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economic redesign of a visual inspection workplace
Denmark, 30 May - 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 1 1 9 - 1 3 0 . The paper describes an experiment to compare two different display structures of process schemes on a colour display with regard to the human operator performance in b o t h recognising the system state and performing a control order. The trim system of a submarine was used to compare a functional versus a topological display structure. The results show that no difference was found between the two display structures with regard to the recognition of the system state. The time to execute a control action was shorter with the functional display structure but the differences decrease with practice. Experienced subjects (submariners) performed better than inexperienced subjects (laboratory personnel) although the difference between the two display structures remained the same for b o t h groups. 16.1.22 (88160) Collins, B.L. Evaluation of mine-safety symbols. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 9 4 7 - 9 4 9 • The effectiveness of safety symbols and hazard pictorials of mine-safety communication was determined in a multi-stage evaluation. The understandability of symbols for 40 messages and the perceived hazardousness of six different surround shapes were assessed. The effectiveness of a subset of 20 symbols was determined during an in-mine evaluation at two mines.
Lines, C.J. A new motorway signal. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berks, Report No 1075, 1983, 15 pp. Driver response to a new, more informative motorway signal has been measured over an 18 m o n t h period on the M1 motorway in Bedfordshire. The new signal has three panels. The top is the same as existing signals and can show an advised maximum speed or indicate a closed lane. A second panel shows one of 12 pictograms which represent the nature of the hazard and a third panel gives, where appropriate, the distance ahead. The added information resulted in improved response from drivers in
Applied Ergonomics
Controls 16.1.24 (88178)
Cochran, D.J., and Riley, M.W. An examination of the speed of manipulation of various sizes and shapes of handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 432--436. This research examined the effects of handle size and shape on two types of manual manipulation of handles. The first task evaluated was one in which the subject rotated a handle 180 m his/her hand one way, then reversed the rotation for 180 m the opposite direction. On this task smaller handles could be manipulated faster. Also, triangular handles were significantly slower to manipulate than all other shapes tested except square ones. The second task evaluated the speed of flipping a handle in the hand. F o r this task shape had no significant effect on the time but size did. Once again, the smaller handles could be manipulated more quickly than the larger ones. O
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Computer interfaces 16.1.25 (88182) Goodman, D., Dickinson, J., and
16.1.23 (88163)
Rutley, K.S., Hodge, A.R., and
70
that they slowed down more, speed distribution was reduced and there was an overall reduction in close following in reasonable visibility. The cost of supplying and installing the new signal was estimated at £5000/km in 1979 prices and their installation could be justified if one accident could be prevented each year on each 20 km of motorway.
performance and preference were evaluated in a series of field studies. It was found that preference measures for the p r o t o t y p e s closely approximated data derived using the simulations, indicating validity of this inexpensive method of design testing. =
16.1.26 (88186) Stromboni, J.-P On man-machine interface adaptation. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control. Roskilde, Denmark, 30 May 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 3 3 - 4 4 . The author's final aim is to improve man-machine systems, using an adaptation o f the programmed part of the man-macltine interface as an aid to the human operator, in the area of manual control. The eelected approach was to carry out one particular application, even in a simplified case, in order to draw up a list of necessary steps applying to similar cases and which could be used for further studies. Thus, using a simplified manipulator, readings were taken during execution of a simple task. In consequence of the observations made, an objective was gxven to the computer-aid and an adaptable filter with its adaptation criterion was chosen. Implementation and testing required the selection of an adaptation procedure and definition of some measures of adaptation efficiency. Even if many factors need to be further studied, the system obtained was found to decrease a posteriori the overshoots. the anticipated corrections and particularly the small oscillations and noises on the operator's command signal.
Workpi layout and equipment design
Franeas, M.
16.1•27 (88195)
Human factors in keypad design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-- 14 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Hough. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 191 - 195.
Kleiner, B.M.
