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Enzyme Sources and Their Value in Barley Rations For Chick Growth and Egg Production1
Enzyme Sources and Their Value in Barley Rations For Chick Growth and Egg Production C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER
Department of Poultry Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 (Received for publication December 13. 1967)
I
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 744.
elude those of Dobson and Anderson (1958), Arscott and Rose (1960a) and Rose and Arscott (1962). Water and enzyme treatment increased the metabolizable energy of pearled barley from 3.02 to 3.81 and 3.74 Calories per gram respectively as reported by Leong et al. (1958). Similar improvements in metabolizable energy of barley were obtained by Stutz and Matterson (1961) and Leong et al. (1962). A more recent paper by Potter et al. (1965) reports increases in metabolizable energy of barley of 18 and 22% by enzyme or water treatment. These investigators concluded that the increase can be attributed to significantly increased digestibility of the protein and fat and apparent increased digestibility of the nitrogen-free extract. Only limited studies have been reported to determine the value of enzyme supplemented barley rations for laying hens. Berg and Bearse (1958), Berg (1959, 1961), Anderson et al. (1960) and Arscott and Rose (1960b) failed to obtain any improvement in egg production or feed efficiency with White Leghorn layers. In contrast, Nelson and Hutto (1958) obtained improved egg production, feed efficiency and percent hatch with both enzyme supplemented and water treated barley. Ely (1963) reported collective experimental data involving more than 150,000 layers fed corn-milo rations in which fungal-bacterial enzymes improved post-peaking egg production 3 to 5% and reduced feed required per dozen eggs 2.5 to 4%.
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MPROVED growth by water treatment of western barley was first reported by Fry et al. (1957a). Workers in the same laboratory (Jensen et al, 1957) obtained similar growth response with the addition of fungal enzymes to chick rations containing a high percentage of western barley or pearled barley. Willingham et al. (1958) obtained a growth response of both chicks and poults with enzymes obtained from either fungal or bacterial sources. Eight varieties of barley grown in Washington responded to both enzyme and water treatment. Water consumption and moisture content of feces were also reduced. No improvement was obtained by enzyme supplementation of wheat, corn or oats (Fry et al., 1957b) or with sources of barley other than western (Laerdal et al., 1959; and Willingham et al., 1960) although the latter group did obtain improvement when midwest barley was water treated. Willingham (1964) also reported that water treatment of western barley resulted in growth equal to that obtained with a combination of an enzyme and bacitracin. In contrast to the failure to obtain a growth response to enzyme supplements to grains other than western barley, Fritz et al. (1959) did obtain improvement when rations containing high levels of wheat middlings or oats were supplemented with crude cellulases, proteases and fungal and bacterial amylases. Other reports of improved enzyme response with western barley or hulless barley in-
1220
C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER TABLE 1.—Experimental diets
Ingredient (%) Western barley Dehyd. alfalfa meal Herring fish meal Meat scraps Soybean meal (44% protein) Limestone flour 1 Trace mineral salt Vitamin supplement2 St. bone meal Wheat bran Yellow corn
Chick diet
Layer diet
Breede diet
65.0 2.5 5.0 10.0
61.0 2.5 2.0 4.0
20.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
15.0 1.5 0.5 0.5
7.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 15.0
5.0 7.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 10.0 40.0
— — —
—
1
The objectives of this study were to evaluate several sources of crude bacterial and fungal amylase as well as other enzymes in barley rations for chick growth and to obtain additional information on the effect of enzyme supplements upon egg production. EXPERIMENTAL
Chick Growth: Seventeen experiments were conducted during a 3-year period in which several enzyme materials were added to a starter ration containing western barley (Table 1). New Hampshire chicks were used in 4 experiments and New Hampshire X Delaware cross in all others. Each diet studied was fed to IS male and 15 female chicks with all experiments conducted for 4 weeks. The chicks were reared in Jamesway Universal batteries in a laboratory in which the temperature was maintained at 21°C. ± 1 and the relative humidity at approximately 50%.
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Composition of trace mineralized salt in percent: not more than 99.2 and not less than 96.9 NaCl; not less than 0.25 Mn, 0.16 Fe, 0.033 Cu, 0.01 Co, 0.007 I, 0.005 Zn and 0.038 P. 2 Supplied the following vitamins per kilogram diet: Chick diet = vitamin A, 3000 I.U.; vitamin D, 5001.C.U.; vitamin E, 1.5 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.0 mg.; pantothenic acid, 10.0 mg.; niacin, 20.0 mg.; choline, 400 mg. Hen diet = vitamin A, 5000 I.U.; vitamin D, 800 I.C.U.; riboflavin, 5.0 mg.; pantothenic acid, 5.0 mg.; niacin, 10 mg. Breeder diet 150% of layer diet. Chick starter supplement also contained antibiotic (terramycin—11.0 mg. per kilogram).
