- Email: [email protected]
Essential Facts About Mosquito Control and Zika Virus
Accepted Manuscript Essential Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus Jerome Goddard, Ph.D. PII:
S0002-9343(16)30798-7
DOI:
10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.021
Reference:
AJM 13646
To appear in:
The American Journal of Medicine
Received Date: 14 July 2016 Revised Date:
18 July 2016
Accepted Date: 18 July 2016
Please cite this article as: RRH: Basic Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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Review Article
M AN U
Essential Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus
Jerome Goddard, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS [email protected] 662-325-2085
TE D
Funding: None. No grant funding was received for this study/manuscript, nor was any money received from pharmaceutical or chemical industries for preparation of it. Conflicts of interest: The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose.
EP
The author had all access to the data and wrote the manuscript in its entirety. Running head: Basic Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus
AC C
Key words: Zika virus; mosquito vectors; mosquito control; Protection methods.
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Abstract The threat to persons living in the southern U.S. from Zika virus (ZIKV) is both
RI PT
significant and ongoing. Although there are several modes of transmission of ZIKV to humans, mosquito transmission is the primary avenue by which persons become infected. Only two
mosquitoes are likely able to transmit ZIKV to humans in the U.S., and information about their
SC
biology and control is important to physicians and public health officials. This article discusses ZIKV mosquito vector ecology and control, with emphasis on source reduction and personal
M AN U
protection.
Clinical Significance
Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily a mosquito-borne human illness with only limited
TE D
clinical severity but which can lead to devastating birth defects (microcephaly) in pregnant females.
Physicians should be aware of the mosquito vectors of ZIKV, their basic biology,
EP
ecology, and control.
Physicians can help educate patients about ZIKV, its mosquito vectors, and ways for
AC C
them to protect themselves.
2
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1. There are many different types of mosquitoes. There are at least 75 different species of mosquitoes occurring in the southern United States.1-3 Only a few of them are significant pests of humans, while many others
RI PT
are quite obscure, being found in unique and limited habitats. For example, there are some species of mosquitoes that only feed on frogs,3 and some that only live inside
SC
pitcher plants occurring along the southeastern coast.4
2. Different species of mosquitoes breed in different places.
M AN U
One of the common mistakes people make is thinking that all mosquitoes are the same and behave the same way. Mosquitoes can be roughly grouped into categories based upon their breeding sites. Many Aedes species breed in artificial containers around the house or holes in trees. Others, like the Anopheles breed in permanent water such as
TE D
swamps or lakes. The West Nile Virus vector in southern states, Culex quinquefasciatus, prefers water with high organic matter content such as that in septic ditches and storm drains. Some of our worst biting mosquito species come from groups such as
EP
Psorophora and Aedes which breed in floodwaters or woodland pools after heavy rains.
AC C
3. Not all mosquito species are vectors of disease agents.
Interestingly, not all species of mosquitoes have the capability to pick up and later
transmit disease agents, a concept called vector competence.5 There are lots of examples
of this. In places with malaria, only Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors despite the fact that there are many other mosquitoes in those areas. Also, after heavy spring rains, people get concerned about excessive mosquito biting from floodwater mosquitoes, but
3
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these mosquitoes are not carrying disease agents. The same is true for ZIKV; not all mosquitoes in southern states are able to transmit the virus to humans (see next section).
vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV).
RI PT
4. Only two species of mosquitoes in southern states are likely competent
Zika is primarily transmitted by the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti and the
SC
Asian tiger mosquito, A. albopictus. Both species are very similar in appearance and habits. Aedes aegypti is a small black species with prominent white bands on its legs and
M AN U
a silver-white lyre-shaped figure on the upper side of its thorax (Figure 1). It breeds in artificial containers around buildings such as tires, cans, jars, flowerpots, and gutters, and usually bites during the morning or late afternoon. They may readily enter houses and seem to prefer human blood meals (as opposed to animals), biting principally around the
TE D
ankles or back of the neck. Interestingly, in many places in the U.S. where A. albopictus was accidentally introduced, this species has virtually disappeared, apparently being displaced.
