- Email: [email protected]
Entrepreneurship today
Technovation 26 (2006) 139–141 www.elsevier.com/locate/technovation
Editorial
Entrepreneurship today The focus of this issue of Technovation is entrepreneurship and SME’s. The field of entrepreneurship, while included in the scope of Technovation, is seen as one area that has been perhaps under-represented in the past (Merino, 2006). However, papers representing the intersection of technology and entrepreneurship are of course welcome and frequently published. To get a better understanding of where entrepreneurship research sits recently and Technovation’s place in this interest area, an analysis was conducted of recent papers covering the years 2001–2005 that are listed on Scopus (www. scopus.com)1. Data was collected through an assessment of all papers identified using the search term entrepre* in their title, keywords or abstract. This approach may overlook some papers and incorrectly include others, but provides good initial insights to who is publishing in what journals. The first point of interest is the truly interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship. Fig. 1 indicates how many papers the search identified in different fields from 2001 to 2005. The top three fields are Engineering; Economics, Management and Business; and Earth and Environmental Sciences. In all three of these fields over 1000 papers are listed by the search. While a number of other fields are represented, the frequency of entrepreneurship related articles is much lower. Next, by looking at the specific journals, rather than the overall fields, a list of journals that have a history of publishing entrepreneurship related work emerges (see Table 1). Presumably, journals that frequently publish entrepreneurship work in the past are likely to be good places to submit manuscripts and find cutting edge research in the future. Unsurprisingly, the range of journals frequently publishing entrepreneurship articles reflects the interdisciplinary nature of this interest area. However, the journals listed focus more on the Economics, Management and Business field and journals that are outside this field, but on its periphery. Depending on the specific content of the article certain journals on the list will clearly be a better fit and in some cases the best fit might be in the journals that although on the list are among the less frequent. Please note Technovation is listed as the fifth most frequent on the list, of journals publishing entrepreneurship 1 Scopus is a product of the publisher Elsevier. It was decided to use Scopus for this assessment, since Scopus is an inclusive database that offers broad coverage for the dates under consideration.
0166-4972/$ - see front matter q 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2006.01.001
related articles, with 42 articles during the 5 year study period. This is a result of Technovation’s long-standing tradition as an outlet for research focused on technological entrepreneurship. The most common conferences for entrepreneurship related work noted by Scopus are: ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings (106), IEEE International Engineering Management Conference (42), ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings (21), and Proceedings— Frontiers in Education Conference (12). Having considered which fields and journals are involved in publishing in the entrepreneurship area it is a small step to consider who (authors) has been very active over the 5 year study period and the location of the research activity. From inspection one can see that the authors tend to be at a variety of institutions (Table 2). At this time, there does not appear to be large groupings of active researchers as in some other areas of interest, such as the management of technology (Linton, 2004). The exception based on this initial search is the University of Nottingham with three very active researchers. Case Western Reserve, Free University—Amsterdam, Indiana University, Lehigh University, Max Planck Institute, RPI, University of Strathclyde and University of Virginia are the home to two very active researchers. The authors tend to be more localized if considered from a country perspective. All 49 are in a dozen countries. Fig. 2 shows that most of the active entrepreneurship researchers are in two countries—the USA and UK. Finally, some information is provided regarding the more frequently cited papers in the field of entrepreneurship. There is a critical qualitative difference of course between frequency of publication and the impact of a paper. Also since time is required for impact to occur, it is too early to determine which of the papers published from 2001–2005 are likely to have a major impact on the field. Therefore, a similar search was conducted on Scopus for all years, based on the number of times a paper was cited. Table 3 lists all papers that the search identified as being cited 50 of more times. As points of reference, two books seen as important to the field of entrepreneurship are included in this table (the books are italicized). Having taken a quick overview of the current status of entrepreneurship as an area of interest, attention will now return to the special issue. The issue begins with Cornelius and Persson’s assessment of the venture capital literature. This is followed by consideration of start-up selection (Csaszar, Nussbaum and Sepulveda) and the critical success factors
140
Editorial / Technovation 26 (2006) 139–141 Table 2 List of authors, with an academic affiliation, identified as publishing 5 or more papers per year over the 5 year study period
Number of Articles
1400 1200
1198 1082
1020
1000
Author
Number of articles
Affiliation
Shane S
16
Wright M
14
Acs Z J
12
Audretsch D B
12
Keuschnigg C Shepherd D A
9 9
Autio E Baron R A
8 8
Harrison R T
8
Fig. 1. Number of articles on entrepre* in different fields based on a search of articles, published from 2001–2005 inclusive (search date: December 24, 2005).