Five industrial sources of enzymes of bacterial, fungal or combination origin were investigated. All were known to contain a number of enzymes but most were selected because of their contribution of a single enzyme activity: namely amylase, protease, lipase or cellulase. The level of supplementation and additions to the basal diet are shown in Table 2. In general, additive levels were those recommended by the producer of each enzyme source. Laying Hens: Two experiments each of 40 weeks duration were conducted in which a crude amylase enzyme supplement was added to an all-barley ration (Table 1) fed to S. C. White Leghorns in their first year of production. The birds were maintained in open pens with shavings used for litter. Duplicate pens of 80 birds each were fed the basal and two levels of enzyme supplement in the first experiment and 4 replicates of 80 birds each the basal and one enzyme level in the second experiment. Data collected included egg numbers, egg size, feed intake, interior egg and shell quality and litter moisture. Average litter moisture values were obtained by thoroughly mixing 1 to 2 inches of the surface litter in each pen at weekly intervals. Approximately 500 gram samples were then dried to a constant weight in an oven at 100°C. Percent litter moisture was calculated on the basis of wet and dry weights. A third experiment was conducted in which 22 pens each of 14 S. C. White Leghorn breeder hens in their 2nd and 3rd year of production were used. All hens received a basal breeder diet which contained barley and corn as shown in Table 1 for 6 weeks following a force molt. This same diet was then fed for a 20-week experimental period with an enzyme supplement added to the diet of 11 pens. Egg production, feed consumption and hatchability data were obtained. All experiments were analyzed statisti-
ENZYMES IN BARLEY RATIONS
1221
TABLE 2. Summary of improvement of 4-week chick growth response in the evaluation of several enzyme sources as additions to rations containing western barley
Primary enzyme (s)
Level added
Bacterial+ fungal
Amylase, protease gumase
Agrozyme
Bacterial
Amylase, protease
DaweNzyme
Bacterial
Nopgro A B C
Gain in wt. over basal
Basal diet
No. trials
gm.
%
o.os
Barley
1
14
4.2
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.1
Barley Barley Barley
2 5 1 1
12 34 36 40
3.6 9.6 9.8 11.2
Amylase
0.037 O.OS 0.12 0.25 0.50 0.25
Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley
+fat
1 2 2 9 3 1
28 39 36 32 53 30
7.4 12.7 11.5 9.3 14.5 8.4
B arterial+ fungal
Amylase
Fungal Bacterial Bacterial
Amylase Amylase Amylase
0.05 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley
2 3 2 2 2 2
49 34 44 20 35 34
14.1 10.3 12.3 5.7 10.0 9.6
Rhozyme F-1A
Bacterial
Amylase, protease
0.025
Barley
6
56
17.2
Rhozyme F-3C Diastase 70 Rhozyme CL Rhozyme CL Rhozyme F-4D Cellulase 36
Bacterial Fungal Fungal Fungal F-3C+fungal Fungal
same Protease, diastase Lipase Lipase F-3C+cellulase Cellulase
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Barley Barley Barley
1 2 2 2 1 2
61 60 39 28 46 48
17.8 18.4 10.9 7.9 13.3 14.2
Zymbo-Pabst
cally using analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956) and Duncan's (1955) multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chick Studies: The response obtained with the various enzyme sources studied is summarized in Table 2. Enzyme materials obtained from 5 commercial sources were included. The products were of bacterial or fungal origin or a combination of both. Although it is recognized that all were crude enzyme sources containing possibly several specific enzymes, each producer indicated that specific materials were either of high concentration of a specific enzyme (generally amylase), a combination of 2 or 3 or a product standardized for one enzyme. The
%
+fat
+fat
Barley Barley
response to enzymes is given as grams gain in weight over the basal indicated at 4 weeks of age. The percentage growth response resulting from the enzyme is also given. All enzyme sources resulted in statistically significant (P < .05) increased growth when added to a ration containing western barley as the only grain. Growth response was generally in the order of 10 to 15% and the response did not appear to be related to any specific enzyme or origin. Apparently all contained an adequate amount of amylase activity to improve barley utilization. This assumption of amylase as the major contributing enzyme might be made based upon the increase in metabolizable energy of barley when supplemented with crude enzymes. However, the in-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at ULB Bonn on May 28, 2015
Enzyme origin
Enzyme
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C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER
supplemented at 0.25% but not at 0.5% in the first experiment and failed to improve production significantly at the lower level in the second experiment. Feed efficiency as measured by kilograms of feed per dozen eggs was also significantly improved in the first experiment at both enzyme feeding levels but no improvement resulted in the second experiment. Body weight gains were lower in the enzyme treated groups in the first experiment but significantly greater in the second. Other bird performance including interior egg quality, shell quality and livability failed to respond to the enzyme. It has been established that the enzyme will reduce fecal moisture content when fed to growing chicks with a resulting reduction in droppings adherring to wire floors. However, no improvement was noted in these experiments as measured by moisture content of surface litter or the production of clean eggs. The experiment with breeder hens failed to indicate any significant improvement in egg production (Table 4). There was a significant improvement (P < .05) in feed consumption resulting in a small but nonsignificant increase in feed efficiency with
TABLE 3. Summary of the influence of enzyme (DaweNzyme) supplementation to a high-barley ration g production factors. Two experiments each of 40 weeks duration with White Leghorn pullets I1
Experiment No.
