Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from thai traditional books, part II: Plants with antidiarrheal, laxative and carminative properties

Review Paper

~~UR~~rCA~ THAf T~ITr~~A~ ~Tr~~ARRHEA~,

RRVIEW UP ~E~~C~A~ PLANTS FROM 3oOKS, PART 111:PLANTS WITH LAXATIVE AND CAR~~NAT~V~ PR~PERT~~S

A survey of med~ciual plants used in T~a~and has been made from Thai books on traditional herbal medicine. In this part of the survey, 326 plants with ant~djarrh~al, laxative and/or carminative properties are described. reformation provided for each species includes plant part used, methods of preparation and administration and literature references to Thai books, together with indications of usage ia other Southeast Asian countries and of phyto~hem~~alwork which has been performed-

In Part I ~P~~t~~~get al., 19861we surveyed the medicinal plants used in Thailand which if~e reported in the Thai literature on traditional and herbal medicines to have anti~n~ammat~~y, anti~thmat~c and antihypertensive properties. In this paper we provide a listing of those plants reportedly possessing antidi~be~~ laxative and ~~rn~~tive properties. lbthods The selection of plants has been based on specific ~pplic~t~o~srecorded in the Thai literature. Rants having antidiarrheal properties sometimes have ~tidysenteri~ properties and this has been noted where appropriate. In Go~sp~~de~~

to: A. P~~tb~ng, Department of Ph~rrna~o~~~, Faculty of kfedicine, Chiang Mai

University,CbisngMtti50002, Thailand. ~78”87~1~~~.~ 0 1991 Elsevier Scientific ~~b~~$h~~s Ireland Ltd. Published and Print& in Ireland

122

most cases the plants are referred to in the literature by their local Thai names, not by their botanical names. For the latter information we have relied on the book by Smitinand (1980) as a primary source. Many of the source books used for our survey are quite recent and have themselves often used the same primary sources of information, such that there is a degree of repetition and overlap of data. Particularly valuable as a primary source are the three volumes which have been produced by the Folklore Medicinal School Orga~zation, Wat Pra Chetupon, Bangkok, (1964a-cc) because these contain translations of early palm leaf (Bai Laanf records. The usage of most of the plants in traditional medicine is by no means restricted to Thailand. Many of the plants are also used in various ways in other Asian countries and elsewhere. In order to give some measure of this situation we have indicated for each species in the tables under “Other references” whether there is an entry on it in the extensive survey of medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia by Perry (19801. Much phyt~hemical information is also available on many of the species. To emphasize this point a reference is also given to the appropriate volume in the extensive series on chemotaxonomy by Hegnauer (1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1969, 1973); the works by Karrer (19681 and Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (19621 have been used as secondary sources in cases where Hegnauer has no entry. For those species not mentioned in any of these sources which cover the literature at best only into the early 197Os, CAS-ONLINE searching has been used to determine more recent studies. A positive result in these cases is indicated by “CAC” in the “Other references” column. CAS-ONLINE searching was also used to establish which of the listed species have been the subject of any sort of ph~maeolo~cal study. This searching was done by simply using the species name and the search term “pharmacology”; this procedure would not necessarily retrieve data relating to the pharmacology of individual substances, depending on the index terms provided with abstracts. The references provided are not intended to be exhaustive but rather are meant to indicate the level of work which has already been performed for each species. Results Plants reportedly possessing antidiarrheal properties are listed in Table 1; plants with laxative properties in Table 2; and plants with carminative properties in Table 3. Each table contains information on the part of plant used and the methods of preparation and administration. In addition, indications of usage in other Southeast Asian countries as well as of phytochemical work are provided. CAS-ONLINE searching showed that about 16% of the listed species have already received some form of pharmacological study (indicated by “CAP” in “Other references” column).

Melanorrhoea uritata Wallich Rhus chines& Miller

Bark Fruit

-

Rak yai

Ma lisn hin

Crushed fresh fruit/ taken orally

Fresh flowers OTseeds/ taken orally Boiled with water/drunk

Flower, seed

Mango

Dry seeds/taken orally Boiled with water/drunk

Roiled with water/drunk

Boiled with water/drunk

Seed, root Flower

Fruit, bark

Juice from fresh rhizome/ taken orally

village orally village orally

Bark

Cockscomb

-

Underground part

Macerated with liquor~aken Macerated with liquor/taken

Preparation/administration

Cashew nut

Mamuang himmaphaan Ma muang

Ngonkai thai Ngonkai faraang

AMARANTHACEAE CelosM. argentea L. C. argentea L. var. c&tatu Ktze.

ANACARDIACEAE A~ard~um occidentale L.” Mangifera indica L.

Pruu

Mask phuu maak mia

Root

Kraduuk kaidam

Part used

Whole plant

-

English name

Fa thalaii

Thai name

PROPERTY

ALANGIACEAE Alan&m ~a~~‘~o~~urn Wang

AGAVACEAE Cordyline fruticosa (L.1 A. Chev:

ACANTHACEAE Androgrvlphis panic&&a (Burm.f.1 Nees* Justi& validu Ridl. var. glundulosa Fisch.

Botanical name and family

PLANTS WITH ANTIDIARRHEAL

TABLE 1

27

1,2,9, 22, 27, 29, 31 22,27

2, 18

2, 22, 27, 40 2, 6,37

8, 16, 21, 22, 27,31

2.6

2, 27

2, 3,21,22

Thai Lit.

References

25, CAC”

12

12, 25, CAPb 12,25

12,25 12,25

12

25

12,25

Other

g

Naam daeng

Mok yai

Muuk khao

Car&a carandus L.

Holarrhenu ant& dysenterica Wallich Hunteria zeylunica Gardn. et Thw.

BARRINGTONIACEAE Bawingtonia acutangulu Gaertner B. racemosa Roxb.

ARALIACEAE Polyscias scutellaria Fosberg

Chik suan

Chik naa

Khrutkrathong

Waan nam

-

Sattaban

APOCYNACEAE Al&o& scholaris R. Br.

ARACEAE Acorus calamus L.

White cheese-wood devil’s bark Caranda, Christ’s thorn -

Noi naa

A. squumosa L.

-

-

Sweet flag

Bullock’s heart Custard apple, sugar apple

Noi nong

ANNONACEAE Annona reticulata L.”

English name

Thai name

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Fruit

Leaf

Fruit

Rhizome

Juice from fresh leaves/ taken orally Fresh fruit/taken orally

Crushed/eaten

Dried powder/taken

orally

Taken orally

Seed

Fresh stem crushed/ taken orally

Boiled with water/drunk

Leaf

Climbing stem

Boiled with water/drunk

Boiled with water/drunk

Boiled with water/drunk

Preparation/administration

Bark

Bark

Bark

Part used

2

2, 7, 27

8, 27

6, 26, 27

27

26,27

2, 26

2, 26, 27, 31

2, 8, 22, 27

2, a, 22, 27

Thai Lit.

References

13,25

25, CAC

25

11, 25, CAP

12, 25, CAP 25, GAG

25, CAC

12,25

12, 25, CAP

12,25

Other

E

Phrachan khrueng seek

CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia chinensis Lour:

Whole herb

Seed

Tamarind

Bark

Bark

Makhaam

Khleng

Indian laburnum, golden shower Velvet tamarind Bark

Chaiya phruek

cll.¶sia fistukl L.

Wood

Bark Seed

Bark

Root

Araang

Faang

C. sappan L.”

Nicker nut, grey nickers Sappan tree

-

Orchid tree

-

Root

Bark

Root

Leaf All parts

Dial&m cochinchinensis Pierre Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz Tamarindus indica L.”