Levesque M
8
Mcdougall P P
8
associated with high-tech start-up in Israel (Chorev and Anderson). Foo, Wia and Lang then examine the differentiating factors that are apparent in female ‘technopreneurs’ in Asia. Next, a series of three papers gives consider different aspects of teaching entrepreneurship from: an action-oriented (Rasmussen and Sorheim), a project-based (Okudan and Rzasa),
Nijkamp P
8
Ram M
8
Zahra S A
8
Feldman M P
7
Harada N
7
Mason C M Ochs J B Thurik R Carter S Cooke P Henrekson M Kuratko D F
7 7 7 6 6 6 6
Markman G D
6
Phan P H
6
Putz R
6
Sarasvathy S D Sternberg R
6 6
Watkins T A
6
Westhead P
6
Alvarez S A
5
Boyd R L
5
Brush C G
5
D Cruz C
5
Etzkowitz H
5
Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Max-Plank-Institute of Economics, Germany Max-Planck Institute of Economics, Germany University of St. Gallen, Switzerland Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, USA HEC Universite´ de Lausanne, Switzerland Lally School of Management and Technology, RPI, USA Management School, University of Edinburgh, UK Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, USA Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, USA Faculty of Economics/Business, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, UK A.M. Blank Ctr. Entrepreneurship, Babson College, USA Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Canada School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Lehigh University, USA Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Cardiff University, UK Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden Miller College of Business, Ball State University, USA Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, USA Lally School of Management and Technology, RPI, USA Geographisches Institut, Universita¨t Mainz, Germany Darden School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, USA Dept. of Economic and Social Geography, University of Cologne, Germany Department of Economics, Lehigh University, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, USA Dept. Sociol. Anthropol./Social Work, Mississippi State University, USA School of Management, Boston University, USA Engineering Systems Department, Florida Institute of Technology, USA State University of New York, USA (continued on next page)
800 600 400 200
358 337 177 127
47
28
17
8
Ec
Ea on rth om an ic d E s, Bu nvi si ron En ne g m ss en ine er , a ta l nd S ing M cie an nc ag es Ag em ric en ul S tu t oc re ia He l S al an t h c d Bi Life ien c ol og Sc es ie ic nc al Sc es Ps ienc yc es ho C log he y m is tr y P M hy s at he ics m at ic s
0
Field of Study
Table 1 Journals that publish the most articles on entrepre*, based on a search of the years 2001–2005 inclusive (search date: December 24, 2005) Journal
Number of articles
Journal of Business Venturing Small Business Economics Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Research Policy Technovation Journal of Business Ethics Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Journal of Small Business Management Venture Capital Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Regional Studies Strategic Management Journal Nature Biotechnology Journal of Management Economic Development Quarterly Academy of Management Executive Industry and Innovation International Journal of Technology Management European Management Journal Harvard Business Review International Small Business Journal International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research Nature Urban Studies Journal of Evolutionary Economics
110 98 55 43 42 32 28 27 27 24 21 20 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 14 14 14
Editorial / Technovation 26 (2006) 139–141
Number of articles
Author George G Hult G T M
5 5
Ireland R D
5
Jones M V
5
Kristiansen S
5
Lerner M
5
Locke E A
5
Masurel E
5
Nielsen S B
5
O Neal T Sorenson O
5 5
Ucbasaran D
5
Venkataraman S Wong P K
5
Table 3 List of highly cited works on entrepreneurship based on search of Scopus Affiliation University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Eli Broad Graduate School of Management, Michigan State University, USA Mays School of Business, Texas A and M University, USA School of Business and Management, University of Glasgow, UK School of Management, Agder University College, Norway Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, Israel Smith School of Business, University of Maryland College Park, USA Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark University of Central Florida, United States Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Darden School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, USA National University of Singapore, Singapore
5
USA UK Germany Netherlands
Location
141
Switzerland Singapore Denmark Israel
Authors
Year
Times cited
Schumpeter, J Uzzi, B Lumpkin, G.T., Dess, G.G De Soto, H Blanchflower, D.G., Oswald, A.J Nee, V Miller, D Stuart, T.E., Hoang, H., Hybels, R.C Kirzner, I.M Walker, G., Kogut, B., Shan, W Malecki, E.J Nee, V Busenitz, L.W., Barney, J.B Nee, V Hall, T., Hubbard, P Amit, R., Zott, C Grossman, G.M., Helpman, E Portes, A., Jensen, L Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J., Almeida, J.G Shane, S Parasuraman, S., et al McGrath, R.G Black, B.S., Gilson, R.J Burgelman, R.A Menon, A., Menon, A Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., Zempel, J Tyebjee, T.T., Bruno, A.V Birkinshaw, J Deeds, D.L., Hill, C.W.L Gimeno, J., et al Powell, W.W Terry, L.D Birkinshaw, J., Hood, N., Jonsson, S Almeida, P., Kogut, B Leitner, H Kirchhoff, B.A
1942 1997 1996 1989 1998 1989 1983 1999 1997 1997 1991 1996 1997 1991 1996 2001 1990 1989 2000 2000 1996 1999 1998 1983 1997 1996 1984 1997 1996 1997 1996 1998 1998 1997 1990 1994
1679 357 166 149 125 125 112 106 105 98 95 89 88 82 78 76 74 71 70 70 70 67 65 64 62 60 60 59 59 57 55 54 54 51 50 49
Sweden Norway Japan Canada 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Lal and Uddin study innovation in the context of developing economies. Additional details for each of the articles can be found on the table of contents and of course in each of the articles.