IF
Diet
Basal
Enzyme 0.25%
Enzyme 0.5%
Basal
Enzyme 0.25%
No. hens started Egg production (%) Av. kg. feed/doz. eggs Av. gm. feed/gm. egg Av. egg wt. (g./egg) Av. Haugh units Av. specific gravity Av. body wt. gain (g.) Av. mortality (%) Av. surface litter moisture (%) Av. clean eggs (%)
160 66.9 2.41 3.38 59.3 76.9 1.076 173 4.4 38.7 48.2
160 70.5* 2.27* 3.21* 58.9 75.9 1.075 143 3.1 36.7 46.6
160 67.8 2.31* 3.27* 58.4 75.7 1.076 136 4.4 37.7 51.1
320 73.9 2.36 3.40 57.9 79.7 1.074 200 3.1 43.5 39.7
320 74.3 2.36 3.37 58.4 79.7 1.073 240* 2.5 44.8 40.1
• Each treatment represents duplicate lots of 80 hens each. 1 Each treatment represents 4 replicate lots of 80 hens each. N Significantly different, P < . 0 5 .
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creased digestibility of protein and fat following enzyme supplementation as reported by Potter et al. (1965) suggests that more than one enzyme may be involved. Betaglucan has also been suggested as contributing to the inability of the chick to efficiently utilize western barley. Preece and Ashworth (1950) reported that betaglucan forms a major part of the cell walls of endosperm. It may therefore be postulated that the improved digestibility of protein and fat in addition to the starch, may be the result of enzymatic cleavage of complex carbohydrate linkages of the cell walls permitting enzymes of the digestive tract to function more effectively. Laying Hen Studies: Data obtained in the two 40-week experiments in which an enzyme supplement was included in a laying ration containing a high percentage of western barley are summarized in Table 3. The same enzyme product of bacterial origin and produced as an amylase enzyme was used in both experiments. Concurrent chick assay trials were conducted and the product demonstrated growth activity. The product resulted in a significant improvement (P < .05) in egg production when
ENZYMES IN BARLEY RATIONS
SUMMARY Several chick experiments were conducted to evaluate a number of crude enzyme materials. Most products were known to contain amylase, protease and gumase enzymes. A few products contained lipase and cellulase. All products studied resulted in improved chick growth to 4 weeks of age when added to a chick starter in which western barley supplied all of the grain portion of the diet. In contrast, two commercial enzymes, both capable of improving chick growth, resulted in variable results when added to either a barley or corn-barley ration fed to laying hens in the first year of production TABLE 4. Results of enzyme (Nopgro) supplementation of a corn-barley breeder ration upon performance of 2 and 3 year old White Leghorn hens during a 20 week experiment Basaltenzyme 0.2% Pen numbers Number hens started Av. egg production (%) Feed consumptions: Av. kg. feed/bird Av. kg. feed/doz. eggs Hatchability data: Fertile eggs (%) Fertile hatch (%)
1-11 157 56.4
12-22 158 57.4
14.98 2.43
14.65* 2.34
76.8 73.7
77.8 80.0*
* Significantly different, P < . 0 5 .