EP
Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in the Asian region, the Hawaiian Islands, parts of Europe, and much of the Americas, including the southern U.S., where it was
AC C
accidentally introduced in 1986.6, 7 This species is similar in appearance to A. aegypti having a black body and silver-white markings, with the major difference between the two being that A. albopictus has a single, silver-white stripe down the center of the dorsum of the thorax (instead of the lyre-shaped marking) (Figure 1). They also breed in artificial containers such as cans, gutters, jars, tires, flowerpots, etc., and seem especially
4
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fond of discarded tires. This is an aggressive daytime-biting mosquito, often landing and biting immediately.
RI PT
5. Mosquito control of these two vectors is different from that of other disease vectors.
In many southern states, public mosquito control generally consists of spraying
SC
the town or county with a truck-mounted spray machine. While this may be fine for WNV, it is not very effective for other mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue,
M AN U
chikungunya, or ZIKV.8 Mosquito vectors of these diseases are not readily killed by this method. Zika vectors live in close proximity to people's houses, and especially around the back porch and patio area where they breed in pots and pans and planters. In such situations, a door-to-door effort is needed to educate homeowners about mosquito
TE D
breeding and elimination (including larvidicing, which means killing the larvae), combined with hand-held fogging with pesticides where needed.
EP
6. The most important mosquito control measure around your house is to find and eliminate breeding sites.
AC C
By far, the most effective mosquito control strategy for ZIKV is to search for and
eliminate places where the vectors live. This is sometimes called the “tip and toss method.” People can be trained to look for trash, planters, pet dishes, and bird baths around their house where Aedes mosquitoes may live and empty the water out of them on a regular basis (Figure 2). Better yet, they can completely remove these items from the premises where possible.
5
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7. Other than eliminating breeding sites, both mosquito larviciding and
RI PT
adulticiding are important in controlling these two mosquito pests.
Larviciding, which involves placing chemicals or other control agents in mosquito breeding habitats, is extremely effective and environmentally safe. Many of these
SC
products utilize either bacterial toxins or insect growth hormones to kill the larvae or block their development. There are also some harsh chemical larvicides available for
M AN U
application to water but they are rarely used these days. The bacterial or insect growth hormone larvicides are commonly available for sale at home and garden stores under a variety of brand names and are usually formulated as donuts, briquettes, tablets, or granules to be placed in water sources (see Table 1 and Figure 3).
TE D
For adult mosquito control (adulticiding), spraying around a house with a handheld or backpack fogger works well (Table 1 and Figure 3). Although a pest management professional can be contracted to provide this service, homeowners can do it
EP
themselves with electric or propane foggers. Certainly there might be situations where spraying with a truck mounted machine up and down the street is also useful (but this
AC C
should not be the primary mosquito control method).
8. Personal protection measures are also important in protecting yourself from mosquito-borne diseases.
Other than killing the mosquitoes around your house, the best way to protect yourself from mosquito-borne diseases is to use personal protection. This includes
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
avoiding mosquito infested areas during times of their greatest activity, wearing long sleeved shirts and long pants when outside, and using insect repellents (see next section).
RI PT
9. Insect repellents are perhaps the most important tool for protection from mosquitoes.
Repellents are a great tool for protecting the public from mosquito-borne diseases.
SC
There are several active ingredients in insect repellents such as picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus, but the gold standard is DEET.9 Some people have concerns about using
M AN U
insect repellents, but their safety is well established, especially when used according to their label directions.10 Most adverse reactions to repellents (primarily from DEET-based products) has resulted from improper application or reapplying the product too
TE D
frequently.
10. Remember, mosquitoes may transmit several diseases. ZIKV is not the only one.
EP
An important point to remember is that ZIKV is just the most recent mosquitoborne disease in a long succession of them. In southern states, this goes all the way back
AC C
to malaria and yellow fever.11-13 Some of our more recent mosquito-borne diseases
include St. Louis encephalitis and WNV.14, 15 There are probably other new or unknown viruses circulating in nature which could also infect people. The moral of the story is that mosquitoes may transmit several disease agents and protecting oneself from mosquito bites is a good thing.