Khayan Sawaat

Liang

BORAGINACEAE Tournefortia ovata Wall. ex G. Don

B. strychnifolia Craib Caesalpiniu crista L.

Nun

Ceiba pentandm Gaertner

Chong kho

Ngiu

BOMBACACEAE Bombax ceiba L.’

CAESALPINIACEAE Bauhinia purpurea L.

Indian trumpet

Phe kaa

Silk cotton tree Kapok tree

Morrito -

Teenpet farang Khae khaao

BIGNONIACEAE Crescentia alato Kunth Dolichandwme serrulata Seemann Oroxylum &&urn Vent.

Boiled in water/drunk

Fresh bark/boiled in water/drunk Fresh bark/ground/taken orally Fresh seeds/grilled/taken orally or boiled with cumin and sugar/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Fresh bark boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Fresh seeds/taken orally

Fresh root/taken orally

Boiled with water/drunk or dried powder/taken orally Fresh root/taken orally

Fresh root crushed/ taken orally

Boiled with water/drunk Crushed/taken orally

I, 2, 3, 9 27, 29

2, 7, 27

2, 4, 8, 15, 21.27.29.31 2, 18, 27, 29 2

2 2

2, 27

7, 27

2, 27

2, 4, 27

2, 8, 17, 27 3t3

2 27, 31

19.25

-

25

19.25

25.35

25,35

25, CAC

-

12,25

25. CAC

12.25

12,25 -

Saai nam phueng

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lo&era lbponiea Thunb.

Kot ehulaa lamphaa Naat yai

Do mai ruu lom

Haang plaa chon Suea saam khaa

COMPOSITAE Artemiria pallens Wall. ex Iless.’ &mea balramifera DC.

scaber L.

Ekphantopue

Emil&z solrcllifolia DC. Vewwnia ckerea Less.

Khwam taai ngaai pen

Khee aii

T. nigrovenuluea Pierre

CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe piwata Pers.

Indian almond

Huu kwaang

Life plant

Purple fleabane

motherwort Ngai camphor tree Prickly-leaved elephant’s foot

Mugwort,

-

Khot sang

Japanese honeysuckle

-

English name

COMBRETACEAE Combreturn trifoliatum Vent. Termin& catoppe L.

Kra thong laai

Phak Sian phee

CAPPAR~ACEAE C&one viscosa L.

CELASTRACEAE Celartnts ~~~t~ Willd.

Thai name

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 (Continzcedl

Leaf

Root Root

Root

Leaf

Leaf

Roiled in water/drunk

Bolled ln water/drunk Roiled in watordrunk

Roiled in water/drunk

Fresh leaves/crushed/ taken orally Roiled in water/drunk

Fresh fruit/taken orally

Fruit

Bark

Ground with the liquid of macerated rice/drunk Roiled in water/drunk

Fresh leaves crushed/ taken orally

Roiled in water/drunk

Fresh leaves ground/ taken orally

Preparation/administration

Bark, root

Leaf

Aerial parts

Leaf

Part used

n,

2

2, 22 2

2, Qg

24

2.4

27

2, 31

27

7*27

52

1,7,

Thai Lit.

References

12, 25

26, CAC 12.26

12, 25

12,26

CAC

12,259 CAP 25

12,25

12.25

12,25

X2,26

Other

ti

~round~e~

WOOd

Ta khop kkwaai

LABIATAE O&mum baailicwn L.

Worapbaa

sweet bail

Above @outi &tiled in water/~~ part (fresh)

Macerated in village liquor/drunk

Waan phraao

HY~X~AC~A~ Curculigo orchtia Gaertaer

Tuber

Boihd in water/drunk

Fruit rind

Khsao

Zea tnayr L. Mah, hliaa corxl, cer#I

Husked rice grain Corncob

f&e plant

KhiMO

phot

Boiled or macerated with vi&~ ~quorl~u~ Gri&d and ground! taken orally Boiled in waterldrunlr

Whole plaslt

Lemon grass

%‘akhrai

GRAMINEAE cytnboposore dtratua RJeea)Stapf olyxa sativa L.

orally

Boiled in wahx%hmk

fin ton Root

27.29

Fresh fruit eaten

Fruit

Krud paa

9*27,29

Boiled in water~~u~

Bark, wood

39

2.27

1, 17,21, 27,29,31,33

27

27

2, 3 8*27.23

3 5

El&d in watir/dru& Boiled in waterldrunk

Leaf, root Leaf, roat

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Spanish psychic nut

Water melon GIlClImber

Leaf, .seed Bark

Namnom raathsee Malako farang,

Ma phlap

Taeng kwsa

Taeng mo

13,26 CAP

11.26

13,26

11.25

11, 26, CAP 11, 25

26, CAC

13.26

13, 26 13,25

26

25, CAC 12, 25

5

tti~m

Rankrao

Juice from bulb/taken orally

Roiled in wa~rld~uk

Wood

2927

Horn

LILIACEAE Al&urn ascalonieum L

Bulb

2

Boiled in water/drunk

Xephrosia purpwea Pers. Shallot

2 Roiled in water/drunk

27,31

2 2

AU parts

Boiled in water/drunk Roiled in water/drunk

2, 5

Boiled in water/drunk

Saaraphat phit Khraam paa

Leaf Bark

‘&8

PulveriaedBaken orally BoiIed in wa~r~dru~

13, 25, CAP

11.25

19.25

25, CAC, CAP 25.35

25, CAC, CAP 25, CA 19,25

25, CAC, CAP 25, CAC

25, CAC

n

27

13,25

Other

n

Thai Lit.

References

Roiled in water/drunk

Wood

Hairy indigo Burmese rose-

Whole plant

Kino from stem Leaf

Roiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Preparation/administration

Bark

Khraam kbon Praduu baan

Yaa klet hoi

Thus rae

Flame of the forest Pigeon pea. Congo pea

Bark

Indian bark

Kaeng

Thong kwaao

Bark

Part used

Camphor tree

English name

Opchoei yuan

Thai name

Khae baan

Pterocaqw indicus Willd. Sesbania grandifloru (L.1 Poiret Sophora t~e~~8a L.

Indigofera hirsuta L.

~e~od~~rn DO

L~GUM~OSAE Butea mw8perma (Lam.1 Taubert Cu$mus cajo?i a.1 Wuth

LAURACEAE C&iMnomum cantphoTo (L.1 J. Presl C. tomala (L.1 Nees et Eberm.

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 Gntinuedl

ii

Khlong khleng khee nok

MELASTOMACEAE hfelaetoma malabathricum L.’

MENISPERMACEAE Stephania hernandifolia walp.

MELIACEAE Azadimchta indica Juss. var. oiamensis Valeton Lan8ium domeaticum Correa Sandoricum koe tjape (Burm.f.1 Merr. Wblsuro robusta Roxb. W. tri&ga Kurz Xylocarpu8 grancrtum Koenig’ 2. moluccen8is Roemer

Waan keepraet

MARATTIACEAE Angiopteti euecta Hoffm.

Root Bark Leaf Bark, fruit Bark, fruit

Santol -

Kra thon

Khee aai Taa suea thung Ta buun

Ta buun dam

Root

Fruit peel

-

-

Bark

Neem tree

All parts

Rhizome

Sadas langsaat Langsaat

Indian rhodo dendron

-

Leaf

Khee khrok

Urena lobata L.

-

Faai

MALVACEAE GO88jpiwn herbaceum L. Leaf

Bark Bark Leaf

-

Inthanin nam Salao Thian king

Cotton

Bark

-

Tabaek naa

LYTHRACEAE Lagerstroemia j’lotibundo Jack L. qeciosa (L.1Pers. L. tomelrtosa Presl Lawscmia iuermie L.