or during the second and third year. Egg production was significantly improved in one of four treatments. Hatch of fertile eggs was also significantly improved. Other egg production factors were not affected by enzyme supplements. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following individuals and firms kindly supplied the enzyme supplements used in these studies: 1. Dr. J. W. Brooks, Pabst Brewing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin— Zymo-Pabst. 2. Dr. Laurent Michaud, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey—Agrozyme. 3. Dr. James Fritz, Dawe's Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Illinois—DaweNzyme. 4. Dr. Charles Ely, Nopco Chemical Company, Newark, New Jersey—Nopgro. 5. Mr. Dale A. Harris, Rohm & Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa.—Rhozyme. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., R. K. Wagstaff and D. C. Dobson, 1960. Value of barley and hulless barley in rations for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 39: 1230. Arscott, G. H., and R. J. Rose, 1960a. Use of barley in high energy broiler rations. 4. Poultry Sci. 39: 93-95. Arscott, G. H., and R. J. Rose, 1960b. Studies on the use of enzymes and pelleting barley for layers. Poultry Sci. 39 : 1231. Berg, L. R., and G. E. Bearse, 1958. The effect of adding amylolytic enzymes to barley rations for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 37 : 1184. Berg, L. R., 1959. Enzyme supplementation of barley diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 38: 1132-1139. Berg, L. R., 1961. Effect of adding enzymes to barley diets at different ages of pullets on laying hen performance. Poultry Sci. 40: 34-39. Dobson, D. C , and J. O. Anderson, 1958. Methods of improving the nutritional value of a new variety of hulless barley for chicks. Poultry Sci. 37: 1199. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Ely, C. M., 1963. Factors influencing laying hen
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the enzyme. A significant increase (P < .05) resulted in the percent hatch of fertile eggs as also reported by Nelson and Hutto (1958). Although the improvement in various egg production factors was of statistical significance in only a limited number of cases, the general trend especially in egg production and hatchability did favor the enzyme treatments. When measured in economic terms and with large numbers of birds as reported by Ely (1963) the feeding of enzyme supplements might be warranted.
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C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER enzyme and water treated barley on the performance of breeding hens. Poultry Sci. 37: 1229. Potter, L. M., M. W. Stutz and L. D. Matterson, 1965. Metabolizable energy and digestibility coefficients of barley for chicks as influenced by water treatment or by presence of fungal enzyme. Poultry Sci. 44: 565-573. Preece, I. A., and A. S. Ashworth, 1950. Cytolysis in germinating barley. II. Preliminary study of enzyme relationships. J. Inst. Brewing 56: 40-47. Rose, R. J., and G. H. Arscott, 1962. Use of barley in high energy broiler rations. 5. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 124-130. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, Sth ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. Stutz, M. W., and L. D. Matterson, 1961. Metabolizable energy of barley for chicks as influenced by water treatment or by presence of fungal enzymes. Poultry Sci. 40: 1462. Willingham, H. E., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Studies on the role of enzyme supplements and water treatment on the nutritional value of barley. Poultry Sci. 37: 1253. Willingham, H. E., K. C. Leong, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1960. Influence of geographical area of production on the response of different barley samples to enzyme supplements or water treatment. Poultry Sci. 39: 103-108. Willingham, H. E., 1964. Mechanisms of improvement in nutritional value of barley by water treatment. Poultry Sci. 43: 1376.
Importance of the Bursa of Fabricius in Resistance to Disease1 1. RESISTANCE TO CERTAIN VIRUS DISEASES REAGAN SADLER2 AND S. A. EDGAR Department of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (Received for publication December 15, 1967)
N RECENT YEARS most attempts to determine the role of the bursa of Fa1 Portion of thesis submitted by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Auburn University. s Present address: Central Laboratory, Forest, Mississippi.
bricius have been immunological studies. Glick et al. (1956), using Salmonella typhimurium as the antigen, demonstrated antibody titers in 86% of the non-bursectomized birds tested and in only 11% of the bursectomized birds. Chang et al. (1957, 1959) showed that bursectomy of young chickens prior to 5 weeks of age re-
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response to enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 42: 1266. Fritz, J. C , F. D. Wherton and L. J. Classen, 1959. The effect of enzymes in high fiber poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 38: 1205. Fry, R. E., J. B. AUred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1957a. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 95: 249-251. Fry, R. E., J. B. AUred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1957b. Influence of cereal grain component of the diet on the response of chicks and poults to dietary enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 36: 1120. Jensen, L. S., R. E. Fry, J. B. AUred and J. McGinnis, 1957. Improvement in the nutritional value of barley for chicks by enzyme supplementation. Poultry Sci. 36: 919-921. Laerdal, O. A., H. R. Bird, M. L. Sunde and P. H. Phillips, 1959. Improvement in the nutritional value of some barleys by the addition of malt or enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 38: 1221. Leong, K. C , L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Effect of water treatment and enzyme additions on the metabolizable energy of pearled barley. Poultry Sci. 37: 1220. Leong, K. C , L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1962. Effect of water treatment and enzyme supplementation on the metabolizable energy of barley. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 36-39 . Nelson, F. E., and D. C. Hutto, 1958. The effect of
Department of Poultry Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 (Received for publication December 13. 1967)
I
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 744.
