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Ergonomic aspects of automation in navigation bridges
design solutions. Using equipment chosen on the basis of a thorough search and analysis of currently available items, ideas on the layout of equipment were validated using a full scale mock-up.
1.4.89(54969) Lazet, A. Ergonomic aspects of automation in navigation bridges
Joint Meeting o f Nederlandse Vereniging voor Ergonomie and Ergonomics Research Society, Jun. 11th-12th 1969; abstr, in Ergonomics Ergonomic needs in maritime operations are much influenced by the tendency towards increasing automation. Direct control of engines and helm from the bridge promises improved control of ships, but this remote-control means an increasing importance of the navigating bridge. The task of the human operator in controlling functions is also made more difficult. A recent design of a navigation bridge is used as an illustration of what is necessary on the bridge. The need for building a full scale mock-up of a complete bridge, in order to handle the design as an integrated problem, is emphasised.
Illumination 1.4.90(54979) Jay P. and Burberry P. The environmental problem Light and Lighting, 1970, 63.1, 14-17 This is the first in a series of articles which will provide basic information on various aspects of the illumination environmental question. This first article explains what is meant by environment and sets out the problems. 1.4.91(54980) Hill A. R. Vision through meshes: a summary report
Lighting Research and Technology, 1969, 1.1, 54-56 Window shading materials not only control glare and solar gain but also affect the view both in and out. Since the window serves as a visual link between indoors and outdoors, the effect of the shading material on view is important. Experiments are described to ascertain the significance of various physical parameters in determining this view.
246
1.4.92(54981) Christie A. W. The night accident problem and the effect of public lighting
International L ighting Review, 1968, 19.3, 112-115; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology An analysis of road accident data for the UK covering the period 1955-65 indicates that improved street lighting can reduce night-time accidents by 30-40 per cent. Data from other countries confirm the conclusion. Annual monetary savings are greater than the increased charges. A new approach based on potential accident reduction is being adopted in the UK when deciding which sites best merit investment in lighting. 1.4.93(54983) Frederiksen, E. Depreciation of lighting installations in industrial areas Light and Lighting, 1969, 62. 1, 1 7-19;
abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Measurements made by the Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory of light depreciation in fifteen industrial installations have been compared with predictions based on IES Technical Report No. 9. Good agreement was obtained if the installations were put into 'cleaner' categories than their descriptions warranted. Dust accumulation on glass plates was found to be a satisfactory method of specifying the cleanliness of an installation. 1.4.94(54984) Glanville J. Car park lighting
Traffic Engineering and Control, 1969, 10. 5 70; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Desirable standards and systems for lighting and signing within multi-storey car parks are discussed. Low mounting heights make it difficult to apply normal design methods based on average illumination values of 10-20 lux in parking bays. Surveys have indicated that levels of 5 lux are adequate provided that fittings are correctly sited and that driveways and ramps are well lighted. Schemes to give different standards of hghting and signing are described. 1.4.95(54985) Hemion, R. H. A preliminary cost-benefit study of headlight glare reduction
Abstr. in US Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. PB-185 137)
Applied Ergonomics September 1970
A preliminary cost-benefit analysis is made of means for and results of reducing the deleterious effects of headlight glare from opposing vehicles on the highway. It is shown that polarisation of headlights may be a feasible solution in terms of reduced accident costs. 1.4.96(54986) L~fberg, H. A. Classroom lighting (Belysning i Skolsalar). (In Swedish with English summary)
Statens lnstut f~ir Byggnadsforskning Rapport 29/69 Stockholm 1969; abstr. in Building Science Abstracts Describes experiments carried out by means of subjective assessment of different lighting arrangements in order to determine a more economic lighting system to meet the requirements of present standards for classroom lighting. Tests showed that satisfactory lighting both incandescent and fluorescent, can be provided in classrooms of radically varying shapes, provided that certain requirements regarding mean levels of illumination, variation of lighting in the room, direction of light at different points, and distribution of luminance in the field of vision are met. 1.4.97(54988) Sandford, T. P. and Maxwell, A. M. Integrating the internal environment Light and Lighting, 1969, 62.3,
95-97; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Where high illumination levels introduce heat gain problems, as in many present-day buildings, it is essential that the hghting and air conditioning services should be properly integrated. Three consortia have now been formed to effect this integration. Installations designed by one consortium are illustrated. 1.4.98(54989) Saunders, J. E. The role of the level and diversity of horizontal illumination in an appraisal of a simple office task
Lighting Research and Technology, 1969, 1.1, 3 7 - 4 3 Experiments have been carried out in a test installation to determine observer preferences for the level and diversity of illumination of a simple office task. Both numerical ratings and verbal categories were used. Results indicated that double the current IES recommended illumination (400 lux) would be welcomed by the majority of observers, and that the current minimum uniformity ratio of 0"7 is acceptable at both low and high illumination levels.