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Bark boiled in water/drunk Fruit eaten Bark boiled in water/drunk Fruit eaten

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Ground/taken orally

Crushed with water/ pressed/juice taken orally Boiled with water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

1939

n, 29 3,n 2, 3, 21, n, 29 2

2, 29

21,31

9, 17

2

27

2

1,3

2 2 4, 7. 27, 31

2, 8. 27

14, 25, CAP

25, CAC

14.25

14,25

14,25

14,25

14,25

25, CAC

25, CAC

14,25

13,25 CAC 13,25

13,25

ti

pawnina

Adenunthera

Benth.

cinerea

dulce

heterophyllus

mpes Lour.

Myristica fmgmns

MYRISTICACEAE

L.

MUSACEAE Mu80 poradisiaca L. var. paradisiaea

Streblus

Ficue racemoga L.

Lam.

Artocarpua

MORACEAE

fRoxb.1 Bentb.

Pithecellobium

Wight et Am.

Dichroatuchyr

F. V. Muell.

A. eaman (Jacq.)

A. procem

Benth.

Albizia lebbeck (L.)

L.’

(L.1 Willd.

A. famesiana

WiIId.

Chan thet

Kluai namwaa

Maduea uthumphon Khoi

Khanun

Ma khaam thet

Haang suae

Thing thon Chaamchuree

Phruek

Ma klam ton

Kra thin thet

nuea

See&t

Acacia catechu (L.f.1

MIMOSACEAE

Thai name

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Nutmeg

Banana

Seed

Unripe fruit, root, leaf

Bark

-

Cluster fig

Raw fruit, root Bark

Bark

Bark

Bark Leaf, bark

Seed, bark

Leaf

Bark

Bark

Part used

Jackfruit tree

Manila tamarind

-

East Indian walnut Rain tree

Red sandalwood

Cassie

Cutch, catechu

English name

Ground/taken orally

Fresh part crushed/ taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Root ground/taken orally Goundltaken orally

Raw fruit eaten

Ground/taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk Leaves crushed/eaten Bark ground/taken orally Ground/taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Preparation/administration

1, 27

2, 7, 17, 29, 39

2, 7

9,27,31

2, 7

27

27

7927 2, 7, 16

2, 29

2

I,% 21.27, 29,31 2, 6

Thai Lit.

References

14. 25, CAP

11,25

14.25

14.25

14,25

25, CAC, CAP

25,35

25.35 25, CAC

25, 35

19, 25, CAP 19.25

19,25

Other

Was

Chom phuu nam dok mai

Boa luang

S. cumini fL.1Skeels

S. jambas (L.1Alston

Nelumbo nuci+em Gaertner

Phak waen

Mask

Tkan

OXALIRACEAE oxa& cerntits L.

PALM AE Arectr catechu L.1

Borwsua flobellijer L.

Ma pbraao

Malilaa

Jarminum aambac Aiton’

OLEACEAE

NELU~~NA~~AE

Kaan phluu

Sys~~~rn wwnaticum tL.1 Merr. et Perry

Coconut

Betel nut

Creeping wood sorrel

Arabian jasmine, sambac

Sacred lotus

Bose apple

Java plum

Clove

Guava

MYRTA~EAE Paidium guojevs L.

Faraang

-

~Y~~ACEAB Ard&M pendugjera Pit.

Fresh leaves crushed/ pressed/juice drunk, raw fruit eaten, fresh bark boiled in waterldrunk Boiled in wa~rld~nk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled

in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

orally

Grilled/boiled in water/drunk Boot, Bower Fresh roots or Bowers ground/taken orally

Leaf stalk

Seed

Whole plant

Flower

Fibre from ~i~l~undl~en petiole and peduncle

Seed, fruit, Ground~ken orally root bark Seed Boiled in water/drunk

Flower

Fruit, leaf, bark

Root, bark, leaf, fruit 4%

5.27

2-l

2,%,9,21

5

4

11,25

11, 25, CAP 11.25

25.35

14,25

14,25

25, CAC 2

2.29

14,25

14,25

14,2x5

-

2, 17, n

27

2,3, 8, 17, 21,27,31

z&n,

g

Thap thim

PUNICACEAE Ptbnicagmsatplm L.

RHIZOPHORACEA~ Cedop8 decandra Ding HOV R~~o~~~ Anita Blume

bai lek

-

Kongk~ng

Indian jujube

Pomegranate

Common plantain

Black pepper

Prong khaao

Phutsaa

MO noi

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago ma* L.

RHAMNACEAE Ziziphua mawitianu Lam:

Dee plee Phrik thai

PIPERACEAE Piper choba Hunt P. nigrum L.

Fin

PAPAVERACEAE Papaver s~n~e~rn Opium POPPY

Screw-pine

Kaaraket

L.

Screw-pine

English name

Lam cbiak

Thai name

PANDANACEAE ~o~~~ o~~t~s~rn~ L.’ P. tectoriua Warb.

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 (Continzted)

Bark

Bark

Bark, stem, leaf

Fruit rind, rootbark

Whole plant, seed

Flower Aerial part

Latex from capsules

Juice from stem Juice from stem

Part used

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/ drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Powderedl~ken orally

Mixed with water/taken oraily Mixed with water/taken orally

Preparation/administration

27

8,27

2, 3, 27, 29

I, 2*5, 17, 21,27,31,35

2. 39

7, 27 5,27

n, 29

2

2

Thai Lit.

References

15.25

15

15,25

14.25

14,25

14 14,25

14,25

11,2.5

11,25

Other

Lam.

Ma khwit

Kaeo

Feronia limonia Swingle

Mumzya paniculata (L.1 Jack’ Tviphasia trifolia P. Wilson

Phikhun

Krot nam

SCROPHULARIACEAE Scopati dukiu L.

Lamut

SAPOTACEAE bfanilkara zapota (L.1 P. van Royen Mimusope elengi L.

Ma naao thet

Matuum

Khat khao khruea

Yaan phaa horn

Krathom Yo baan

Maak dip nam khaang Khem daeng Krathom muu Krathum naa

RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.1 Correa

Paederia tomentora Blume var. ghbm Kurz Randti siamensis Craib

Ixora lobbii Loudon Mitmgyna brwwnis Craib hf. javanica Koord. et Val. var. microphylla Craib M. speciora Korth. Morindu citr$fo1iclL.

RUBIACEAE Hedyotis bifira

Sweet broom weed

Sapodilla, chiku tree -

Chinese box, orange jasmine Myrtle lime, limeberry

Bael fruit, Bengal quince Wood apple

-

Indian mulberry -

Whole plant

Fruit, bark, flower

Bark

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Fruit, leaf

Leaf, aerial parts Root, fruit

Leaf Leaf

Root, flower Leaf Leaf

-

Whole plant

-

Boiled in water/drunk

Raw fruit eaten, flowers or bark boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Raw fruit or fresh leaves eaten Fresh leaves crushed/taken orally Fresh leaves boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Crushed/taken orally Cooked or steamed/ eaten with mustard Crushed/taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk Crushed/taken orally Crushed/taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

2, 39

2, 21

2

2

2

2, 21. 26, 27,29,31 9,27,29,31

2

7, 27

27 27

2 27 2

2, 21

15,25

CAC, CAP 15

15, 25, CAP 15.25

Xi,25

15,25

CAC

15,25 15, 25, CAP 25, CAC

25 15

15,25

PO bit

STERCULIACEAE Helicteres icom L.’