elude those of Dobson and Anderson (1958), Arscott and Rose (1960a) and Rose and Arscott (1962). Water and enzyme treatment increased the metabolizable energy of pearled barley from 3.02 to 3.81 and 3.74 Calories per gram respectively as reported by Leong et al. (1958). Similar improvements in metabolizable energy of barley were obtained by Stutz and Matterson (1961) and Leong et al. (1962). A more recent paper by Potter et al. (1965) reports increases in metabolizable energy of barley of 18 and 22% by enzyme or water treatment. These investigators concluded that the increase can be attributed to significantly increased digestibility of the protein and fat and apparent increased digestibility of the nitrogen-free extract. Only limited studies have been reported to determine the value of enzyme supplemented barley rations for laying hens. Berg and Bearse (1958), Berg (1959, 1961), Anderson et al. (1960) and Arscott and Rose (1960b) failed to obtain any improvement in egg production or feed efficiency with White Leghorn layers. In contrast, Nelson and Hutto (1958) obtained improved egg production, feed efficiency and percent hatch with both enzyme supplemented and water treated barley. Ely (1963) reported collective experimental data involving more than 150,000 layers fed corn-milo rations in which fungal-bacterial enzymes improved post-peaking egg production 3 to 5% and reduced feed required per dozen eggs 2.5 to 4%.
1219
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MPROVED growth by water treatment of western barley was first reported by Fry et al. (1957a). Workers in the same laboratory (Jensen et al, 1957) obtained similar growth response with the addition of fungal enzymes to chick rations containing a high percentage of western barley or pearled barley. Willingham et al. (1958) obtained a growth response of both chicks and poults with enzymes obtained from either fungal or bacterial sources. Eight varieties of barley grown in Washington responded to both enzyme and water treatment. Water consumption and moisture content of feces were also reduced. No improvement was obtained by enzyme supplementation of wheat, corn or oats (Fry et al., 1957b) or with sources of barley other than western (Laerdal et al., 1959; and Willingham et al., 1960) although the latter group did obtain improvement when midwest barley was water treated. Willingham (1964) also reported that water treatment of western barley resulted in growth equal to that obtained with a combination of an enzyme and bacitracin. In contrast to the failure to obtain a growth response to enzyme supplements to grains other than western barley, Fritz et al. (1959) did obtain improvement when rations containing high levels of wheat middlings or oats were supplemented with crude cellulases, proteases and fungal and bacterial amylases. Other reports of improved enzyme response with western barley or hulless barley in-
1220
C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER TABLE 1.—Experimental diets
Ingredient (%) Western barley Dehyd. alfalfa meal Herring fish meal Meat scraps Soybean meal (44% protein) Limestone flour 1 Trace mineral salt Vitamin supplement2 St. bone meal Wheat bran Yellow corn
Chick diet
Layer diet
Breede diet
65.0 2.5 5.0 10.0
61.0 2.5 2.0 4.0
20.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
15.0 1.5 0.5 0.5
7.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 15.0
5.0 7.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 10.0 40.0
— — —
—
1
The objectives of this study were to evaluate several sources of crude bacterial and fungal amylase as well as other enzymes in barley rations for chick growth and to obtain additional information on the effect of enzyme supplements upon egg production. EXPERIMENTAL
Chick Growth: Seventeen experiments were conducted during a 3-year period in which several enzyme materials were added to a starter ration containing western barley (Table 1). New Hampshire chicks were used in 4 experiments and New Hampshire X Delaware cross in all others. Each diet studied was fed to IS male and 15 female chicks with all experiments conducted for 4 weeks. The chicks were reared in Jamesway Universal batteries in a laboratory in which the temperature was maintained at 21°C. ± 1 and the relative humidity at approximately 50%.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at ULB Bonn on May 28, 2015
Composition of trace mineralized salt in percent: not more than 99.2 and not less than 96.9 NaCl; not less than 0.25 Mn, 0.16 Fe, 0.033 Cu, 0.01 Co, 0.007 I, 0.005 Zn and 0.038 P. 2 Supplied the following vitamins per kilogram diet: Chick diet = vitamin A, 3000 I.U.; vitamin D, 5001.C.U.; vitamin E, 1.5 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.0 mg.; pantothenic acid, 10.0 mg.; niacin, 20.0 mg.; choline, 400 mg. Hen diet = vitamin A, 5000 I.U.; vitamin D, 800 I.C.U.; riboflavin, 5.0 mg.; pantothenic acid, 5.0 mg.; niacin, 10 mg. Breeder diet 150% of layer diet. Chick starter supplement also contained antibiotic (terramycin—11.0 mg. per kilogram).