Number of Researchers Fig. 2. Distribution of researchers, publishing five or more papers over the study period, by country.
and a multi-discipinary (Luthje and Prugl) perspective. The remaining papers address various issues that small and medium enterprises face with innovation—learning new technologies (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Lal), integrating information technology (Ferneley and Bell), R&D project selection (Lawson, Longhurst, and Ivey), efficient deployment of innovation (O’Regan, Ghobadian and Sims), interface standards (Hyvattinen) and diffusion of incremental innovation (Uddin).
References Linton, J.D., 2004. Perspective: ranking business schools on the management of technology. Journal of Product Innovation Management 21 (4), 416–430. Merino, T.G., 2006. 25 years of Technovation. Characterisation and evolution of the journal—Dear Linsey, since this is not yet on the web, I cannot access its complete cite sorry.
Jonathan D. Linton Rensselaer Polytechnic Insititute, Lally School of Management and Technology, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA E-mail address: [email protected]
Editorial
Entrepreneurship today The focus of this issue of Technovation is entrepreneurship and SME’s. The field of entrepreneurship, while included in the scope of Technovation, is seen as one area that has been perhaps under-represented in the past (Merino, 2006). However, papers representing the intersection of technology and entrepreneurship are of course welcome and frequently published. To get a better understanding of where entrepreneurship research sits recently and Technovation’s place in this interest area, an analysis was conducted of recent papers covering the years 2001–2005 that are listed on Scopus (www. scopus.com)1. Data was collected through an assessment of all papers identified using the search term entrepre* in their title, keywords or abstract. This approach may overlook some papers and incorrectly include others, but provides good initial insights to who is publishing in what journals. The first point of interest is the truly interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship. Fig. 1 indicates how many papers the search identified in different fields from 2001 to 2005. The top three fields are Engineering; Economics, Management and Business; and Earth and Environmental Sciences. In all three of these fields over 1000 papers are listed by the search. While a number of other fields are represented, the frequency of entrepreneurship related articles is much lower. Next, by looking at the specific journals, rather than the overall fields, a list of journals that have a history of publishing entrepreneurship related work emerges (see Table 1). Presumably, journals that frequently publish entrepreneurship work in the past are likely to be good places to submit manuscripts and find cutting edge research in the future. Unsurprisingly, the range of journals frequently publishing entrepreneurship articles reflects the interdisciplinary nature of this interest area. However, the journals listed focus more on the Economics, Management and Business field and journals that are outside this field, but on its periphery. Depending on the specific content of the article certain journals on the list will clearly be a better fit and in some cases the best fit might be in the journals that although on the list are among the less frequent. Please note Technovation is listed as the fifth most frequent on the list, of journals publishing entrepreneurship 1 Scopus is a product of the publisher Elsevier. It was decided to use Scopus for this assessment, since Scopus is an inclusive database that offers broad coverage for the dates under consideration.