UMBELLIFERAE Centella asiatica Urban

THEACEAE Came&a r&ten& (L.) Kuntse

Bua bok

Miang

Ngonkai thale

Saiiam dong

STAPHYLEACEAE Turpt%o montono Kurz

Heritiem ldomli8 Dr yander

Black nightshade

Ma waeng nok

Asiatic pennywort

Tea

East Indian screw tree -

-

Brunfelsia Potato tree

-

Phut ta khaeng Dap yaang

Khonthaa

SIMAROUBACEAE Ha&on&a perforsto Merr.

English name

SOLANACEAE Brunfebia americana L. Solonurn erianthum D. Don* S. nQrum L.

Thai name

Botanical name and family

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Whole plant

Leaf

Seed

Fruit

Stem

Fruit

Fruit Root

Stem, root

Part used

Juice from fresh plant/taken orally

Deco&ion drunk

Dried fruit boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Fresh fruit crushed/ eaten

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Ground/taken orally

Preparation/administration

3, 7, 24, 36

2,21,27,31

2

2939

27

2

2 2939

2.17,27,31

Thai Lit.

References

15. 25, CAP

15, 25

15.25

15,25

12. 15. CAP

CAC

-

15.25

Other

Mling

Proh horn

Dried pewderftaken arally Dried powderMen arally

RI&me Rkiieme

Ginger

Dried powder/&ken or&y

Rhizome

W8~~/~U~~

Turmeric

SeiIed in

Dried powder/taken or&y Dried powder/taken or&y

Root

Bark, mot FIower

-

-

bGAS-ONLINE search indicates that species has been studied previously; see text; ~etk~alo~. cCA&ONLINE search positive; see text, Methedology.

’ With antidysentery property also.

ZGq#er of&b&

gcliim* L*

W~~~~ khan% mm&I

ZINCIBERACEAE Curcynra anmaticcr Sali&. C. bnga L.

~~p~~~

Khai llao ~kontk~ kkemaa

VR~~NA~RAR Mi%z glabma&&R. Br. v. ne*& L.

1.7.21,27, 31 7,27,zs 627

27

2,7. X7,27 2,31

l&25 11.25

11, 25, CAP 11,26

25 l&25

nasutue Kurx

aupera L.

ANNONACEAE Annma sqwnosa L.

Wallich

Mehurr~oea ueitata

Cefba argentea L.