Five industrial sources of enzymes of bacterial, fungal or combination origin were investigated. All were known to contain a number of enzymes but most were selected because of their contribution of a single enzyme activity: namely amylase, protease, lipase or cellulase. The level of supplementation and additions to the basal diet are shown in Table 2. In general, additive levels were those recommended by the producer of each enzyme source. Laying Hens: Two experiments each of 40 weeks duration were conducted in which a crude amylase enzyme supplement was added to an all-barley ration (Table 1) fed to S. C. White Leghorns in their first year of production. The birds were maintained in open pens with shavings used for litter. Duplicate pens of 80 birds each were fed the basal and two levels of enzyme supplement in the first experiment and 4 replicates of 80 birds each the basal and one enzyme level in the second experiment. Data collected included egg numbers, egg size, feed intake, interior egg and shell quality and litter moisture. Average litter moisture values were obtained by thoroughly mixing 1 to 2 inches of the surface litter in each pen at weekly intervals. Approximately 500 gram samples were then dried to a constant weight in an oven at 100°C. Percent litter moisture was calculated on the basis of wet and dry weights. A third experiment was conducted in which 22 pens each of 14 S. C. White Leghorn breeder hens in their 2nd and 3rd year of production were used. All hens received a basal breeder diet which contained barley and corn as shown in Table 1 for 6 weeks following a force molt. This same diet was then fed for a 20-week experimental period with an enzyme supplement added to the diet of 11 pens. Egg production, feed consumption and hatchability data were obtained. All experiments were analyzed statisti-
ENZYMES IN BARLEY RATIONS
1221
TABLE 2. Summary of improvement of 4-week chick growth response in the evaluation of several enzyme sources as additions to rations containing western barley
Primary enzyme (s)
Level added
Bacterial+ fungal
Amylase, protease gumase
Agrozyme
Bacterial
Amylase, protease
DaweNzyme
Bacterial
Nopgro A B C
Gain in wt. over basal
Basal diet
No. trials
gm.
%
o.os
Barley
1
14
4.2
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.1
Barley Barley Barley
2 5 1 1
12 34 36 40
3.6 9.6 9.8 11.2
Amylase
0.037 O.OS 0.12 0.25 0.50 0.25
Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley
+fat
1 2 2 9 3 1
28 39 36 32 53 30
7.4 12.7 11.5 9.3 14.5 8.4
B arterial+ fungal
Amylase
Fungal Bacterial Bacterial
Amylase Amylase Amylase
0.05 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley Barley
2 3 2 2 2 2
49 34 44 20 35 34
14.1 10.3 12.3 5.7 10.0 9.6
Rhozyme F-1A
Bacterial
Amylase, protease
0.025
Barley
6
56
17.2
Rhozyme F-3C Diastase 70 Rhozyme CL Rhozyme CL Rhozyme F-4D Cellulase 36
Bacterial Fungal Fungal Fungal F-3C+fungal Fungal
same Protease, diastase Lipase Lipase F-3C+cellulase Cellulase
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Barley Barley Barley
1 2 2 2 1 2
61 60 39 28 46 48
17.8 18.4 10.9 7.9 13.3 14.2
Zymbo-Pabst
cally using analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956) and Duncan's (1955) multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chick Studies: The response obtained with the various enzyme sources studied is summarized in Table 2. Enzyme materials obtained from 5 commercial sources were included. The products were of bacterial or fungal origin or a combination of both. Although it is recognized that all were crude enzyme sources containing possibly several specific enzymes, each producer indicated that specific materials were either of high concentration of a specific enzyme (generally amylase), a combination of 2 or 3 or a product standardized for one enzyme. The
%
+fat
+fat
Barley Barley
response to enzymes is given as grams gain in weight over the basal indicated at 4 weeks of age. The percentage growth response resulting from the enzyme is also given. All enzyme sources resulted in statistically significant (P < .05) increased growth when added to a ration containing western barley as the only grain. Growth response was generally in the order of 10 to 15% and the response did not appear to be related to any specific enzyme or origin. Apparently all contained an adequate amount of amylase activity to improve barley utilization. This assumption of amylase as the major contributing enzyme might be made based upon the increase in metabolizable energy of barley when supplemented with crude enzymes. However, the in-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at ULB Bonn on May 28, 2015
Enzyme origin
Enzyme
1222
C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER
supplemented at 0.25% but not at 0.5% in the first experiment and failed to improve production significantly at the lower level in the second experiment. Feed efficiency as measured by kilograms of feed per dozen eggs was also significantly improved in the first experiment at both enzyme feeding levels but no improvement resulted in the second experiment. Body weight gains were lower in the enzyme treated groups in the first experiment but significantly greater in the second. Other bird performance including interior egg quality, shell quality and livability failed to respond to the enzyme. It has been established that the enzyme will reduce fecal moisture content when fed to growing chicks with a resulting reduction in droppings adherring to wire floors. However, no improvement was noted in these experiments as measured by moisture content of surface litter or the production of clean eggs. The experiment with breeder hens failed to indicate any significant improvement in egg production (Table 4). There was a significant improvement (P < .05) in feed consumption resulting in a small but nonsignificant increase in feed efficiency with
TABLE 3. Summary of the influence of enzyme (DaweNzyme) supplementation to a high-barley ration g production factors. Two experiments each of 40 weeks duration with White Leghorn pullets I1
Experiment No.