0166-4972/$ - see front matter q 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2006.01.001
related articles, with 42 articles during the 5 year study period. This is a result of Technovation’s long-standing tradition as an outlet for research focused on technological entrepreneurship. The most common conferences for entrepreneurship related work noted by Scopus are: ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings (106), IEEE International Engineering Management Conference (42), ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings (21), and Proceedings— Frontiers in Education Conference (12). Having considered which fields and journals are involved in publishing in the entrepreneurship area it is a small step to consider who (authors) has been very active over the 5 year study period and the location of the research activity. From inspection one can see that the authors tend to be at a variety of institutions (Table 2). At this time, there does not appear to be large groupings of active researchers as in some other areas of interest, such as the management of technology (Linton, 2004). The exception based on this initial search is the University of Nottingham with three very active researchers. Case Western Reserve, Free University—Amsterdam, Indiana University, Lehigh University, Max Planck Institute, RPI, University of Strathclyde and University of Virginia are the home to two very active researchers. The authors tend to be more localized if considered from a country perspective. All 49 are in a dozen countries. Fig. 2 shows that most of the active entrepreneurship researchers are in two countries—the USA and UK. Finally, some information is provided regarding the more frequently cited papers in the field of entrepreneurship. There is a critical qualitative difference of course between frequency of publication and the impact of a paper. Also since time is required for impact to occur, it is too early to determine which of the papers published from 2001–2005 are likely to have a major impact on the field. Therefore, a similar search was conducted on Scopus for all years, based on the number of times a paper was cited. Table 3 lists all papers that the search identified as being cited 50 of more times. As points of reference, two books seen as important to the field of entrepreneurship are included in this table (the books are italicized). Having taken a quick overview of the current status of entrepreneurship as an area of interest, attention will now return to the special issue. The issue begins with Cornelius and Persson’s assessment of the venture capital literature. This is followed by consideration of start-up selection (Csaszar, Nussbaum and Sepulveda) and the critical success factors
140
Editorial / Technovation 26 (2006) 139–141 Table 2 List of authors, with an academic affiliation, identified as publishing 5 or more papers per year over the 5 year study period
Number of Articles
1400 1200
1198 1082
1020
1000
Author
Number of articles
Affiliation
Shane S
16
Wright M
14
Acs Z J
12
Audretsch D B
12
Keuschnigg C Shepherd D A
9 9
Autio E Baron R A
8 8
Harrison R T
8
Fig. 1. Number of articles on entrepre* in different fields based on a search of articles, published from 2001–2005 inclusive (search date: December 24, 2005).
Levesque M
8
Mcdougall P P
8
associated with high-tech start-up in Israel (Chorev and Anderson). Foo, Wia and Lang then examine the differentiating factors that are apparent in female ‘technopreneurs’ in Asia. Next, a series of three papers gives consider different aspects of teaching entrepreneurship from: an action-oriented (Rasmussen and Sorheim), a project-based (Okudan and Rzasa),
Nijkamp P
8
Ram M
8
Zahra S A
8
Feldman M P
7
Harada N
7
Mason C M Ochs J B Thurik R Carter S Cooke P Henrekson M Kuratko D F
7 7 7 6 6 6 6
Markman G D
6
Phan P H
6
Putz R
6
Sarasvathy S D Sternberg R
6 6
Watkins T A
6
Westhead P
6
Alvarez S A
5
Boyd R L
5
Brush C G
5
D Cruz C
5
Etzkowitz H
5
Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Max-Plank-Institute of Economics, Germany Max-Planck Institute of Economics, Germany University of St. Gallen, Switzerland Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, USA HEC Universite´ de Lausanne, Switzerland Lally School of Management and Technology, RPI, USA Management School, University of Edinburgh, UK Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, USA Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, USA Faculty of Economics/Business, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, UK A.M. Blank Ctr. Entrepreneurship, Babson College, USA Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Canada School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Lehigh University, USA Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Cardiff University, UK Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden Miller College of Business, Ball State University, USA Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, USA Lally School of Management and Technology, RPI, USA Geographisches Institut, Universita¨t Mainz, Germany Darden School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, USA Dept. of Economic and Social Geography, University of Cologne, Germany Department of Economics, Lehigh University, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, USA Dept. Sociol. Anthropol./Social Work, Mississippi State University, USA School of Management, Boston University, USA Engineering Systems Department, Florida Institute of Technology, USA State University of New York, USA (continued on next page)