7
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References Harrison BA, Byrd BD, Sither CB, Whitt PB. The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide: Mosquito and Vector-borne Ifectious Diseases Laboratory Publication No. 2016-1, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC; 2016. 2. Goddard J, Varnado WC, Harrison BA. An annotated list of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Mississippi. J. Vector Ecol. 2010;35(1):213-229. 3. Carpenter S, LaCasse W. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1955. 4. Goddard J, Waggy G, Varnado WC, Harrison BA. Taxonomy and ecology of the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, in Mississippi. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2007;109:684-688. 5. Goddard J. Mosquito vector competence and West Nile virus transmission. Infect. Med. 2002;19:542-543. 6. Lambrechts L, Scott TW, Gubler DJ. Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010;4(5):e646. 7. Rai KS. Aedes albopictus in the Americas. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1991;36:459-484. 8. Goddard J, Varnado WC, Hand S, Meyer F. Chikungunya in Mississippi: the health department response to imported cases. J. Mississippi St. Med. Assoc. 2016;57:138-141. 9. MSDH. Mosquito repellents -- types and recommendations: Mississippi State Department of Health, Jackson, MS, online article, http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,957,93.html, accessed July 12, 2014. 10. Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;347:13-18. 11. Cope SE. Yellow fever -- the scourge revealed: Florida Mosquito Control Association, Wing Beats, Winter 1996, pp. 14-26; 1996. 12. Crosby MC. The American Plague. New York: Berkley Books; 2006. 13. Hataway K, Goddard J. Malaria in Mississippi: history, epidemiology, and current status. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 2011;56:223-232. 14. Powell KE, Blakey DL. St Louis encephalitis: clinical and epidemiologic aspects in Mississippi S. Med. J. 1976;69:1121-1125. 15. Goddard J. What is new with West Nile virus? Infect. Med. 2008;25:134-140.
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8
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FIGURE LEGENDS
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Figure 1. The primary mosquito vectors of Zika virus in Mississippi: A. Aedes aegypti, and B. Aedes albopictus. Note the difference in white markings on the back (Figure courtesy Mississippi Department of Health).
SC
Figure 2. The mosquito vectors of Zika virus may breed in anything that holds rainwater for more than 5-7 days. Tires and flower vases in cemetaries like those shown here may hold rainwater for mosquito breeding.
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Figure 3. A few mosquito control products available for homeowners.
9
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Table 1. Some common mosquito control products available to homeowners at local home and garden stores. Note: this is not a complete list, nor is any one of them necessarily recommended or endorsed by the author. Brand name Insecticide Manufacturer Comments Cutter Backyard Permethrin1 Spectrum Brands, An electric fogging Electric Powered Inc., Middleton, WI machine for Insect Fogger placement outdoors Black Flag Propane Permethrin1 The Fountainhead A propane powered Powered Insect Fogger Group, Inc., New fogging machine for York Mills, NY placement outdoors Off Mosquito Lamp2 Metofluthrin S. C. Johnson Co., A lamp for outdoors Racine, WI that releases an insecticide Thermacell Patio Allethrin Thermacell A lantern for Shield Lantern Repellents, Inc., outdoors that releases Bedford, MA an insecticide Off Backyard Pretreat Lambda cyhalothrin S. C. Johnson Co., A sprayer attachment Spray Racine, WI for the water hose EcoSmart Mosquito Essential Oils Kittrich Corp., All natural product Fogger Spray Atlanta, GA intended to repel and kill mosquitoes in outdoor areas Cutter Backyard Bug Tetramethrin Spectrum Brands, A can of spray for Control (Fogger) Inc., Middleton, WI “fogging” the backyard Trap-N-Kill Mosquito DDVP (vapona) Springstar Corp., A small lethal Trap Woodinville, WA mosquito trap to place outdoors around home Mosquito Dunks Bacteria (BTI) Summit Chemicals, Donut-shaped Larvicide Baltimore, MD product to place in water to kill mosquito larvae Mosquito Bits Bacteria (BTI) Summit Chemicals, Treated corn cob grit Larvicide Baltimore, MD to place in water to kill mosquito larvae Pre-Strike Mosquito Methoprene (insect Wellmark Small “tablets” to Torpedo growth regulator) International, place in water to kill Shaumburg, IL mosquito larvae 1 Most of these fogging machines use permethrin-based products. However, there may be other appropriately labeled insecticides for use in them. 2 Not to be confused with citronella candles or lamps.
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Clinical Significance
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily a mosquito-borne human illness with only limited clinical severity but which can lead to devastating birth defects (microcephaly) in pregnant females.
SC
Physicians should be aware of the mosquito vectors of ZIKV, their basic biology, ecology, and control.
AC C
EP
TE D
them to protect themselves.