IF
Diet
Basal
Enzyme 0.25%
Enzyme 0.5%
Basal
Enzyme 0.25%
No. hens started Egg production (%) Av. kg. feed/doz. eggs Av. gm. feed/gm. egg Av. egg wt. (g./egg) Av. Haugh units Av. specific gravity Av. body wt. gain (g.) Av. mortality (%) Av. surface litter moisture (%) Av. clean eggs (%)
160 66.9 2.41 3.38 59.3 76.9 1.076 173 4.4 38.7 48.2
160 70.5* 2.27* 3.21* 58.9 75.9 1.075 143 3.1 36.7 46.6
160 67.8 2.31* 3.27* 58.4 75.7 1.076 136 4.4 37.7 51.1
320 73.9 2.36 3.40 57.9 79.7 1.074 200 3.1 43.5 39.7
320 74.3 2.36 3.37 58.4 79.7 1.073 240* 2.5 44.8 40.1
• Each treatment represents duplicate lots of 80 hens each. 1 Each treatment represents 4 replicate lots of 80 hens each. N Significantly different, P < . 0 5 .
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creased digestibility of protein and fat following enzyme supplementation as reported by Potter et al. (1965) suggests that more than one enzyme may be involved. Betaglucan has also been suggested as contributing to the inability of the chick to efficiently utilize western barley. Preece and Ashworth (1950) reported that betaglucan forms a major part of the cell walls of endosperm. It may therefore be postulated that the improved digestibility of protein and fat in addition to the starch, may be the result of enzymatic cleavage of complex carbohydrate linkages of the cell walls permitting enzymes of the digestive tract to function more effectively. Laying Hen Studies: Data obtained in the two 40-week experiments in which an enzyme supplement was included in a laying ration containing a high percentage of western barley are summarized in Table 3. The same enzyme product of bacterial origin and produced as an amylase enzyme was used in both experiments. Concurrent chick assay trials were conducted and the product demonstrated growth activity. The product resulted in a significant improvement (P < .05) in egg production when
ENZYMES IN BARLEY RATIONS
SUMMARY Several chick experiments were conducted to evaluate a number of crude enzyme materials. Most products were known to contain amylase, protease and gumase enzymes. A few products contained lipase and cellulase. All products studied resulted in improved chick growth to 4 weeks of age when added to a chick starter in which western barley supplied all of the grain portion of the diet. In contrast, two commercial enzymes, both capable of improving chick growth, resulted in variable results when added to either a barley or corn-barley ration fed to laying hens in the first year of production TABLE 4. Results of enzyme (Nopgro) supplementation of a corn-barley breeder ration upon performance of 2 and 3 year old White Leghorn hens during a 20 week experiment Basaltenzyme 0.2% Pen numbers Number hens started Av. egg production (%) Feed consumptions: Av. kg. feed/bird Av. kg. feed/doz. eggs Hatchability data: Fertile eggs (%) Fertile hatch (%)
1-11 157 56.4
12-22 158 57.4
14.98 2.43
14.65* 2.34
76.8 73.7
77.8 80.0*
* Significantly different, P < . 0 5 .