A series of studies is reported in which a number of human factors considerations were investigated in the design of a keypad entry system for Telidon public access terminals. Initial studies evaluated subjects' preferences with simulated keypads upon which subjects performed simulated Telidon tasks. Subsequently, working prototypes were developed of the two most preferred keypads. User
March 1985
Ergonomic/economic redesign of a visual inspection workplace. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-: 14 October t 9 8 3 , edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 3 0 7 - 310. An aided visual inspection workstation was ergonomically redesigned according to company economic constraints. Predesign research included observational analysis, task analysis and experimentation• The previous poor posture was eliminated by reducing a required 45 ° angle of the head. This involved supporting the elbows with a
Lines, C.J. A new motorway signal. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berks, Report No 1075, 1983, 15 pp. Driver response to a new, more informative motorway signal has been measured over an 18 m o n t h period on the M1 motorway in Bedfordshire. The new signal has three panels. The top is the same as existing signals and can show an advised maximum speed or indicate a closed lane. A second panel shows one of 12 pictograms which represent the nature of the hazard and a third panel gives, where appropriate, the distance ahead. The added information resulted in improved response from drivers in
Applied Ergonomics
Controls 16.1.24 (88178)
Cochran, D.J., and Riley, M.W. An examination of the speed of manipulation of various sizes and shapes of handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 432--436. This research examined the effects of handle size and shape on two types of manual manipulation of handles. The first task evaluated was one in which the subject rotated a handle 180 m his/her hand one way, then reversed the rotation for 180 m the opposite direction. On this task smaller handles could be manipulated faster. Also, triangular handles were significantly slower to manipulate than all other shapes tested except square ones. The second task evaluated the speed of flipping a handle in the hand. F o r this task shape had no significant effect on the time but size did. Once again, the smaller handles could be manipulated more quickly than the larger ones. O
.
•
•
O
.
Computer interfaces 16.1.25 (88182) Goodman, D., Dickinson, J., and
16.1.23 (88163)
Rutley, K.S., Hodge, A.R., and
70
that they slowed down more, speed distribution was reduced and there was an overall reduction in close following in reasonable visibility. The cost of supplying and installing the new signal was estimated at £5000/km in 1979 prices and their installation could be justified if one accident could be prevented each year on each 20 km of motorway.
performance and preference were evaluated in a series of field studies. It was found that preference measures for the p r o t o t y p e s closely approximated data derived using the simulations, indicating validity of this inexpensive method of design testing. =
16.1.26 (88186) Stromboni, J.-P On man-machine interface adaptation. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control. Roskilde, Denmark, 30 May 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 3 3 - 4 4 . The author's final aim is to improve man-machine systems, using an adaptation o f the programmed part of the man-macltine interface as an aid to the human operator, in the area of manual control. The eelected approach was to carry out one particular application, even in a simplified case, in order to draw up a list of necessary steps applying to similar cases and which could be used for further studies. Thus, using a simplified manipulator, readings were taken during execution of a simple task. In consequence of the observations made, an objective was gxven to the computer-aid and an adaptable filter with its adaptation criterion was chosen. Implementation and testing required the selection of an adaptation procedure and definition of some measures of adaptation efficiency. Even if many factors need to be further studied, the system obtained was found to decrease a posteriori the overshoots. the anticipated corrections and particularly the small oscillations and noises on the operator's command signal.
Workpi layout and equipment design
Franeas, M.
16.1•27 (88195)
Human factors in keypad design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-- 14 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Hough. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 191 - 195.
Kleiner, B.M.
A series of studies is reported in which a number of human factors considerations were investigated in the design of a keypad entry system for Telidon public access terminals. Initial studies evaluated subjects' preferences with simulated keypads upon which subjects performed simulated Telidon tasks. Subsequently, working prototypes were developed of the two most preferred keypads. User
March 1985
Ergonomic/economic redesign of a visual inspection workplace. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-: 14 October t 9 8 3 , edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 3 0 7 - 310. An aided visual inspection workstation was ergonomically redesigned according to company economic constraints. Predesign research included observational analysis, task analysis and experimentation• The previous poor posture was eliminated by reducing a required 45 ° angle of the head. This involved supporting the elbows with a