M AN U
Physicians can help educate patients about ZIKV, its mosquito vectors, and ways for
S0002-9343(16)30798-7
DOI:
10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.021
Reference:
AJM 13646
To appear in:
The American Journal of Medicine
Received Date: 14 July 2016 Revised Date:
18 July 2016
Accepted Date: 18 July 2016
Please cite this article as: RRH: Basic Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
SC
RI PT
Review Article
M AN U
Essential Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus
Jerome Goddard, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS [email protected] 662-325-2085
TE D
Funding: None. No grant funding was received for this study/manuscript, nor was any money received from pharmaceutical or chemical industries for preparation of it. Conflicts of interest: The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose.
EP
The author had all access to the data and wrote the manuscript in its entirety. Running head: Basic Facts about Mosquitoes and Zika Virus
AC C
Key words: Zika virus; mosquito vectors; mosquito control; Protection methods.
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Abstract The threat to persons living in the southern U.S. from Zika virus (ZIKV) is both
RI PT
significant and ongoing. Although there are several modes of transmission of ZIKV to humans, mosquito transmission is the primary avenue by which persons become infected. Only two
mosquitoes are likely able to transmit ZIKV to humans in the U.S., and information about their
SC
biology and control is important to physicians and public health officials. This article discusses ZIKV mosquito vector ecology and control, with emphasis on source reduction and personal
M AN U
protection.
Clinical Significance
Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily a mosquito-borne human illness with only limited
TE D
clinical severity but which can lead to devastating birth defects (microcephaly) in pregnant females.
Physicians should be aware of the mosquito vectors of ZIKV, their basic biology,
EP
ecology, and control.
Physicians can help educate patients about ZIKV, its mosquito vectors, and ways for
AC C
them to protect themselves.
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1. There are many different types of mosquitoes. There are at least 75 different species of mosquitoes occurring in the southern United States.1-3 Only a few of them are significant pests of humans, while many others
RI PT
are quite obscure, being found in unique and limited habitats. For example, there are some species of mosquitoes that only feed on frogs,3 and some that only live inside
SC
pitcher plants occurring along the southeastern coast.4
2. Different species of mosquitoes breed in different places.
M AN U
One of the common mistakes people make is thinking that all mosquitoes are the same and behave the same way. Mosquitoes can be roughly grouped into categories based upon their breeding sites. Many Aedes species breed in artificial containers around the house or holes in trees. Others, like the Anopheles breed in permanent water such as
TE D
swamps or lakes. The West Nile Virus vector in southern states, Culex quinquefasciatus, prefers water with high organic matter content such as that in septic ditches and storm drains. Some of our worst biting mosquito species come from groups such as
EP
Psorophora and Aedes which breed in floodwaters or woodland pools after heavy rains.
AC C
3. Not all mosquito species are vectors of disease agents.
Interestingly, not all species of mosquitoes have the capability to pick up and later
transmit disease agents, a concept called vector competence.5 There are lots of examples
of this. In places with malaria, only Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors despite the fact that there are many other mosquitoes in those areas. Also, after heavy spring rains, people get concerned about excessive mosquito biting from floodwater mosquitoes, but
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
these mosquitoes are not carrying disease agents. The same is true for ZIKV; not all mosquitoes in southern states are able to transmit the virus to humans (see next section).
vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV).
RI PT
4. Only two species of mosquitoes in southern states are likely competent
Zika is primarily transmitted by the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti and the
SC
Asian tiger mosquito, A. albopictus. Both species are very similar in appearance and habits. Aedes aegypti is a small black species with prominent white bands on its legs and
M AN U
a silver-white lyre-shaped figure on the upper side of its thorax (Figure 1). It breeds in artificial containers around buildings such as tires, cans, jars, flowerpots, and gutters, and usually bites during the morning or late afternoon. They may readily enter houses and seem to prefer human blood meals (as opposed to animals), biting principally around the
TE D
ankles or back of the neck. Interestingly, in many places in the U.S. where A. albopictus was accidentally introduced, this species has virtually disappeared, apparently being displaced.
EP
Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in the Asian region, the Hawaiian Islands, parts of Europe, and much of the Americas, including the southern U.S., where it was
AC C
accidentally introduced in 1986.6, 7 This species is similar in appearance to A. aegypti having a black body and silver-white markings, with the major difference between the two being that A. albopictus has a single, silver-white stripe down the center of the dorsum of the thorax (instead of the lyre-shaped marking) (Figure 1). They also breed in artificial containers such as cans, gutters, jars, tires, flowerpots, etc., and seem especially
4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
fond of discarded tires. This is an aggressive daytime-biting mosquito, often landing and biting immediately.