or during the second and third year. Egg production was significantly improved in one of four treatments. Hatch of fertile eggs was also significantly improved. Other egg production factors were not affected by enzyme supplements. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following individuals and firms kindly supplied the enzyme supplements used in these studies: 1. Dr. J. W. Brooks, Pabst Brewing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin— Zymo-Pabst. 2. Dr. Laurent Michaud, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey—Agrozyme. 3. Dr. James Fritz, Dawe's Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Illinois—DaweNzyme. 4. Dr. Charles Ely, Nopco Chemical Company, Newark, New Jersey—Nopgro. 5. Mr. Dale A. Harris, Rohm & Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa.—Rhozyme. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., R. K. Wagstaff and D. C. Dobson, 1960. Value of barley and hulless barley in rations for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 39: 1230. Arscott, G. H., and R. J. Rose, 1960a. Use of barley in high energy broiler rations. 4. Poultry Sci. 39: 93-95. Arscott, G. H., and R. J. Rose, 1960b. Studies on the use of enzymes and pelleting barley for layers. Poultry Sci. 39 : 1231. Berg, L. R., and G. E. Bearse, 1958. The effect of adding amylolytic enzymes to barley rations for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 37 : 1184. Berg, L. R., 1959. Enzyme supplementation of barley diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 38: 1132-1139. Berg, L. R., 1961. Effect of adding enzymes to barley diets at different ages of pullets on laying hen performance. Poultry Sci. 40: 34-39. Dobson, D. C , and J. O. Anderson, 1958. Methods of improving the nutritional value of a new variety of hulless barley for chicks. Poultry Sci. 37: 1199. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Ely, C. M., 1963. Factors influencing laying hen
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the enzyme. A significant increase (P < .05) resulted in the percent hatch of fertile eggs as also reported by Nelson and Hutto (1958). Although the improvement in various egg production factors was of statistical significance in only a limited number of cases, the general trend especially in egg production and hatchability did favor the enzyme treatments. When measured in economic terms and with large numbers of birds as reported by Ely (1963) the feeding of enzyme supplements might be warranted.
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C. F. PETERSEN AND E. A. SAUTER enzyme and water treated barley on the performance of breeding hens. Poultry Sci. 37: 1229. Potter, L. M., M. W. Stutz and L. D. Matterson, 1965. Metabolizable energy and digestibility coefficients of barley for chicks as influenced by water treatment or by presence of fungal enzyme. Poultry Sci. 44: 565-573. Preece, I. A., and A. S. Ashworth, 1950. Cytolysis in germinating barley. II. Preliminary study of enzyme relationships. J. Inst. Brewing 56: 40-47. Rose, R. J., and G. H. Arscott, 1962. Use of barley in high energy broiler rations. 5. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 124-130. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, Sth ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. Stutz, M. W., and L. D. Matterson, 1961. Metabolizable energy of barley for chicks as influenced by water treatment or by presence of fungal enzymes. Poultry Sci. 40: 1462. Willingham, H. E., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Studies on the role of enzyme supplements and water treatment on the nutritional value of barley. Poultry Sci. 37: 1253. Willingham, H. E., K. C. Leong, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1960. Influence of geographical area of production on the response of different barley samples to enzyme supplements or water treatment. Poultry Sci. 39: 103-108. Willingham, H. E., 1964. Mechanisms of improvement in nutritional value of barley by water treatment. Poultry Sci. 43: 1376.
Importance of the Bursa of Fabricius in Resistance to Disease1 1. RESISTANCE TO CERTAIN VIRUS DISEASES REAGAN SADLER2 AND S. A. EDGAR Department of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (Received for publication December 15, 1967)
N RECENT YEARS most attempts to determine the role of the bursa of Fa1 Portion of thesis submitted by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Auburn University. s Present address: Central Laboratory, Forest, Mississippi.
bricius have been immunological studies. Glick et al. (1956), using Salmonella typhimurium as the antigen, demonstrated antibody titers in 86% of the non-bursectomized birds tested and in only 11% of the bursectomized birds. Chang et al. (1957, 1959) showed that bursectomy of young chickens prior to 5 weeks of age re-
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response to enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 42: 1266. Fritz, J. C , F. D. Wherton and L. J. Classen, 1959. The effect of enzymes in high fiber poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 38: 1205. Fry, R. E., J. B. AUred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1957a. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 95: 249-251. Fry, R. E., J. B. AUred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1957b. Influence of cereal grain component of the diet on the response of chicks and poults to dietary enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 36: 1120. Jensen, L. S., R. E. Fry, J. B. AUred and J. McGinnis, 1957. Improvement in the nutritional value of barley for chicks by enzyme supplementation. Poultry Sci. 36: 919-921. Laerdal, O. A., H. R. Bird, M. L. Sunde and P. H. Phillips, 1959. Improvement in the nutritional value of some barleys by the addition of malt or enzyme supplements. Poultry Sci. 38: 1221. Leong, K. C , L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Effect of water treatment and enzyme additions on the metabolizable energy of pearled barley. Poultry Sci. 37: 1220. Leong, K. C , L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1962. Effect of water treatment and enzyme supplementation on the metabolizable energy of barley. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 36-39 . Nelson, F. E., and D. C. Hutto, 1958. The effect of