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Environmental comfort and productivity
viewers watched TV at an average distance of 336-8 cm, an average visual angle of 6"6° . and at an average viewing angle of 23-3 b. The best predictors of viewing location were (1) percentage of time the viewer watched TV from furniture, (2) room area, and (3) screen width. 18,1.36 (101092)
Shook, R.E., and Spelt, P.F. A human factors analysis of ambulance design. In: Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors II, Ed by R.E. Eberts and C.G. Eberts. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1985, pp 4 1 7 422. Ambulance design suffers from a paucity of Human Factors considerations, especially for the driver's compartment. Data are presented which suggest that noise levels and control positions could contribute to decreased performance by the driver during high-speed emergency runs, and remedies are suggested. Soundproofing is the greatest need. Control relocations are also suggested.
Illumination 18.1.37 (101100)
Gordon, P. Subjective appraisals of road lighting.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1985, 17.3,116-119. CIE recommended values of roadlighting performance parameters have been established on the basis of investigations, generally those with subjective appraisals of roadqighting installations. This paper presents an analysis of the results of investigations of this type made in some European countries. The general conclusions are that it is not possible to establish the reliable correlation between the roadlighting performance parameters and the appraisals of these parameters; the results obtained do not give a sufficient basis for recommending any minimum values of road-lighting performance parameters. Reasons for the unreliability of the results of
investigations are considered, especially those concerning the present-day methods of investigation based on subjective appraisals made by observers.
Thermal conditions 18.1.38 (101143) Loyd, S. Environmental comfort and productivity. Building Services Research and Information Association, Bracknell, Berkshire, Bibliography No LB 79/85, 1985, 7 pp. Unsuitable working environments will have an adverse effect on productivity. A too warm environment creates lethargy and longer rests between work sessions, while being too cold will result in frequent stops to get warm; in both instances lack of concentration can lead to accidents and poor workmanship. Studies have shown that work output fails as the temperature rises above or falls below an optimum, at the rate of 0"5%/°C. Accidents also increase at about 1"5%/°C. Absenteeism, sickness, high labour turnover, and substandard products are other effects. In addition to thermal conditions, there are other factors which affect the wellbeing of workers - noise, light, humidity, ion content of the air, odours and air movement. Although available information on this complex and wide ranging subject is somewhat limited, this bibliography lists literature available from BSRIA library on the relationship between comfort conditions and worker productivity.
Work organisation 18.1.39 (101174) Goodstein, L.P. (Ed) Computer aided operation of complex systems: Experimental testing and evaluation. Final report of the NKA Project LIT-3.2 and -3.3. Riso National Laboratory, Roskllde, Denmark, Report No RISO-M-2532, 1985, 67 pp.
Advanced technology is having the effect that industrial systems are becoming more highly aut omated and do not rely on human intervention for the control of normally planned and/or predicted situations. Thus the importance of the operator has shifted from being a manual controller to becoming more of a systems manager and supervisory controller. At the same time, the use of advanced information technology in the control room and its potential impact on human-machine system capabilities places additional demands on the designer. This report deals with work carried out to describe the plant-operator relationship in order to systemise the design and evaluation of suitable information systems in the control room. This design process starts with the control requirements from the plant and transforms them into corresponding sets of decision-making tasks with appropriate allocation of responsibilities between computer and operator. To further effect this cooperation, appropriate information display and accession are identified. The conceptual work has been supported by experimental studies on a small-scale simulator.
Selection 18.1.40 (101434) Mittelsten Scheid, E. Adequate work for each disabled person: The ERTOMIS ability and requirement profiles for the adequate determination of a workplace (Jedem Behinderten die Richtige Arbeit - Die ERTOMIS Fahigkeits- und Anforderungsprofile zur Angemessenen Bestimmung des Arbeitsplatzes). (In German.) International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1985, 8.3, 259-271. The ERTOMIS system facilitates the job placement of disabled people, it can also help decide on eventual complementary rehabilitation measures directed towards the better adjustment of the disabled to a certain work, or the improved adjustment of that work to the abilities of the disabled.