RI PT
5. Mosquito control of these two vectors is different from that of other disease vectors.
In many southern states, public mosquito control generally consists of spraying
SC
the town or county with a truck-mounted spray machine. While this may be fine for WNV, it is not very effective for other mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue,
M AN U
chikungunya, or ZIKV.8 Mosquito vectors of these diseases are not readily killed by this method. Zika vectors live in close proximity to people's houses, and especially around the back porch and patio area where they breed in pots and pans and planters. In such situations, a door-to-door effort is needed to educate homeowners about mosquito
TE D
breeding and elimination (including larvidicing, which means killing the larvae), combined with hand-held fogging with pesticides where needed.
EP
6. The most important mosquito control measure around your house is to find and eliminate breeding sites.
AC C
By far, the most effective mosquito control strategy for ZIKV is to search for and
eliminate places where the vectors live. This is sometimes called the “tip and toss method.” People can be trained to look for trash, planters, pet dishes, and bird baths around their house where Aedes mosquitoes may live and empty the water out of them on a regular basis (Figure 2). Better yet, they can completely remove these items from the premises where possible.
5
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7. Other than eliminating breeding sites, both mosquito larviciding and
RI PT
adulticiding are important in controlling these two mosquito pests.
Larviciding, which involves placing chemicals or other control agents in mosquito breeding habitats, is extremely effective and environmentally safe. Many of these
SC
products utilize either bacterial toxins or insect growth hormones to kill the larvae or block their development. There are also some harsh chemical larvicides available for
M AN U
application to water but they are rarely used these days. The bacterial or insect growth hormone larvicides are commonly available for sale at home and garden stores under a variety of brand names and are usually formulated as donuts, briquettes, tablets, or granules to be placed in water sources (see Table 1 and Figure 3).
TE D
For adult mosquito control (adulticiding), spraying around a house with a handheld or backpack fogger works well (Table 1 and Figure 3). Although a pest management professional can be contracted to provide this service, homeowners can do it
EP
themselves with electric or propane foggers. Certainly there might be situations where spraying with a truck mounted machine up and down the street is also useful (but this
AC C
should not be the primary mosquito control method).
8. Personal protection measures are also important in protecting yourself from mosquito-borne diseases.
Other than killing the mosquitoes around your house, the best way to protect yourself from mosquito-borne diseases is to use personal protection. This includes
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
avoiding mosquito infested areas during times of their greatest activity, wearing long sleeved shirts and long pants when outside, and using insect repellents (see next section).
RI PT
9. Insect repellents are perhaps the most important tool for protection from mosquitoes.
Repellents are a great tool for protecting the public from mosquito-borne diseases.
SC
There are several active ingredients in insect repellents such as picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus, but the gold standard is DEET.9 Some people have concerns about using
M AN U
insect repellents, but their safety is well established, especially when used according to their label directions.10 Most adverse reactions to repellents (primarily from DEET-based products) has resulted from improper application or reapplying the product too
TE D
frequently.
10. Remember, mosquitoes may transmit several diseases. ZIKV is not the only one.
EP
An important point to remember is that ZIKV is just the most recent mosquitoborne disease in a long succession of them. In southern states, this goes all the way back
AC C
to malaria and yellow fever.11-13 Some of our more recent mosquito-borne diseases
include St. Louis encephalitis and WNV.14, 15 There are probably other new or unknown viruses circulating in nature which could also infect people. The moral of the story is that mosquitoes may transmit several disease agents and protecting oneself from mosquito bites is a good thing.
