 0 day (<0.4 p.p.m.).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 7, 2015
xanthophylls in fresh and dehydrated alfalfa. J. Ag. Food Chem. 2 : 563-566. Brockman, H., and O. Volker, 1934. The yellow feather pigment of the canary and the presence of carotenoids in birds. Z. Physiol. Chem. 224: 193-243. Curl, A. L., and G. F. Bailey, 1961. Carotenoid epoxide detection: An improved test for epoxides. Ag. Food Chem. 9: 403-405. Ganguly, J., J. W. Mehl and H. J. Deuel, Jr., 1953. Studies on carotenoid metabolism XII. The effect of dietary carotenoids on the carotenoid distribution in the tissue of chickens. J. Nutrition, 50: 59-72. Goodwin, T. W., 1954. Carotenoids, Their Comparative Biochemistry. Chem. Publishing Co., Inc., New York, New York. Marusich, W., E. DeRitter and J. C. Bauernfeind, 1960. Evaluation of carotenoid pigments for coloring egg yolks. Poultry Sci. 39: 1338-1345. Palmer, L. S., 1915. Xanthophyll, the principal natural yellow pigment of the egg yolk, body fat, and blood serum of the hen. The physiological relation of the pigment to the xanthophyll of plants. J. Biol. Chem. 23: 261-279.
582
S. G. KAHN AND P. ACTOR
TABLE 2.—Effect of nystatin and sulfaquinoxaline in Eimeria tenella infected chicks1
Basal Basal Basal Basal 1 2 3
diet (NR 109) diet+Sq diet+Sq+N diet+N
20 50 80 60
60 50 38 65
Data are a composite of several experiments. Sq = sulfaquinoxaline (250 mg./kg. diet), N=nystatin (220 mg./kg. diet). White Leghorn chicks, 3-4 weeks old.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Methods of Analysis, section 32.237. Pagano, J. F., and H. Stander, 1955. Bioassay of nystatin (mycostatin) in body fluids. International symposium: Therapy of Fungus Diseases, Little, Brown & Co.
Hypothalamic Lesions, Growth and Body Composition of Male Chickens S. LEPKOVSKY AND M. YASUDA* Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Berkeley, California (Received for publication November 8, 1965)
INTRODUCTION
H
YPERPHAGIA and aphagia have been produced in many animals with appropriate lesions in the hypothalamus (Brobeck, 1946; Mayer, 1953). Previously, numerous attempts in this laboratory to produce hyperphagia in chickens by means of lesions in the ventromedial nucleus failed. As a guide, the coordinates which had been successfully used to produce hyperphagia in rats were used in placing le* Present address: Department of Animal Husbandry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
sions in the hypothalamus of the chickens. While hyperphagic chickens were not produced, aphagic chickens were produced (Feldman et al., 1957). The lesions that produced aphagia were in the anterior, medial or posterior hypothalamus, and not localized in a specific area of the lateral hypothalamus as they were in rats. The results indicated that aphagia was caused by the interruption of a neural circuit and this agreed with the suggestion made by Brobeck (1955). An atlas of the hypothalamus was constructed, and it indicated that hypothalam-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 7, 2015
indicate that increased Sq blood levels were obtained when N was fed with Sq. The amount of feed consumed by each treatment was essentially equal. Nystatin was not detected in the blood of any test bird. Chicks were fed their respective test diets one day prior to injection with 20,000 sporulated oocysts of a pathogenic strain of E. tenella. Comparison of the groups was conducted on the basis of percent mortali-
ty. All of the deaths observed occurred between 120 and 168 hours post infection. The data summarized in Table 2 strongly suggest that N enhanced Sq coccidiostat activity in E. tenella infected chicks. Nystatin, itself, did not possess coccidiostat, activity. The results show that N increases the blood level of Sq and Sq coccidiostat activity. Nystatin probably exerts its influence on Sq when in the digestive tract of the bird, since nystatin itself is not absorbed. This synergistic effect of nystatin has not been observed with combinations of nystatin and other medicaments.