- Email: [email protected]
Erratum: Guenther Gerisch and Dictyostelium, the microbial model for ameboid motility and multicellular morphogenesis
Update
TRENDS in Cell Biology
LTBP-1 in these assays, which indicates that the TGF-bactivating process is highly isoform specific. This confirms previous observations that, at organismal level, LTBPs have several non-redundant functions, and it implicates their hinge domains as a potential reason for the inability of LTBPs to substitute for one another [14,15].
Vol.14 No.12 December 2004
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Concluding remarks The work by Annes et al. has identified LTBP-1 as being a major regulatory factor in avb6-integrin-mediated TGF-b activation. Their results are important for several reasons. First, they provide proof that LTBPs are directly involved in latent-TGF-b activation; until now, there was no clear evidence of this. Second, the recent study clearly shows that avb6-integrin-mediated activation requires latent TGF-b to be matrix bound. This re-enforces the concept that LTBPs are local regulators of TGF-b signaling. Third, the results describe a mechanism by which LTBPs can exert isoformspecific functions. This opens up a new field of research by suggesting ways for detailed structure–function studies of LTBP proteins and their multiple splice variants [16]. It will be a challenge to extend these studies to the other TGF-b-interacting LTBPs because they are also likely to have TGF-b-activating functions. Indeed, for LTBP-4, we recently defined such a function [17]. Based on the results of Annes et al. [13], some obvious experiments can now be designed to identify the crucial TGF-b-activating regions within the other TGF-b-binding LTBPs. Sooner or later, this is likely to reveal the mechanisms that are responsible for tissue-site-specific TGF-b activation. Because the results were derived from highly sophisticated models, a validation of LTBP-mediated TGF-b activation in primary cells should be considered. Although this might seem difficult at present, the number of genetically manipulated primary cells has increased considerably since the completion of the mouse and human genome sequences, which should greatly assist this endeavor. References 1 Munger, J.S. et al. (1998) Interactions between growth factors and integrins: latent forms of transforming growth factor-beta are ligands for the integrin avb1. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 2627–2638 2 Saharinen, J. and Keski-Oja, J. (2000) Specific sequence motif of 8-Cys
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8
9
10
11 12
13
14
15
16
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18
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repeats of TGF-b binding proteins, LTBPs, creates a hydrophobic interaction surface for binding of small latent TGF-b. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 2691–2704 Taipale, J. et al. (1998) Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-b: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv. Cancer Res. 75, 87–134 ten Dijke, P. and Hill, C.S. (2004) New insights into TGF-b–Smad signalling. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 265–273 Annes, J.P. et al. (2003) Making sense of latent TGF-b activation. J. Cell Sci. 116, 217–224 Koli, K. et al. (2001) Latency, activation, and binding proteins of TGF-b. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52, 354–362 Lyons, R.M. et al. (1988) Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-b from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1659–1665 Sato, Y. et al. (1990) Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-b by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulating system. J. Cell Biol. 111, 757–763 Bugge, T.H. et al. (1995) Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Dev. 9, 794–807 Murphy-Ullrich, J.E. and Poczatek, M. (2000) Activation of latent TGF-b by thrombospondin-1: mechanisms and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11, 59–69 Crawford, S.E. et al. (1998) Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-b1 in vivo. Cell 93, 1159–1170 Munger, J.S. et al. (1999) The integrin avb6 binds and activates latent TGF-b1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 96, 319–328 Annes, J.P. et al. (2004) Integrin avb6-mediated activation of latent TGF-b requires the latent TGF-b binding protein-1. J. Cell Biol. 165, 723–734 Sterner-Kock, A. et al. (2002) Disruption of the gene encoding the latent transforming growth factor b binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) causes abnormal lung development, cardiomyopathy and colorectal cancer. Genes Dev. 16, 2264–2273 Dabovic, B. et al. (2002) Bone abnormalities in latent TGF-b binding protein (Ltbp)-3-null mice indicate a role for Ltbp-3 in modulating TGF-b bioavailability. J. Cell Biol. 156, 227–232 Koli, K. et al. (2001) Novel non- TGF-b-binding splice variant of LTBP-4 in human cells and tissues provides means to decrease TGF-b deposition. J. Cell Sci. 114, 2869–2878 Koli, K. et al. (2004) Disruption of LTBP-4 function reduces TGF-b activation and enhances BMP-4 signaling in the lung. J. Cell Biol. 167, 123–133 Unso¨ld, C. et al. (2001) Latent TGF-b binding protein LTBP-1 contains three potential extracellular matrix interacting domains. J. Cell Sci. 114, 187–197
0962-8924/$ - see front matter Q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.10.003
Erratum
Erratum: Guenther Gerisch and Dictyostelium, the microbial model for ameboid motility and multicellular morphogenesis [Trends Cell Biol. 14, 585–588]
In the October issue of Trends in Cell Biology, the article by Salvatore Bozzaro, Paul R. Fisher, William Loomis, DOI of original article 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.09.006 Available online 2 November 2004 www.sciencedirect.com
Peter Satir and Jeffrey E. Segall contained a citation of work carried out by Michael Scheicher (under the subheading ‘The role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in cellular motility’). This should have read ‘Michael Schleicher’.