800 600 400 200
358 337 177 127
47
28
17
8
Ec
Ea on rth om an ic d E s, Bu nvi si ron En ne g m ss en ine er , a ta l nd S ing M cie an nc ag es Ag em ric en ul S tu t oc re ia He l S al an t h c d Bi Life ien c ol og Sc es ie ic nc al Sc es Ps ienc yc es ho C log he y m is tr y P M hy s at he ics m at ic s
0
Field of Study
Table 1 Journals that publish the most articles on entrepre*, based on a search of the years 2001–2005 inclusive (search date: December 24, 2005) Journal
Number of articles
Journal of Business Venturing Small Business Economics Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Research Policy Technovation Journal of Business Ethics Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Journal of Small Business Management Venture Capital Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Regional Studies Strategic Management Journal Nature Biotechnology Journal of Management Economic Development Quarterly Academy of Management Executive Industry and Innovation International Journal of Technology Management European Management Journal Harvard Business Review International Small Business Journal International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research Nature Urban Studies Journal of Evolutionary Economics
110 98 55 43 42 32 28 27 27 24 21 20 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 14 14 14
Editorial / Technovation 26 (2006) 139–141
Number of articles
Author George G Hult G T M
5 5
Ireland R D
5
Jones M V
5
Kristiansen S
5
Lerner M
5
Locke E A
5
Masurel E
5
Nielsen S B
5
O Neal T Sorenson O
5 5
Ucbasaran D
5
Venkataraman S Wong P K
5
Table 3 List of highly cited works on entrepreneurship based on search of Scopus Affiliation University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Eli Broad Graduate School of Management, Michigan State University, USA Mays School of Business, Texas A and M University, USA School of Business and Management, University of Glasgow, UK School of Management, Agder University College, Norway Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, Israel Smith School of Business, University of Maryland College Park, USA Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark University of Central Florida, United States Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University, UK Darden School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, USA National University of Singapore, Singapore
5
USA UK Germany Netherlands
Location
141
Switzerland Singapore Denmark Israel
Authors
Year
Times cited
Schumpeter, J Uzzi, B Lumpkin, G.T., Dess, G.G De Soto, H Blanchflower, D.G., Oswald, A.J Nee, V Miller, D Stuart, T.E., Hoang, H., Hybels, R.C Kirzner, I.M Walker, G., Kogut, B., Shan, W Malecki, E.J Nee, V Busenitz, L.W., Barney, J.B Nee, V Hall, T., Hubbard, P Amit, R., Zott, C Grossman, G.M., Helpman, E Portes, A., Jensen, L Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J., Almeida, J.G Shane, S Parasuraman, S., et al McGrath, R.G Black, B.S., Gilson, R.J Burgelman, R.A Menon, A., Menon, A Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., Zempel, J Tyebjee, T.T., Bruno, A.V Birkinshaw, J Deeds, D.L., Hill, C.W.L Gimeno, J., et al Powell, W.W Terry, L.D Birkinshaw, J., Hood, N., Jonsson, S Almeida, P., Kogut, B Leitner, H Kirchhoff, B.A
1942 1997 1996 1989 1998 1989 1983 1999 1997 1997 1991 1996 1997 1991 1996 2001 1990 1989 2000 2000 1996 1999 1998 1983 1997 1996 1984 1997 1996 1997 1996 1998 1998 1997 1990 1994
1679 357 166 149 125 125 112 106 105 98 95 89 88 82 78 76 74 71 70 70 70 67 65 64 62 60 60 59 59 57 55 54 54 51 50 49
Sweden Norway Japan Canada 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Lal and Uddin study innovation in the context of developing economies. Additional details for each of the articles can be found on the table of contents and of course in each of the articles.
Number of Researchers Fig. 2. Distribution of researchers, publishing five or more papers over the study period, by country.
and a multi-discipinary (Luthje and Prugl) perspective. The remaining papers address various issues that small and medium enterprises face with innovation—learning new technologies (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Lal), integrating information technology (Ferneley and Bell), R&D project selection (Lawson, Longhurst, and Ivey), efficient deployment of innovation (O’Regan, Ghobadian and Sims), interface standards (Hyvattinen) and diffusion of incremental innovation (Uddin).
References Linton, J.D., 2004. Perspective: ranking business schools on the management of technology. Journal of Product Innovation Management 21 (4), 416–430. Merino, T.G., 2006. 25 years of Technovation. Characterisation and evolution of the journal—Dear Linsey, since this is not yet on the web, I cannot access its complete cite sorry.
Jonathan D. Linton Rensselaer Polytechnic Insititute, Lally School of Management and Technology, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA E-mail address: [email protected]