7
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
References Harrison BA, Byrd BD, Sither CB, Whitt PB. The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide: Mosquito and Vector-borne Ifectious Diseases Laboratory Publication No. 2016-1, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC; 2016. 2. Goddard J, Varnado WC, Harrison BA. An annotated list of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Mississippi. J. Vector Ecol. 2010;35(1):213-229. 3. Carpenter S, LaCasse W. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1955. 4. Goddard J, Waggy G, Varnado WC, Harrison BA. Taxonomy and ecology of the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, in Mississippi. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2007;109:684-688. 5. Goddard J. Mosquito vector competence and West Nile virus transmission. Infect. Med. 2002;19:542-543. 6. Lambrechts L, Scott TW, Gubler DJ. Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010;4(5):e646. 7. Rai KS. Aedes albopictus in the Americas. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1991;36:459-484. 8. Goddard J, Varnado WC, Hand S, Meyer F. Chikungunya in Mississippi: the health department response to imported cases. J. Mississippi St. Med. Assoc. 2016;57:138-141. 9. MSDH. Mosquito repellents -- types and recommendations: Mississippi State Department of Health, Jackson, MS, online article, http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,957,93.html, accessed July 12, 2014. 10. Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;347:13-18. 11. Cope SE. Yellow fever -- the scourge revealed: Florida Mosquito Control Association, Wing Beats, Winter 1996, pp. 14-26; 1996. 12. Crosby MC. The American Plague. New York: Berkley Books; 2006. 13. Hataway K, Goddard J. Malaria in Mississippi: history, epidemiology, and current status. J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 2011;56:223-232. 14. Powell KE, Blakey DL. St Louis encephalitis: clinical and epidemiologic aspects in Mississippi S. Med. J. 1976;69:1121-1125. 15. Goddard J. What is new with West Nile virus? Infect. Med. 2008;25:134-140.
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8
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FIGURE LEGENDS
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Figure 1. The primary mosquito vectors of Zika virus in Mississippi: A. Aedes aegypti, and B. Aedes albopictus. Note the difference in white markings on the back (Figure courtesy Mississippi Department of Health).
SC
Figure 2. The mosquito vectors of Zika virus may breed in anything that holds rainwater for more than 5-7 days. Tires and flower vases in cemetaries like those shown here may hold rainwater for mosquito breeding.
AC C
EP
TE D
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Figure 3. A few mosquito control products available for homeowners.
9
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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EP
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Table 1. Some common mosquito control products available to homeowners at local home and garden stores. Note: this is not a complete list, nor is any one of them necessarily recommended or endorsed by the author. Brand name Insecticide Manufacturer Comments Cutter Backyard Permethrin1 Spectrum Brands, An electric fogging Electric Powered Inc., Middleton, WI machine for Insect Fogger placement outdoors Black Flag Propane Permethrin1 The Fountainhead A propane powered Powered Insect Fogger Group, Inc., New fogging machine for York Mills, NY placement outdoors Off Mosquito Lamp2 Metofluthrin S. C. Johnson Co., A lamp for outdoors Racine, WI that releases an insecticide Thermacell Patio Allethrin Thermacell A lantern for Shield Lantern Repellents, Inc., outdoors that releases Bedford, MA an insecticide Off Backyard Pretreat Lambda cyhalothrin S. C. Johnson Co., A sprayer attachment Spray Racine, WI for the water hose EcoSmart Mosquito Essential Oils Kittrich Corp., All natural product Fogger Spray Atlanta, GA intended to repel and kill mosquitoes in outdoor areas Cutter Backyard Bug Tetramethrin Spectrum Brands, A can of spray for Control (Fogger) Inc., Middleton, WI “fogging” the backyard Trap-N-Kill Mosquito DDVP (vapona) Springstar Corp., A small lethal Trap Woodinville, WA mosquito trap to place outdoors around home Mosquito Dunks Bacteria (BTI) Summit Chemicals, Donut-shaped Larvicide Baltimore, MD product to place in water to kill mosquito larvae Mosquito Bits Bacteria (BTI) Summit Chemicals, Treated corn cob grit Larvicide Baltimore, MD to place in water to kill mosquito larvae Pre-Strike Mosquito Methoprene (insect Wellmark Small “tablets” to Torpedo growth regulator) International, place in water to kill Shaumburg, IL mosquito larvae 1 Most of these fogging machines use permethrin-based products. However, there may be other appropriately labeled insecticides for use in them. 2 Not to be confused with citronella candles or lamps.
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Clinical Significance
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily a mosquito-borne human illness with only limited clinical severity but which can lead to devastating birth defects (microcephaly) in pregnant females.
SC
Physicians should be aware of the mosquito vectors of ZIKV, their basic biology, ecology, and control.
AC C
EP
TE D
them to protect themselves.
M AN U
Physicians can help educate patients about ZIKV, its mosquito vectors, and ways for