Update
660
TRENDS in Cell Biology
Also, the Acknowledgements section should have contained the following sentence: ‘J.E.S. was supported by NIH grant CA100324.’ Finally, reference [1] should have been written as Gerisch, G. (1959) Ein submerskulturverfahren fuer entwicklungsphysiologische untersuchungen an Dictyostelium discoideum. Naturwissenschaften 46,
Vol.14 No.12 December 2004
654–656. The authors and Trends in Cell Biology apologize for these errors.
0962-8924/$ - see front matter Q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.10.001
Endeavour the quarterly magazine for the history and philosophy of science You can access Endeavour online via ScienceDirect, where you’ll find a collection of beautifully illustrated articles on the history of science, book reviews and editorial comment.
Featuring Sverre Petterssen and the Contentious (and Momentous) Weather Forecasts for D-Day, 6 June 1944 by J.R. Fleming Food of Paradise: Tahitian breadfruit and the Autocritique of European Consumption by P. White and E.C. Spary Two Approaches to Etiology: The Debate Over Smoking and Lung Cancer in the 1950s by M. Parascandola Sicily, or sea of tranquility? Mapping and naming the moon by J. Vertesi The Prehistory of the Periodic Table by D. Rouvray Two portraits of Edmond Halley by P. Fara and coming soon Fighting the ‘microbe of sporting mania’: Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early twentieth century by P. Roberts Learning from Education to Communicate Science as a Good Story by A. Negrete and C. Lartigue The Traffic and Display of Body Parts in the Early-19th Century by S. Alberti and S. Chaplin The Rise, Fall and Resurrection of Group Selection by M. Borrello Pomet’s great ‘‘Compleat History of Drugs’’ by S. Sherman Sherlock Holmes: scientific detective by L. Snyder The Future of Electricity in 1892 by G.J.N. Gooday The First Personal Computer by J. November Baloonmania: news in the air by M.G. Kim and much, much more . . . Locate Endeavour on ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com) www.sciencedirect.com
TRENDS in Cell Biology
LTBP-1 in these assays, which indicates that the TGF-bactivating process is highly isoform specific. This confirms previous observations that, at organismal level, LTBPs have several non-redundant functions, and it implicates their hinge domains as a potential reason for the inability of LTBPs to substitute for one another [14,15].
Vol.14 No.12 December 2004
3
4 5
Concluding remarks The work by Annes et al. has identified LTBP-1 as being a major regulatory factor in avb6-integrin-mediated TGF-b activation. Their results are important for several reasons. First, they provide proof that LTBPs are directly involved in latent-TGF-b activation; until now, there was no clear evidence of this. Second, the recent study clearly shows that avb6-integrin-mediated activation requires latent TGF-b to be matrix bound. This re-enforces the concept that LTBPs are local regulators of TGF-b signaling. Third, the results describe a mechanism by which LTBPs can exert isoformspecific functions. This opens up a new field of research by suggesting ways for detailed structure–function studies of LTBP proteins and their multiple splice variants [16]. It will be a challenge to extend these studies to the other TGF-b-interacting LTBPs because they are also likely to have TGF-b-activating functions. Indeed, for LTBP-4, we recently defined such a function [17]. Based on the results of Annes et al. [13], some obvious experiments can now be designed to identify the crucial TGF-b-activating regions within the other TGF-b-binding LTBPs. Sooner or later, this is likely to reveal the mechanisms that are responsible for tissue-site-specific TGF-b activation. Because the results were derived from highly sophisticated models, a validation of LTBP-mediated TGF-b activation in primary cells should be considered. Although this might seem difficult at present, the number of genetically manipulated primary cells has increased considerably since the completion of the mouse and human genome sequences, which should greatly assist this endeavor. References 1 Munger, J.S. et al. (1998) Interactions between growth factors and integrins: latent forms of transforming growth factor-beta are ligands for the integrin avb1. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 2627–2638 2 Saharinen, J. and Keski-Oja, J. (2000) Specific sequence motif of 8-Cys
6 7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
659