Aciyranthes

A~A~NTHA~EAR

~~~~enth~

ACANTHACEAE

Rotanlcsl name and family

-

Phak khuang

Phak bia hin

Mango

Ngonkai thai

Ma muang

Custard apple, sugar apple

-

Noi naa

Mok kkruea

Rak yai

Prickly chaffed flower -

Phan nguu

-

English name

Thong phan ekang

Thai name

PLANTS WITH LAXATIVE PROPERTY

TARLE 2

Bark, root

Sap

Fruit

Stem. leaf

All parts

2, 9.27

fruit eaten Mixed with waterl taken orally

Roiied in water with root of Plumeria &a L.I drunk

2, 26, 27

2, 22,27, 29

2922

Raw or ripe

Fresh root/ground/ taken orally

6

2,22

2

22

IT,81

Thai Lit.

References

Cooked with meat/eaten

Boiled in water/drunk

Roiled in water/drunk

Roiled in water/drunk

Whole plant Root

Deco&&drunk

Leaf

Part used

25

12, 25, CAP

12

12, 25

12,25

12,25

x2,25

12,25

25

Other

g

Man dong

Kham saet

BIXACEAE Bixa orellana L.

BGBAGlNACEAE Con& dichotoma Forster f,

Namtaoton

BIGNONIACEAE Creacentie cujete L,

Bak dok khaao

(L.1 Aiton f. C. procera (A&on) Aiton f.

Phak plang

Bak

Cdotmpiu gigcmtea

BASELLACEA~ Base&a Elba L.

Fai duean haa

Lan thorn daeng Krabok

Lan thorn khaao

Baanburee luaallg Phaengphuai farang Teenpet saai Teenpet thaie Lan thorn

ASCLEPIADACEAE AscIepiae cwweavica L.

Thevetia peruviana UPera.1Schumann

P. ru&ra L.

A&ma&a cathartica L. Cathatwthw roeew a.1 G. Don Cerbere o&l&n Gaertner C. odoUarn Garetner PLumeria acibtifolicr Poir. P. &a L.

Annatto tree

Calabash tree

Malbar spinack

Apple of Sodom

Giant milkweed

Temple tree, pagoda tree Trumpet flower, yellow oleander

Temple tree, pagoda tree

Madagascar periwinkle

Golden trumpet

Fruit

Testa

Raw fruit

Stem, leaf

Latex from stem Latex from stem

Root

Taken orally

Taken orally

Rind eaten uncooked

Dried leaves or stem boiled in water/drunk

Mixed with water/ taken orally Mixed with water/ taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

latex Bark, leaf,

2

22

2

2, 6, 39

2,27,46

2,27,40

2

2,9,26,

2.3,9 27

25

12.25

12,25

12

CAP 12, 26, CAP 12, 25, CAP

1%25,

12,25

12.26

297, 26 2,8,27 2, 26

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in wa~r/d~nk 2, 26

12.25 CAP 12.25 12.25 12.26, CAP 12, 25, CAP

2,4,26

Root, bark,

Leaf, bark Leaf, bark Boot, wood

12‘ 26

2.26

Leaves or bark/boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water with root of Aganoema margineta G. Don/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Leaf, bark latex Leaf, latex

5

Samae saan

Chumhet lek

Kheelek

Chumhet thai

Makhaam

C. garretinfa Craib

C. occidentalis L.

C. &mea Lam.

c. tomL.

Tamarinda in&a

Kum nam

Malako

CAPPARIDACEAE Crateus magna DC.

CARICAGEAE Co&a papaya L.

L,

Chaiya pbruek

c.fiwbzia L.

L.

Makhaam khaek

d&Z

Haang nokyuung thai Chumhet tbet

Thai name

c, ungvstifozia Vahl

CcWSia

CA~SALPIN~CEAE Coesolpinicrpulherrima SW.

Botanical name and famiiy

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Papaya

Tamarind

Sickle serum

Siamese se8138

Coffeeweed

Indian Iaburnum, golden shower

Senna

Peacock flower, Barbados pride Ringworm bush

English name

Fruit

Root, bark

Pulp of fruit

Young leaf, flower Young leaf, flower Young leaf

Wood

Leaf, seed

oraiiy

Ripe fruit/eaten

Roiled in water/drunk

C~ked~ken

C~ked~ke~

Cooked/taken orally

Boiled in water@runk

~~ion/~nk

Deco&ion/drunk

Cooked/taken orally

Leaf, fIower Leaf, fruit

Roiled in water/drunk

Prep~ationiadministration

Flower

Part used

2,21, 24

2

2.7,17, 21,27,31 2,4,7, 17. 21,n. 31 2,3*21,27. 29,31

2.4, 17,21. 27,31 2,15,21,27, 31 2,7,17,21, 27,31.36 9, 17, 21, 27,Sl 2.4, 24

2

Thai Lit.

References

12,2s, CAP

25

19,25

19‘25

25, CAC, CAP 19, 25, CAP 25.55

25, CAC, CAP 19, 26, CAP 19.25

25,s5

Other

debub

(Gaertner) Retz.

Smith

CRUCIFERAE RapLaw- aativus L.

COSTACEAE co8tua 8peckaw

~ONVOLVULA~EAE Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. I. batatcu,Lam, Merremio vitifolia Halier f. Opermlino turpetbum (L.1 Silva Manso

CONNARACEAE ~~~~ femginetia Jack Roureopais 8tenope tala Schellenb.

COMPOSITAE Carthumus tin&or& L. Eclipta prostrata L. Spiluntheo amella 1L.IMurr.

!I! china Boxb. ex Flem.

T,

IbXb.

COMBRETACEAE Xermine&z belleric~

Para cress

Kameng Phak khraat

Hua phak kaat khaao

Spiral flag, crepe ginger

Indian jalap

Chingcho ham

Ueang maai naa

Water spinach Sweet potato

Phak bung Man thet Chingcho iueang

Makhaam khruea

Thop thaep

Safflower

Chebulie myrobalan

Myrobalan

Kham foi

Samo dee nguu

Samo thai

Samo phi phek

Rhizome

Root

Latex Root Root

Leaf, stem, root Wood

Leaf, root Root

Seed

Fruit

Fruit

Fruit

Boiled in water/drunk

Dried rhizome boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Mixed with water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

&tiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Eaten

Eaten

Eaten

3. 27

2

2, 17, 40

2, 8,31,39 2 2, 17, 40

27

827

2,27,31 2

2, 7, 27.31

2, 9,219 27, 31 2,9,27

2.9” 2l

12.25

25, CAC, CAP

12.25

25, CAC 12,25 12

-

25

12,25, CAP 25, CAC 12.25

12.25

12.25

12,25

Kradueng chaang phueak

T. tn;cuspidata Low,

i%phoTbiil &&la& Roxb. E. trisimu Haw.

A. indieD L. i%urites rnQl~cca~ Wid. Bolioupermum montanum MueIL-Arg, Croton tigkbm L. Latex

Stem, iatex

SaIatdai baan

Purging croton, c&on oil plant

Root, seed, leaf Seed, root

Leaf, root Hark

leaf Indian nettle Candlenut tree, candleberry

Som chao

Salot

Tong tsek

Leaf

Chenille eopper-

Powder of dried seedf taken 0raIIy Powder of dried latex! taken oralty Stem macerated with viIIage ~quor/d~uk

Boiled in water/drunk

BoiIed in waterldruak Boiled in wa~r~~unk

RoiIed in water/drunk

Snake gourd

Buap khom

T&Aosantles ctbct4me~n.oL.

Haang krarok daeng Tamyae maao Phothisat

Leaf, fruit

Mara

MomoTdka &aTantia L.

~UPHORB~C~AR Au@pha h@ida Rurm.f.

Juice from leaves or mitten orally Fruit cooked/eaten, root and seeds/boiled Juice from fruit or stem/taken oraIly

Root, seed Fruit

Angled iuffa VegetabIe sponge, loofah Ritter gourd

Ruap ham Buap horn

Root, fruit, seed Fruit, stem

Boiled in waterldrunk ~~ked/eaten

Seed

Battle gourd

Naam tao

Preparation/administration

Ho&d in water/drunk Dried fruit boiled in iu water/drunk Eaten

Part used

Root bark Fruit

English name

Phak tamlue~g Kheekaa Iaai

Thai name

CU~U~ITAC~A~ C~~~~ grand& Voigt IXplocyclos patmatus Jeffrey Lagemwia sicararia (Mo~na) Standley Luffa ucutafq& (L.1Rexb. L. aegglptiacaMiller

Botanical name and family

I’ABLE 2 (Continzledl

9,n,

31

2,21,n, 31,40 2,9,n. 31, 32 2,n

2 2

2

2,26

299” 17.21, 31,33 2

-

35

13,26

25, CAC

13,25 13.26

25, CAC

25

12, 25

12.25

12,25 12,25

12,25

2 2 2,8,27,38

CAC CAC

Other

2 2, 17,31,38

Thai Lit.

References

0::

Willd.

retities

~I~AC~AE BeltMncando chine?&& DC.

GUTTIFERAE Gorci?&z&owoRoxb. G. &o&q/i Hook. f, G. sckomburgkiaua Pierre

GRAMINEAE Osyza sat&o

Craib

Trigonoetemon

Suregod mzcltiflorum Uuss.) Baill.

Sapiwm indtim

Waan haangchaang

Cha muang Rang Madan

Kbaao

Khan thong pbayaabaat Lot thanong

Sam0 thale

Malako faraag, fin tan Ma yom

f. m&@&i&L.

?kylkbnthw aa&4 Sk&f Pi&w ixmmuuis L.