1.4.89(54969) Lazet, A. Ergonomic aspects of automation in navigation bridges
Joint Meeting o f Nederlandse Vereniging voor Ergonomie and Ergonomics Research Society, Jun. 11th-12th 1969; abstr, in Ergonomics Ergonomic needs in maritime operations are much influenced by the tendency towards increasing automation. Direct control of engines and helm from the bridge promises improved control of ships, but this remote-control means an increasing importance of the navigating bridge. The task of the human operator in controlling functions is also made more difficult. A recent design of a navigation bridge is used as an illustration of what is necessary on the bridge. The need for building a full scale mock-up of a complete bridge, in order to handle the design as an integrated problem, is emphasised.
Illumination 1.4.90(54979) Jay P. and Burberry P. The environmental problem Light and Lighting, 1970, 63.1, 14-17 This is the first in a series of articles which will provide basic information on various aspects of the illumination environmental question. This first article explains what is meant by environment and sets out the problems. 1.4.91(54980) Hill A. R. Vision through meshes: a summary report
Lighting Research and Technology, 1969, 1.1, 54-56 Window shading materials not only control glare and solar gain but also affect the view both in and out. Since the window serves as a visual link between indoors and outdoors, the effect of the shading material on view is important. Experiments are described to ascertain the significance of various physical parameters in determining this view.
246
1.4.92(54981) Christie A. W. The night accident problem and the effect of public lighting
International L ighting Review, 1968, 19.3, 112-115; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology An analysis of road accident data for the UK covering the period 1955-65 indicates that improved street lighting can reduce night-time accidents by 30-40 per cent. Data from other countries confirm the conclusion. Annual monetary savings are greater than the increased charges. A new approach based on potential accident reduction is being adopted in the UK when deciding which sites best merit investment in lighting. 1.4.93(54983) Frederiksen, E. Depreciation of lighting installations in industrial areas Light and Lighting, 1969, 62. 1, 1 7-19;
abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Measurements made by the Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory of light depreciation in fifteen industrial installations have been compared with predictions based on IES Technical Report No. 9. Good agreement was obtained if the installations were put into 'cleaner' categories than their descriptions warranted. Dust accumulation on glass plates was found to be a satisfactory method of specifying the cleanliness of an installation. 1.4.94(54984) Glanville J. Car park lighting
Traffic Engineering and Control, 1969, 10. 5 70; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Desirable standards and systems for lighting and signing within multi-storey car parks are discussed. Low mounting heights make it difficult to apply normal design methods based on average illumination values of 10-20 lux in parking bays. Surveys have indicated that levels of 5 lux are adequate provided that fittings are correctly sited and that driveways and ramps are well lighted. Schemes to give different standards of hghting and signing are described. 1.4.95(54985) Hemion, R. H. A preliminary cost-benefit study of headlight glare reduction
Abstr. in US Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. PB-185 137)
Applied Ergonomics September 1970
A preliminary cost-benefit analysis is made of means for and results of reducing the deleterious effects of headlight glare from opposing vehicles on the highway. It is shown that polarisation of headlights may be a feasible solution in terms of reduced accident costs. 1.4.96(54986) L~fberg, H. A. Classroom lighting (Belysning i Skolsalar). (In Swedish with English summary)
Statens lnstut f~ir Byggnadsforskning Rapport 29/69 Stockholm 1969; abstr. in Building Science Abstracts Describes experiments carried out by means of subjective assessment of different lighting arrangements in order to determine a more economic lighting system to meet the requirements of present standards for classroom lighting. Tests showed that satisfactory lighting both incandescent and fluorescent, can be provided in classrooms of radically varying shapes, provided that certain requirements regarding mean levels of illumination, variation of lighting in the room, direction of light at different points, and distribution of luminance in the field of vision are met. 1.4.97(54988) Sandford, T. P. and Maxwell, A. M. Integrating the internal environment Light and Lighting, 1969, 62.3,
95-97; abstr, in Lighting Research and Technology Where high illumination levels introduce heat gain problems, as in many present-day buildings, it is essential that the hghting and air conditioning services should be properly integrated. Three consortia have now been formed to effect this integration. Installations designed by one consortium are illustrated. 1.4.98(54989) Saunders, J. E. The role of the level and diversity of horizontal illumination in an appraisal of a simple office task
Lighting Research and Technology, 1969, 1.1, 3 7 - 4 3 Experiments have been carried out in a test installation to determine observer preferences for the level and diversity of illumination of a simple office task. Both numerical ratings and verbal categories were used. Results indicated that double the current IES recommended illumination (400 lux) would be welcomed by the majority of observers, and that the current minimum uniformity ratio of 0"7 is acceptable at both low and high illumination levels.