repeats of TGF-b binding proteins, LTBPs, creates a hydrophobic interaction surface for binding of small latent TGF-b. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 2691–2704 Taipale, J. et al. (1998) Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-b: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv. Cancer Res. 75, 87–134 ten Dijke, P. and Hill, C.S. (2004) New insights into TGF-b–Smad signalling. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 265–273 Annes, J.P. et al. (2003) Making sense of latent TGF-b activation. J. Cell Sci. 116, 217–224 Koli, K. et al. (2001) Latency, activation, and binding proteins of TGF-b. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52, 354–362 Lyons, R.M. et al. (1988) Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-b from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1659–1665 Sato, Y. et al. (1990) Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-b by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulating system. J. Cell Biol. 111, 757–763 Bugge, T.H. et al. (1995) Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Dev. 9, 794–807 Murphy-Ullrich, J.E. and Poczatek, M. (2000) Activation of latent TGF-b by thrombospondin-1: mechanisms and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11, 59–69 Crawford, S.E. et al. (1998) Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-b1 in vivo. Cell 93, 1159–1170 Munger, J.S. et al. (1999) The integrin avb6 binds and activates latent TGF-b1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 96, 319–328 Annes, J.P. et al. (2004) Integrin avb6-mediated activation of latent TGF-b requires the latent TGF-b binding protein-1. J. Cell Biol. 165, 723–734 Sterner-Kock, A. et al. (2002) Disruption of the gene encoding the latent transforming growth factor b binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) causes abnormal lung development, cardiomyopathy and colorectal cancer. Genes Dev. 16, 2264–2273 Dabovic, B. et al. (2002) Bone abnormalities in latent TGF-b binding protein (Ltbp)-3-null mice indicate a role for Ltbp-3 in modulating TGF-b bioavailability. J. Cell Biol. 156, 227–232 Koli, K. et al. (2001) Novel non- TGF-b-binding splice variant of LTBP-4 in human cells and tissues provides means to decrease TGF-b deposition. J. Cell Sci. 114, 2869–2878 Koli, K. et al. (2004) Disruption of LTBP-4 function reduces TGF-b activation and enhances BMP-4 signaling in the lung. J. Cell Biol. 167, 123–133 Unso¨ld, C. et al. (2001) Latent TGF-b binding protein LTBP-1 contains three potential extracellular matrix interacting domains. J. Cell Sci. 114, 187–197
0962-8924/$ - see front matter Q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.10.003
Erratum
Erratum: Guenther Gerisch and Dictyostelium, the microbial model for ameboid motility and multicellular morphogenesis [Trends Cell Biol. 14, 585–588]
In the October issue of Trends in Cell Biology, the article by Salvatore Bozzaro, Paul R. Fisher, William Loomis, DOI of original article 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.09.006 Available online 2 November 2004 www.sciencedirect.com
Peter Satir and Jeffrey E. Segall contained a citation of work carried out by Michael Scheicher (under the subheading ‘The role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in cellular motility’). This should have read ‘Michael Schleicher’.
Update
660
TRENDS in Cell Biology
Also, the Acknowledgements section should have contained the following sentence: ‘J.E.S. was supported by NIH grant CA100324.’ Finally, reference [1] should have been written as Gerisch, G. (1959) Ein submerskulturverfahren fuer entwicklungsphysiologische untersuchungen an Dictyostelium discoideum. Naturwissenschaften 46,
Vol.14 No.12 December 2004
654–656. The authors and Trends in Cell Biology apologize for these errors.
0962-8924/$ - see front matter Q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.10.001
Endeavour the quarterly magazine for the history and philosophy of science You can access Endeavour online via ScienceDirect, where you’ll find a collection of beautifully illustrated articles on the history of science, book reviews and editorial comment.
Featuring Sverre Petterssen and the Contentious (and Momentous) Weather Forecasts for D-Day, 6 June 1944 by J.R. Fleming Food of Paradise: Tahitian breadfruit and the Autocritique of European Consumption by P. White and E.C. Spary Two Approaches to Etiology: The Debate Over Smoking and Lung Cancer in the 1950s by M. Parascandola Sicily, or sea of tranquility? Mapping and naming the moon by J. Vertesi The Prehistory of the Periodic Table by D. Rouvray Two portraits of Edmond Halley by P. Fara and coming soon Fighting the ‘microbe of sporting mania’: Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early twentieth century by P. Roberts Learning from Education to Communicate Science as a Good Story by A. Negrete and C. Lartigue The Traffic and Display of Body Parts in the Early-19th Century by S. Alberti and S. Chaplin The Rise, Fall and Resurrection of Group Selection by M. Borrello Pomet’s great ‘‘Compleat History of Drugs’’ by S. Sherman Sherlock Holmes: scientific detective by L. Snyder The Future of Electricity in 1892 by G.J.N. Gooday The First Personal Computer by J. November Baloonmania: news in the air by M.G. Kim and much, much more . . . Locate Endeavour on ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com) www.sciencedirect.com