Sabuu daeng

L%gossypifolia L,

Taatum thale Thong laang farang Sabuu dam

Leopard lily

Gamboge tree

Rice plant

Spanish psychic nut Indian gooseberry Castor oil plant

Bellyache bush

Portia tree, huru Purging nut

Rhizome

Fruit Gum Leaf, root

Hull of earyopsis

Root

Bark

Cooked/eaten

Eaten Taken oraity Boiled in waterldrunk

Cooked/eaten, pulverized/eaten

Crushed with aleaholl taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

2.9, 24, 40

n 2,27,31 27

4, 31

n

2

11.25

CAC 13,25 -

11.25

13,25, CAP 25, CAC, CAP

29% 17, 27,3x 9.27

Taken orally

Seed Fruit

25, CAC

13,25

2,3x 2

13,25

13,25

2, 31 2, n

13,25 13, 25

2 2

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Powder of seeds/taken orally Powder of seeds/taken orally Powder of seed&&en orally Taken orally

Root

Seed

Seed

Bid Seed

LYTHRACEA~ Lageretroemia &&a L. Law&a kern& L,

LOGANIACEAE Sttychsee nux-wmka

L.

All parts Seed All parts

Khraam yai

Idigofem cruf~ticosa Miller I, tinctoria L. Pack~hizue erosue Urban Tephroeia purpurea Pers.

LILIACEAE Aloe ve7a IL.1 Burm.f,

Boiled in water/drunk G~ed/ea~n Boiled in water@runk

All parts

En nieo

Resmodium gangaticum DC.

Yee kheng Thian king

Salaeng chai

Waan haang chorakhe

KhraaXXl Man kaeo Khraam paa

Boiled in water/drunk

AH parta

An&an Khambuuc~

Crepe myrtle

Strychnine tree

Aloe, Barbados aloe

West Indian indigo Indigo Yam bean

Butterfly pea Sum hemp, Bombay hemp

Boot, leaf Shoot

Seed

Mucilage

Boot Leaf

Seed

Boiled in water/drunk Cookedltakea orally

Oil from seed/taken o&y

Taken orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in wateridruuk Boiled in wa~r/~~

Macerated in water! taken oraliy Macerated in water/ taken orally

~EG~OSAE Ctitoria ternatea L. Cafe &ncea L.

Hoary basil

Seed

Maeng lak

Sweet basil

0. canum Sims

Preparation/administration

Horaphaa

Part used

LABIATAE O&mum baeiliclan L.

English name

Thai name

Botanical name and family

TABLE 2 (C~~~~~ed~

31

27,

2 27

27

2.9, l?‘ 2-I. 31

2 2 2

2

2

2 2

31

299,219

2,n,

Thai Lit.

References

13,25 13,25

13.25

II, 25

19.25 19.25 l9,25

23, CAC 26.26, CAP 25, CAC, CAP 25, CAC

13, 25, CAP 13,26

Other

z w

Marum

MORINGACEAE Mo&qa oleifenr Lam.

Indian jujube

-

RHAMNACEAE Ziziphw muutitianu Lam.

Yaa raknaa

ONAGKACEAE Llnfwigia rufFutkosu L.

Marvel of Peru, four o’clock

Sesame

Iiaan yen

Mirabifii &laps L.

hOgWeed

Spreading

Banana

Horse-radish tree

PEDALIACEAE Seranbum in&cum L.

Phak khom hin

NYCTAGMACEAE Boerhavia d$fwa L.

Kluai namwaa

Salot nam Pho

F. heteropkylfa L. F. religioaa L.

MUSACEAE hfwa paruiiisiaca L. var. pamdisio4xi

Fig tree

Maduea farang

Sacred fig tree, Pipal tree

Jackfruit trae

Khanua

Som poi

MIMOSACEAE Acacia rugata Merr.

MOKACEAE Artocogu heterophyllw Lam. Fiew m&a L.

Krung bhema

MENISP~RMACEAE cissamjh?ios prrsinr L.

Ripe fruit

Seed

Ali parts

Hoot

Whole herb

Ripe fruit

Leaf

Hoot Fruit

Fruit

Ripe fruit

Pod

Root

in water/drunk

Eaten

Grilled/eaten

Boiled

Boiled in water&unk

Boiled in water/drunk

Eaten

Cooked/taken oraiiy

2

2

2

2

2

2.33

2.27

27 31

2

Eaten Ground/taken orally Eaten

2

2,% 13, 27.40

2

Eaten

Macerated in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

15.26

14,26

14,26

14,25

14, 25

11,25

14.26, CAP

14.25, CAP 14 -

14.26

14,25

z

Matuum

RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.1 Correa

Soapberry tree

Prakham dee

Khuntaa chao

SCROPHULARIACEAE Curonga feGtewa.e Merr.

Samrong

STERCULIACEAE Sterculia foetida L.

Seed

Leaf Fruit Tuber

Tobacco Potato

Yaa suup Yaa tom tok Man farang

Java olive

Fruit

Tomato

Ma khuea thet

Oil from seed/ taken orally

Fruit eaten, juice from fruit/drunk Not indicated Eaten Eaten

Not indicated

2, 9, 27, 31

2

2

Ground/taken orally

Seed

Leaf

2, 21

1, 2, 17, 31

2, 26

2

Thai Lit.

References

Boiled in water/drunk

Eaten

Eaten

Boiled in water/drunk

Preparation/administration

Root

SOLANACEAE Lycopersicon esculentum Miller Nicotiana tabacum L. Physalis minima L. Solanum tuberosum L.

-

Balloon vine

Khok kra om

SAPINDACEAE Cardtispennum halicocabum L. Sapindzls t7ifoliatus L.

Ripe fruit

Fruit

Indian mulberry

Yo baan

Bael fruit, Bengal quince

Fruit

Part used

Cape jasmine

English name

Phut son

Thai name

RUBIACEAE Garden&3jaaminoides Ellis Morindo citrifoliaL.

Botanical name and family

TABLE 2 (Continued)

15.25

15.25 15,25 15, CAP

15.25

25

15, 25, CAP 15

15,25

15. 25, CAP 15,25

Other

-

z *

ZYGQPHYLLACEAE Qua&urn o&no& L.

VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum pan~htum L. Gmelina eUipthz Smith

Waan mahaamek

Lignum-vitae

-

Thong maeo

Kaeo chaochom

Pagoda flower -

Phuu musk

Wood

Boiled in water/drunk

orally

2

15

24 CAC, CAP

Gro~ud~ken

2

Rhizome

25

2, 27

Young leaves cooked/ taken orally

Leaf

2.5,CAC

2

l3oiM in water/drunk

All parts

8&O&t+

ft.

Br.

L.

Thao en on

c?yptolepis bl&Wumii

Phe kaa

Sawaat

BIGNONIACEAE Oroxylum in&urn Vent.

CAESALPINIACEAE h88dpinia c&to L.

Roem. et Sehult.

Opchoei thao

Krachao seedaa

Waan nam

Chaluut

Sattaban

Thai name

ASCLEPLADACEAE Athewlepia pierrei Cost. var. g&bra Kerr

ARISTOLOCBIACEAE Aristolochia in&a L.

Acoru.adimw,

ARACEAE

var. lucide Markgr.

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume

Rbtonia

APOCYNACEAE

Botanical name and family

PLANTS WITH CARMINATIVE PROPERTY

I’ABLE 3

Nicker nut, grey nickers

Indian trumpet flower

-

-

wort

Indian birth-

Sweetflag

white cheesewood, devil’s bark -

English name

Leaf

Young fruit

Seed

Root

Root

Rhizome

Root

Root

Part used

Cooked/taken orally

Grilled/taken orally

Fresh root/ground/eaten with food Boiled in water/drunk

Crushed/taken orally

Eaten raw

Crushed/mixed with water/taken oraily

C~sh~~~ with water/taken orally

Preparation/administration

27

9.27

22,32

8.27

n,z9

2, 29

1,2. 17.21, 28, 27,23,31.32

7, 18, 23

821.25,

Thai Lit.

References

25.35

12.25

25

-

12, 25, CAP

11, 25. CAP

12,25

12,25

Other

Saapraeng saapkaa

Kot chulaa lamphaa Thian yaowaphaanee Naat yai

Ae nang

Kameng

Daao rueang yai

Thop thaep

COMPOSITAE Agemtum conyzoides L.

Artemiaia pallens Wall. ex Beas. A. rcopati Waldat. and Kit. Bhrncea bakamifem DC.

Crorroatephium chinenae Merr. Eclipta prO8tlvlta L.

Tageteo erecta L.

CONNARACEAE connanus fem~mlls Jack

Foi thong

Lep mue naang

COMBRETACEAE Quiaqudi8 indicu L.

CUSCUTACEAE Cwcuta chinen& Lam.

Chingchee

Capparis micmcantha DC.

African marigold

Nagi camphor tree -

motherwort

Mugwort,

Rangoon creeper

Kum nam Kum bok

CAPPARIDACEAE Cmteva magna DC. C. religiosa Ham.

Ground~ken orally

Juice from plant/taken orally Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Young leaves/cooked/ taken orally Boiled in water/drunk

Ground~ken orallY Juice from pod/drunk

Seed

Aerial parts

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Leaf or Boiled in water/drunk flowering tops

Fresh leaves/cooked/ taken orally Young leaves Cooked/taken orally and shoots Root Pulverized/taken orally

Leaf

