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Escherichia coli serotypes in domestic fowl of Punjab
Br. vet . J. (1987) . 143, 273
ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
D . K . SARMA, D . S . SAMBYAL and S. N . SHARMA Department of Veterinary Bacteriology and Virology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
SUMMARY Of the 100 E . coli strains isolated from different organs of 57 diseased domestic fowl, 99 strains were serotyped into 56 different serotypes . Serotypes 02 :K1 :H5, 078 :H, 08 :H19, 09 :H8, 023 :H, 01 :H7, 023 :H16, 01 :H1 and 0143 :H4 represent 45 . 4% of the total typed strains. Similar E . coli serotypes were found in more than one organ of the same bird in 12 birds, different serotypes were found in the organs of the same bird in 14 birds, while only one serotype was found in each of the remaining 31 birds .
INTRODUCTION There is rarely a systematic study reported on the isolation of E. coli from different organs of the same bird in natural cases of disease, although several reports on isolation and serotyping of E. coli from domestic fowl are available (Gupta & Singh, 1969 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et al., 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982 ; Sarma & Boro, 1983) . Harry (1964) and Harry & Hemsley (1965) reported various E. coli serogroups in colisepticaemia outbreaks and in broiler house environment respectively, however, these studies did not deal with individual birds . Usually E. coli are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract, nevertheless it is well known that certain E. coli serotypes are enterotoxigenic while some are invasive being involved in various disease processes . The present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of E. coli serotypes in various internal organs of the diseased domestic fowl in Punjab .
MATERIALS AND METHODS The internal organs such as heart, liver, lung, spleen, ovary, intestine, yolk sac and gizzard from different diseased domestic fowl were examined to see the distribution of E. coli in these organs . A total of 100 E. coli strains were isolated from 57 diseased birds . The various pathological conditions observed in the diseased birds were colisepticaemia, oophoritis, enteritis, chronic respiratory disease (CRD), omphalitis, salpingitis, egg peritonitis and coligranuloma . Most of the cases involved colisepticaemia and oophoritis .
2 74
BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL, 143,3
The E. coli strains were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical tests as described by Edwards & Ewing (1972) . A batch of 50 strains was sent to the Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, and another batch of 50 was sent to the International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark for serotyping .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of serotyping of E. coli strains and their distribution in various organs of fowl are given in Table I . Ninety-nine strains were serotyped and one strain was found nonviable . The typed strains belonged to 56 different serotypes on the basis of their 0, H and K antigens. Though E. coli serogroups 01, 08, 022, and 078 have frequently been reported from various pathological conditions of domestic fowl (Sojka & Carnaghan, 1961 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et al., 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982), most of E. coli serotypes involved in the present study were unusual and have rarely been reported from domestic fowl elsewhere . Most of the E. coli serotypes were randomly distributed in various organs . Serotypes 02 :K1 :H5, 078 :H, 08 :H19, 09 :H8, 023 :H, 01 :H7, 023 :H16, 01 :H1 and 0143 :H4 represent 45 . 4% of the total typed strains and were distributed in more than one organ . These serotypes have also been commonly reported from septicaemic cases of domestic fowl
Table I Isolation of E. coli from various organs of diseased domestic fowl
Organs
Number examined
Heart
20
Liver
22
Lung
8
Spleen
4
Ovary
14
Serotypes isolated
01 :H1 (2), 01 :K53 :H1 (1), 01 :H7 (1), 02 :Kl :H5 (2),08 :H19 (1),09 :H8 (2), 023 :H non typable (1), 023 :H16 (1), 024:H non typable (1), 073 :H31 (1), 078 :H (2), 0118 :H28 (1), 0143 :H4 (1), 0 smooth nontypable :Hl (1), 0 smooth non typable :H7 (1), neg-01-0163 :K38 :H7 (1) 01 :H7 (1), OXI :H7 (1), 01 :H1 (1), 02 :K1 :H5 (4),03 :H5 (1),08 :H19 (2), 08 :H non motile (1), 09 :H8 (1), 023 :H (1), 029 :H non motile (1), 045 :H1 (1), 048 :H26 (1), 078 :H (1), 0103 :H12 (2), 0121 :H11 (1), 0139 :H19 (1),0143 :114 (1) 02 :K1 :H5 (1),09 :H8 (1),022 :H8 (1), 023 :H16 (1),077 :H45 (1),078 :H (2), 0143:H4 (1) 023 :H16 (1), 083 :H21 (1), 0 smooth nontypable :H14 (1), Spont . agglutin :H34 (1) 02 :K1 :H5 (1),04 :H51 (1), 08 :H19 (1),023 :H (1), 023 :H16 (1), 024 :H non
Intestine 23
motile (1), 078 :H (2),0103 :H12 (1),0137 :H32 (1),0 smooth :H non motile (2), neg-01-0163 :K34 :H (1), 079, 120, 0133 :H14 (1) 01 :H7 (1), 08 :H12 (1),08 :H19 (1), 08 :H non motile (1), 09 :H8(1), 016 :H non
Yolk sac 4 Gizzard 4
motile (1), 026, 068 :H7 (1),020 :H (1), 023 :H (2),037 :H21 (1),048 :H26 (1), 060 :H38 (2),055 :H non motile (1), 080 :H19 (1),081 :H21 (1),088 :H34 (1), 0103 :H1 (1), 0105 :H4 (1),0118 :H28 (1), neg . 01-0163 :H21 (1),026,068 :H7 (1) 04 :H42 (1),018 ab, ac :H (1), 078 :H non motile (1), 098 :H10 (1) 02 :H5 (1), 09 :H8 (1), 021 :H non motile (1), 0 smooth non typable :H7 (1)
Figures in the brackets indicates number of strain .
ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
275
Table II Similar E. coli serotypes isolated from different organs of individual bird Serotypes isolated from Birds examined Heart
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . it . 12
Liver
023 :H nontypable 023 :H 01 :H7 01 :H7 09 :H8 0143 :H4 0143 :H4 02 :K1 :H5 02 :K1 :H5 02 :K1 :H5 078 :H 078 :H 01 :H1 01 :H1 08 :H19 08 :H19 02 :K1 :H5
Lung
0143 :H4 02 :K1 :H5 078:H 078 :H -
Ovary
Spleen
-
-
023 :H 078 :H 078 :H 02 :K1 :H5
-
Pathological Intestine conditions
Colisepticaemia Colisepticaemia Enteritis Colisepticaemia Oophoritis Colisepticaemia CRD Colisepticaemia Oophoritis Colisepticaemia 08 :H19 Colisepticaemia Colisepticaemia
09 :H8 023 :H -
- - No isolation .
(Harry, 1964 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et at, 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982). The remaining E. coli serotypes were distributed one each in an organ of the diseased fowls . It is interesting to note that similar serotypes were found in organs of an individual bird in 12 birds (Table II) while different E. coli serotypes were found in the organs of the same bird in 14 birds (Table III) . It is evident that the former situation may arise in cases of septicaemia since similar serotypes were present in various organs of an individual bird . Harry (1964) also reported that in 3-5 birds examined from each colisepticaemia outbreak, the strains of E . coli isolated from the airsacs, pericardial and liver lesions belonged to the same serogroup . The latter observation, wherein different serotypes were found in internal organs of a bird has been rarely reported . Prasad et al. (1968) isolated two different E. coli 0 groups from an adult white leghorn hen having coligranuloma . In another situation Jones et al. (1982) isolated two different biotypes of Br. abortus from various tissues of an infected cow . The exact explanation for isolation of different E. coli serotypes from organs of the same bird is difficult, however, Pranas & Dam (1975) observed spontaneous transformation of the enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes from one serotype to another in vitro and such a phenomenon might well take place in vivo under natural conditions .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank Drs Ida and Frits Orskovs, International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark and Dr S . F. Dixon, Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia for serotyping the E. coli strains .
276
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ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
277
REFERENCES CiosEK, D . (1975) . Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute, Pulawy 119, 64 . EDWARDS, P . R. & EWING, H . H . (1972). Identification of Enterobacteriacae, 3rd edn, Minneapolis :
Burgess Publishing Company . GL FIA, R . N. & SINGH, C . M . (1969) . Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 39, 231 . HARRY, E . G. (1964) . Veterinary Record 76, 443 . HARRY, E . G . & HEy9SLEY, L . A . (1965) . Veterinary Record 77, 241 . JONES, R . L., DEYOE, B . L ., MEYER, M . F ., BL ENING & FALES, W . H . (1982) . Journal of Clinical Microbiology 161, 641 . ORSKOV, I ., ORSKOV, F ., JANN, B . & JANN, K. (1977) . Bacteriological Review 41, 667 . PRAN,\s, J. & DASi, A . (1975) . Archiv fur Experimentalle veterinarmedizin 29, 763 . PRASAD, H ., SRINAS!VA, C . P . & PRASAD, S . (1968) . Indian Veterinary Journa144, 389. SARrtA, D . K ., SAAlBYAL, D . S ., BAXI, K. K . & GREwAL, G . S . (1982) . Indian Journal of Animal Science 52, 991 . S.ARnlA, D . K. & BoRO, B . R . (1983) . Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 41, 51 . SUJKA, W . J . & CARNAGHAN, R . B . A . (1961) . Research in Veterinary Science 2, 340 . (Accepted for publication 20 May 1986)
ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
D . K . SARMA, D . S . SAMBYAL and S. N . SHARMA Department of Veterinary Bacteriology and Virology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
SUMMARY Of the 100 E . coli strains isolated from different organs of 57 diseased domestic fowl, 99 strains were serotyped into 56 different serotypes . Serotypes 02 :K1 :H5, 078 :H, 08 :H19, 09 :H8, 023 :H, 01 :H7, 023 :H16, 01 :H1 and 0143 :H4 represent 45 . 4% of the total typed strains. Similar E . coli serotypes were found in more than one organ of the same bird in 12 birds, different serotypes were found in the organs of the same bird in 14 birds, while only one serotype was found in each of the remaining 31 birds .