Applied Ergonomics
March 1987
81
Shook, R.E., and Spelt, P.F. A human factors analysis of ambulance design. In: Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors II, Ed by R.E. Eberts and C.G. Eberts. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1985, pp 4 1 7 422. Ambulance design suffers from a paucity of Human Factors considerations, especially for the driver's compartment. Data are presented which suggest that noise levels and control positions could contribute to decreased performance by the driver during high-speed emergency runs, and remedies are suggested. Soundproofing is the greatest need. Control relocations are also suggested.
Illumination 18.1.37 (101100)
Gordon, P. Subjective appraisals of road lighting.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1985, 17.3,116-119. CIE recommended values of roadlighting performance parameters have been established on the basis of investigations, generally those with subjective appraisals of roadqighting installations. This paper presents an analysis of the results of investigations of this type made in some European countries. The general conclusions are that it is not possible to establish the reliable correlation between the roadlighting performance parameters and the appraisals of these parameters; the results obtained do not give a sufficient basis for recommending any minimum values of road-lighting performance parameters. Reasons for the unreliability of the results of
investigations are considered, especially those concerning the present-day methods of investigation based on subjective appraisals made by observers.
Thermal conditions 18.1.38 (101143) Loyd, S. Environmental comfort and productivity. Building Services Research and Information Association, Bracknell, Berkshire, Bibliography No LB 79/85, 1985, 7 pp. Unsuitable working environments will have an adverse effect on productivity. A too warm environment creates lethargy and longer rests between work sessions, while being too cold will result in frequent stops to get warm; in both instances lack of concentration can lead to accidents and poor workmanship. Studies have shown that work output fails as the temperature rises above or falls below an optimum, at the rate of 0"5%/°C. Accidents also increase at about 1"5%/°C. Absenteeism, sickness, high labour turnover, and substandard products are other effects. In addition to thermal conditions, there are other factors which affect the wellbeing of workers - noise, light, humidity, ion content of the air, odours and air movement. Although available information on this complex and wide ranging subject is somewhat limited, this bibliography lists literature available from BSRIA library on the relationship between comfort conditions and worker productivity.
Work organisation 18.1.39 (101174) Goodstein, L.P. (Ed) Computer aided operation of complex systems: Experimental testing and evaluation. Final report of the NKA Project LIT-3.2 and -3.3. Riso National Laboratory, Roskllde, Denmark, Report No RISO-M-2532, 1985, 67 pp.
Advanced technology is having the effect that industrial systems are becoming more highly aut omated and do not rely on human intervention for the control of normally planned and/or predicted situations. Thus the importance of the operator has shifted from being a manual controller to becoming more of a systems manager and supervisory controller. At the same time, the use of advanced information technology in the control room and its potential impact on human-machine system capabilities places additional demands on the designer. This report deals with work carried out to describe the plant-operator relationship in order to systemise the design and evaluation of suitable information systems in the control room. This design process starts with the control requirements from the plant and transforms them into corresponding sets of decision-making tasks with appropriate allocation of responsibilities between computer and operator. To further effect this cooperation, appropriate information display and accession are identified. The conceptual work has been supported by experimental studies on a small-scale simulator.
Selection 18.1.40 (101434) Mittelsten Scheid, E. Adequate work for each disabled person: The ERTOMIS ability and requirement profiles for the adequate determination of a workplace (Jedem Behinderten die Richtige Arbeit - Die ERTOMIS Fahigkeits- und Anforderungsprofile zur Angemessenen Bestimmung des Arbeitsplatzes). (In German.) International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1985, 8.3, 259-271. The ERTOMIS system facilitates the job placement of disabled people, it can also help decide on eventual complementary rehabilitation measures directed towards the better adjustment of the disabled to a certain work, or the improved adjustment of that work to the abilities of the disabled.
Applied Ergonomics
March 1987
81