Seed

Leaf

Whole plant

Leaf

Root

Root, bark Leaf

Pod

Makhaam

Tamarind

Bark

Araang

PeZ~h~rn d5symcKs KllrZ Tamarindus indica L,

2

27.32

7,27,29, 32.40 3, 17, 27

2,39

8,27,31

8,27,29,32

2,13,29,32

2

2.9

25, CAC, CAP

25

12,25

25, CAC

26

12,25

12.25

CAC

12,25

12,25

25

25 12.25

19,25

27,31

2, 7, 18&l 2, 7, 18,29, 32,30,40 l&27

-

2,7,27

5

1

I

I

chinensis DC. americana

Leaf Leaf

-

Saranae yuan Horaphaa

Maeng lak

Ka phrao

Opchoei yuan

M. javonica Blume Ocimum bosilicwn L.

0. canum Sims

0. sanctum L.

LAURACEAE Cinnamonurn camphora

Yaa klet hoi

Desmodium

DC.

Thus rae

LEGUMINOSAE Ca&nw co&n tL.1 Huth

t@orum

Cinnamon -

Kaarabuun Thammang

Pigeon pea, Congo pea -

Indian bark

Kha ton Chiat Kaeng

tL.1 J. Prerl C. ilkciodes Cheval. C. inero Reinw. ex Blume C. ten&u tL.1 Nees et Ebel%l. C. verum J. Presl Litsea petio&ta Hook.f.

Camphor tree

Holy basil

Hoary basil

Sweet basil

Leaf

Kitchen mint

Boiled in water/drunk

Root

orally orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Pulverized/taken Pulverized/taken

Bark Bark

orally orally orally

orally

orally

orally

orally orally

orally

Stem, leaf

Pulverized/taken Pulverized/taken Pulverized/taken

Pulverized/taken

Fresh leaves/taken

Fresh leaves/taken

Fresh leaves/taken Fresh leaves/taken

Fresh leaves/taken orally Fresh leaves/taken orally Fresh leaves/taken

Boiled in water/drunk Crushed/taken orally

bark Bark Bark Leaftop

wood, root,

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Saranae

Leaf

Rhizome Bulb

Saranae yeepun

Leopard hly

Mentha arvensis L. var. pipereecens Malinv. M. cordifozie opiz

Niam huu suea

Waan haangchaang Waan horn daeng

Coleus, Indian borage Japanese mint

LABIATAE Colezls amboinicua Lour.

~~A~EAE Betimcanda Ekrtherine Merr.

2

27

2,27,29,82 3, 27

2, 27 2 2

2, 9, 24,29, 82,40

2, 16 2, 5, 7,9, 24, 27,31 2, 24927, 29.81 2, 5‘7,924, 27.81

2.9, 24, 27

2.27

2

2, 9, 40 9, 27, 29

25, CAC, CAP

25, CAC

13.25

25 25, CAC

13,25

13. 25, CAP

CAC, CAP 13,25 13.25 CAP 13,25

13.25

13.25

11,25 25, CAC

5

name

ebatnpca

t.

MORINGACEAE Mon%ga alaifera Lam.

Leucclsna feucacep~ (Lam.1 de Wit

M~OSAC~AE Aca& prmatu Wfd. var. huis Nielsen AfbMa procera Be&h.

MicbeZia

MAGNOLUlCEAE

Marum

Krr thin thai

Horse-radish .-r-

Bark

Boot

Bark

Thing than

Flower

Boot

Lead tree

Champ&

Cha om

Cbampaa

Aerial parts

Snakewoud strychnine tree

Turn km daeng safseng chsi

Bulb

Strychws minor Deanat. s. iwLz-uomicaL.

Clfmbisg fify

WoOd

Doug dueng

Bulb Bufb

Root

Part used

Knnkrao

L.

Sbalfot G&l-&

English name

LOGANIACEAE FognreajFqran6 Roxb.

Gforioaa rqwba

Hom Kratbfam

L.

LILUCEAE AU&a ascalonhm A. rativuni L.

Thai name

Cha khai ton

Icoat.)

and family

Ownoricrrobwto Bsb.

LBG~~OSA~

Fhtnnical

TABLE 3 (Coatiwed)

Crushed/t&en

CrushedMxed water/taken Crushedjmfxed water/t&en Crushed mixed wrter/txken

oraffy

with orafly with o&y with or&-

Decactionldrurlk or pulverix&tien orally

Boiled in water/drunh

14.26, CAP

25, CAC

l&27

2-l

26, 33

25,sB

14,2s

13, 26, CAP 2s 13.2s

13

11, 26 11.23, CAP

Other

27

7.27

2, 27, 31, 36

9,n

n

7, fl

3*17,18,21* 22.24n.29 31,32.37,40 27.29

Boiled in wrrterldrunk

9.22‘82

Juice/mixed with waterMrunk

2,8,2?

Thai Lit.

References

Eaten fresh

Crushedhaken oraliy

Preparrtion/administration

z!

Dee plee

Phrik thai

Ta khan lek Chaa phluu

P. chaba Hunt

P. nigrum L.

P. ribesoides Wall, P. sarmentosum Roxb.

M. elliptica Ridl. Paederiu linearis Hook.f,

Motinds cittifolia L.

Yo thuean Tot muu tot maa

Kamphaeng chetchan Yo baan

Phluu

PIPERACEAE Piper betle L.

RUBIACEAE L~toso~thee &ifZoraBlume

Yaa raknaa

ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia ruffruticosa L.

Indian mulberry -

-

Wood Root

Leaf, fruit

Aerial parts

Aerial parts Root

Fruit

Flower, fruit

Black pepper

Leaf

WhoIe plant

Bark

Flower

Leaf

Arillode

Betel vine

-

-

Clove

Kaan phluu

Kra chae

Cajuput tree

Nutmeg

Samet

Chan thet

OCHNACEAE Ochnu integerrima Merr.

MYRTACEAE Melalcuca leucodendron L. var. minor Duthie Syzygium aromaticurn (L.1 Merr. et Perry

MYRISTICACEAE Myrieticu fragrans L.

orally

orally

orally

orally Boiled in water/drunk Macerated in village liquor/drunk, or boiled in water/drunk

Cooked/taken

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Crushed/taken

Crushed/taken

Crushed/taken

Decoctionldrunk

Soiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Deco&ion/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

2, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 38 27 2

27

2, 18, 21, 27, 33, 36, 39, 40 1, 2, 7, 16, 21, 27, 32, 33 9,27,29,40 2, 7,21, 29

2. 39

2

27

2, 17, 21, 24.31

2, 31

2, 7, 18, 21, 29

15, 25, CAP 25 -

-

14 25, CAC

14.25

19, 25, CAP 14

14.25

25

14.25

14, 25

14, 25, CAP

&pm

Kam yaan

Thian dam

STERCULIACEAE Abroma augusta (L.1 L‘f.

STYRACACEAE bentoin Dryander

Phak pot

Ratchadat

Kamehat ton

KLU?O

Ma khruut Manaao tket Some

Matuum

Thai name

SPHENOCLEAC~AE Sphenoclea ze ylbca Gaertner

SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea javanica Merr.

RUTACEAE Aegle marmelor &.I Correa Citrwr hystrix DC. C. &non Burm.f. C. ma&~ (Burm.) Merr. Murrtrya paninrlata (L.1 Jack Zantkoxylum l~rn~~~ A&on

Botanical name and family

TABLE 3 (Continued)

Benaoin

-

Lemon Pomelo Chinese box, orange jasmine

Bael fruit, Bengal quince

English name

Resin from

Seed

Root

Root

Taken orally

~rusheditaken

orally

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Crushed/taken orally Crushed/taken orally Cooked/taken orally Boiled in waterldrunk

Fruit peel Fruit peel Flower Leaf Root, wood

Boiled in water/drunk

Preparation/administration

Dried fruit

Part used

2,7,27,32

1, l&27,29, 32

8,27,29,32

9, 27, 31

2,&n

18, 24, 27, 29 2 1, 5, 29, 32 27

27,29,31

Thai Lit.

References

l&25

15,25

CAC

15,25

35 1525 15,25 15, 25, CAP 25

l&25

Other

Thao khan daeng

Khaa

Khaa lek Khaa yai Kravaan khaao Reo

Khamin

Parthenocissus quinquefoliu (L.1 Planchon

ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinicl galanga (L.1 Wilid.

A. offiinurum Hance A. &me&s Schum. Amomum krervanh Pierre A. xanthioides Wall.

Curcuma longa L.

VITIDACEAE

Khonthee khemaa Khon thiso Khon thiso thale

Vitex negundo L. v. trifolia L. v. ttifoliu L. var. simplicifolia Cham.

VERBENACEAE Lantane camam L.

Phakaa harong

Mahaa hing

asa-foetidu L.

Fe&a

Thian khaao plueak Khuen chaai

Phak thee

L.

L.

Coriandram sativum L.

Apium graveolena

graveolens

UMBELLIFERAE

Anethum

Lesser galangal Cardamom Bastard cardamom Turmeric

Galangal, Siamese ginger

Virginia creeper

-

-

Asa-foetida

Coriander

Celery

Dill

Rhizome Rhizome Seed Seed

Rhizome

Aerial parts

Root Root, leaf Root

Root

Oleo-resin from rhizome

Seed

All parts

Seed

orally

orally orally Boiled in water/drunk

Crushed/taken Crushed/taken

Juice from rhizome/mixed with salt and juice from tamarind/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk

Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk Boiled in water/drunk