INTRODUCTION There is rarely a systematic study reported on the isolation of E. coli from different organs of the same bird in natural cases of disease, although several reports on isolation and serotyping of E. coli from domestic fowl are available (Gupta & Singh, 1969 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et al., 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982 ; Sarma & Boro, 1983) . Harry (1964) and Harry & Hemsley (1965) reported various E. coli serogroups in colisepticaemia outbreaks and in broiler house environment respectively, however, these studies did not deal with individual birds . Usually E. coli are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract, nevertheless it is well known that certain E. coli serotypes are enterotoxigenic while some are invasive being involved in various disease processes . The present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of E. coli serotypes in various internal organs of the diseased domestic fowl in Punjab .
MATERIALS AND METHODS The internal organs such as heart, liver, lung, spleen, ovary, intestine, yolk sac and gizzard from different diseased domestic fowl were examined to see the distribution of E. coli in these organs . A total of 100 E. coli strains were isolated from 57 diseased birds . The various pathological conditions observed in the diseased birds were colisepticaemia, oophoritis, enteritis, chronic respiratory disease (CRD), omphalitis, salpingitis, egg peritonitis and coligranuloma . Most of the cases involved colisepticaemia and oophoritis .
2 74
BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL, 143,3
The E. coli strains were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical tests as described by Edwards & Ewing (1972) . A batch of 50 strains was sent to the Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, and another batch of 50 was sent to the International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark for serotyping .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of serotyping of E. coli strains and their distribution in various organs of fowl are given in Table I . Ninety-nine strains were serotyped and one strain was found nonviable . The typed strains belonged to 56 different serotypes on the basis of their 0, H and K antigens. Though E. coli serogroups 01, 08, 022, and 078 have frequently been reported from various pathological conditions of domestic fowl (Sojka & Carnaghan, 1961 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et al., 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982), most of E. coli serotypes involved in the present study were unusual and have rarely been reported from domestic fowl elsewhere . Most of the E. coli serotypes were randomly distributed in various organs . Serotypes 02 :K1 :H5, 078 :H, 08 :H19, 09 :H8, 023 :H, 01 :H7, 023 :H16, 01 :H1 and 0143 :H4 represent 45 . 4% of the total typed strains and were distributed in more than one organ . These serotypes have also been commonly reported from septicaemic cases of domestic fowl
Table I Isolation of E. coli from various organs of diseased domestic fowl
Organs
Number examined
Heart
20
Liver
22
Lung
8
Spleen
4
Ovary
14
Serotypes isolated
01 :H1 (2), 01 :K53 :H1 (1), 01 :H7 (1), 02 :Kl :H5 (2),08 :H19 (1),09 :H8 (2), 023 :H non typable (1), 023 :H16 (1), 024:H non typable (1), 073 :H31 (1), 078 :H (2), 0118 :H28 (1), 0143 :H4 (1), 0 smooth nontypable :Hl (1), 0 smooth non typable :H7 (1), neg-01-0163 :K38 :H7 (1) 01 :H7 (1), OXI :H7 (1), 01 :H1 (1), 02 :K1 :H5 (4),03 :H5 (1),08 :H19 (2), 08 :H non motile (1), 09 :H8 (1), 023 :H (1), 029 :H non motile (1), 045 :H1 (1), 048 :H26 (1), 078 :H (1), 0103 :H12 (2), 0121 :H11 (1), 0139 :H19 (1),0143 :114 (1) 02 :K1 :H5 (1),09 :H8 (1),022 :H8 (1), 023 :H16 (1),077 :H45 (1),078 :H (2), 0143:H4 (1) 023 :H16 (1), 083 :H21 (1), 0 smooth nontypable :H14 (1), Spont . agglutin :H34 (1) 02 :K1 :H5 (1),04 :H51 (1), 08 :H19 (1),023 :H (1), 023 :H16 (1), 024 :H non
Intestine 23
motile (1), 078 :H (2),0103 :H12 (1),0137 :H32 (1),0 smooth :H non motile (2), neg-01-0163 :K34 :H (1), 079, 120, 0133 :H14 (1) 01 :H7 (1), 08 :H12 (1),08 :H19 (1), 08 :H non motile (1), 09 :H8(1), 016 :H non
Yolk sac 4 Gizzard 4
motile (1), 026, 068 :H7 (1),020 :H (1), 023 :H (2),037 :H21 (1),048 :H26 (1), 060 :H38 (2),055 :H non motile (1), 080 :H19 (1),081 :H21 (1),088 :H34 (1), 0103 :H1 (1), 0105 :H4 (1),0118 :H28 (1), neg . 01-0163 :H21 (1),026,068 :H7 (1) 04 :H42 (1),018 ab, ac :H (1), 078 :H non motile (1), 098 :H10 (1) 02 :H5 (1), 09 :H8 (1), 021 :H non motile (1), 0 smooth non typable :H7 (1)
Figures in the brackets indicates number of strain .
ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
275
Table II Similar E. coli serotypes isolated from different organs of individual bird Serotypes isolated from Birds examined Heart
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . it . 12
Liver
023 :H nontypable 023 :H 01 :H7 01 :H7 09 :H8 0143 :H4 0143 :H4 02 :K1 :H5 02 :K1 :H5 02 :K1 :H5 078 :H 078 :H 01 :H1 01 :H1 08 :H19 08 :H19 02 :K1 :H5
Lung
0143 :H4 02 :K1 :H5 078:H 078 :H -
Ovary
Spleen
-
-
023 :H 078 :H 078 :H 02 :K1 :H5
-
Pathological Intestine conditions
Colisepticaemia Colisepticaemia Enteritis Colisepticaemia Oophoritis Colisepticaemia CRD Colisepticaemia Oophoritis Colisepticaemia 08 :H19 Colisepticaemia Colisepticaemia
09 :H8 023 :H -
- - No isolation .
(Harry, 1964 ; Ciosek, 1975 ; Orskov et at, 1977 ; Sarma et al., 1982). The remaining E. coli serotypes were distributed one each in an organ of the diseased fowls . It is interesting to note that similar serotypes were found in organs of an individual bird in 12 birds (Table II) while different E. coli serotypes were found in the organs of the same bird in 14 birds (Table III) . It is evident that the former situation may arise in cases of septicaemia since similar serotypes were present in various organs of an individual bird . Harry (1964) also reported that in 3-5 birds examined from each colisepticaemia outbreak, the strains of E . coli isolated from the airsacs, pericardial and liver lesions belonged to the same serogroup . The latter observation, wherein different serotypes were found in internal organs of a bird has been rarely reported . Prasad et al. (1968) isolated two different E. coli 0 groups from an adult white leghorn hen having coligranuloma . In another situation Jones et al. (1982) isolated two different biotypes of Br. abortus from various tissues of an infected cow . The exact explanation for isolation of different E. coli serotypes from organs of the same bird is difficult, however, Pranas & Dam (1975) observed spontaneous transformation of the enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes from one serotype to another in vitro and such a phenomenon might well take place in vivo under natural conditions .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank Drs Ida and Frits Orskovs, International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark and Dr S . F. Dixon, Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia for serotyping the E. coli strains .
276
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ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES IN DOMESTIC FOWL OF PUNJAB
277
REFERENCES CiosEK, D . (1975) . Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute, Pulawy 119, 64 . EDWARDS, P . R. & EWING, H . H . (1972). Identification of Enterobacteriacae, 3rd edn, Minneapolis :
Burgess Publishing Company . GL FIA, R . N. & SINGH, C . M . (1969) . Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 39, 231 . HARRY, E . G. (1964) . Veterinary Record 76, 443 . HARRY, E . G . & HEy9SLEY, L . A . (1965) . Veterinary Record 77, 241 . JONES, R . L., DEYOE, B . L ., MEYER, M . F ., BL ENING & FALES, W . H . (1982) . Journal of Clinical Microbiology 161, 641 . ORSKOV, I ., ORSKOV, F ., JANN, B . & JANN, K. (1977) . Bacteriological Review 41, 667 . PRAN,\s, J. & DASi, A . (1975) . Archiv fur Experimentalle veterinarmedizin 29, 763 . PRASAD, H ., SRINAS!VA, C . P . & PRASAD, S . (1968) . Indian Veterinary Journa144, 389. SARrtA, D . K ., SAAlBYAL, D . S ., BAXI, K. K . & GREwAL, G . S . (1982) . Indian Journal of Animal Science 52, 991 . S.ARnlA, D . K. & BoRO, B . R . (1983) . Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 41, 51 . SUJKA, W . J . & CARNAGHAN, R . B . A . (1961) . Research in Veterinary Science 2, 340 . (Accepted for publication 20 May 1986)