Cooked/taken orally

Used as spice or boiled in water/drunk Mixed with water/ taken orally

Cooked/taken orally

Crushed/taken

7, 27, 40 21, 27, 40 7, 21, 27, 40 21, 27, 39.40 2, 16, 29

2. 7, 2, 2,

2, 5, 7, 18, 21, 24,27,29,32

8, 27

2, 7, 27, 31 2, 7, 27, 40 2, 7

3

1, 2, 18, 27, 29

2, 6, 8, 27, 40

2, 31, 39

18, 27, 29, 32

11,25

11,25 25 11,25

11,25

15

15, 25, CAP 15,25 -

15,25

15, 25, CAP 15,25

15,25

r

Khing

Ka thue

z. officinale Roscoe

Z. xerumbet Smith Wild ginger

Ginger

Rhizome

Rhiiome

Rhizome

Phlai

Zing&et ~~surnu~r

Roxb.

Rhizome Rhizome

Haeo dam Proh horn

Rhizome

Part used

C. zerumbet Roxb. Kaempferia galanga L.

Zedoary

English name

Khamin oi

Icont.1

Thai name

c, tsdouria Roscoe

ZINGIBERACEAE

Botanical name and family

TABLE 3 (Co~~~~~edl

Boiled in wa~rldrunk

Boiled in water/drunk Pulverized/taken orally Pulverized/taken orally Boiled in water/drunk

Roiied in water/drunk

Preparation/administration

1, 5, 7, 16, 18, 21, 24, 2!&31, 32,33,40 2,23,31

2 2, 8, 21, 2’7, 28,40 21,27

2, 18,21,29

Thai Lit.

References

11, 25, CAP

11,25

25, CAC

IL25

11.25, CAP

Other

!l!

156

Discussion and Conclusions

The tables embrace a wide variety of plants claimed to have antidiarrheal, laxative or carminative properties. Some plants exhibit two of the properties and two species, Tamarindus indica and Ocimum basilicurn, possess all three properties, depending on the part used. Most of the plants are used alone, only a few being used in recipes with other plants. Many of the plants with the properties reported here are relatively well-known to the Thais, especially in rural villages, and they are often easy to find in rural areas, if not grown at home. The plants are therefore generally administered directly, without recourse to the traditional doctors. The wide range of plant families and genera involved suggests that a variety of chemical structural types is associated with the active principles. As was noted also in Part I, by far the most common method of usage is as a decoction or tea prepared by maceration with boiling water. This may in part be due simply to ease of preparation but also may reflect the involvement of water-soluble substances, such as glycosides and proteins, as active principles; however, some carry-over of less polar substances could also be anticipated in crude preparations. It is clear that the greatest need generally is for precise pharmacological studies to be carried out, in order to establish the therapeutic value of individual plants. It is hoped that this survey will stimulate studies to achieve this objective. Acknowledgements

Financial support for the project “Thai Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicine” (Act. nr. 0960401 by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the State University of Leiden is gratefully acknowledged. The Network for the Chemistry of Biologically Important Natural Products, an activity of the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges supported by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, is also thanked for assistance. References 1 2 3

8

Anon.(1930) Treatise of Medicinal Preparations (Knowledge of Khantha vi Phankhinee and Folklore Medicinal Application). Haang Samud Sampheng Publishing, Bangkok. Boonyarattanakornkit, L. and Supawita, T. (1977) Names of Medicinal Plants and their Uses. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Chaicharntippayut, C. and Wittayanartpaisan, S. (1979) Utilization of Herbal Medicine, Part I. Sarnmuanchol Co. Ltd., Bangkok. Chaicharntippayut, C. (1980) Herbal Medicine, Number 01. Sarnmuanchol Co. Ltd., Bangkok. Chaicharntippayut, C. (1980) Herbal Medicine, Number 02. Sarnmuanchol Co. Ltd., Bangkok. Chaicharntippayut, C. (1984) Herbal Medicine, Number 03. Sarnmuanchol Co. Ltd., Bangkok. FolkloreMedicinal School Organization, Wat Pra Chetupon (1964a) Collection of Thai Folklore Medicinal Uses, Part 1. Ampholpittaya, Bangkok. Folklore Medicinal School Organization, Wat Pra Chetupon (1964b3 Collection of Thai Folklore Medicinal Uses, Part 2. Ampholpittaya, Bangkok.

166 9

Folklore Medicinal School Organization, Wat Pra Chetupon (1964~) Collection of Thai Folklore Medicinal Uses, Part 3. Ampholpittaya, Bangkok. 10 Hegnauer, R. (19621 Chemotaxonomie der Pf?ansen, Band 1. Birkhauser Verlag. Basel. 11 Hegnauer, R. (19631 Chemotaxonomie der Pfinzen, Band 2. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 12 Hegnauer, R. (19641 Chemotaxonomie der Pfbznzen, Band 3. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 13 Hegnauer, R. (19661 Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Band 4. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 14 Hegnauer, R. (19691 Chemot~~omie der Pftanzen Band 5. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 16 Hegnauer, R. (19731 Chernot~~~~e der Pfzanzen, Band 6. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 16 Jirawongsa, V., Tantiwattana, P. and Boonyarattanakornkit, L. (1975) Fimt Exhibition of Herbal Medicine. Srimueang Publishing, Bangkok. 17 Jirawongsa. V., Tantiwattana, P. and Boonyarattanakornkit, L. (1976) Second Exhibition of Herbal Medicine. Srimueang Publishing, Bangkok. 18 Karnjanawan, T. (19721Herbal Medicine and Spices. Kasem Bannakit, Bangkok. 19 Karrer. W. (19581Konstitution und Vorkommen der Organischen Pftanzenstoffe. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 20 Kasipan, C. 09741 T~~t~~l Book of “KRA-SAI” and Drugs for TTea~ent. Somchai Publishing, Bangkok. 21 Mueanwongyaat, P. (19811 The Way of Using Herbal Medicine, Number 2. Medical Media, Bangkok. 22 Na Songkla, B. (19791 Thai Medicinal Plants, Part 1. New Thammada Publishing, Bangkok. 23 Panthong, A., Kanjanapothi, D. and Taylor, W.C. (19861 Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai Traditional books, Part I: Plants with anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties. Journul of Ethnophamnacology 18,213-228. 24 Payakorn, C. 09821 Medicinal Plants in Daily Life. P.S. Publishing, Bangkok. 25 Perry, L.M. f19801 redrill Pbmts of East and Southe~t Asia MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 26 Phu-pattanaphong, L. (1979) Thai Medicinal Plants, Part 2. New Thammada Publishing, Bangkok. 27 Pongs-Boonrod, S. (19501 Foreign-Thai Medicine and Mate& Medica Kasem Bannakit, Bangkok. 28 Smitinand, T. (19801Thai Plant Names (Botanical Names - Vemtacular Names). Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. 29 Songbanthitaya, K. (19731A Treatise of Drug Properties from Palm Leaf. Bannasilp, Bangkok. 30 Sripen, P. f19661Properties of Thai Medicines. Kasem Bannakit, Bangkok. 31 Tantiwattana, P. (19781Herbal Medicine, 2nd Edn. Herbal Medicine Association of Thailand, Chula-Publishing, Bangkok. 32 Teepakorn, C. (19691 Properties of Thai Medicines, Part 2. Names of Diseases and Therapeutic Properties of Drugs. T.V.T. Publishing, Haad Yai. 33 Utokkapachana, C. (19661 The Medicinal Herbs and Tropical Zone’s Disease with System of Healing, 5th Edn. Prae Pittaya, Bangkok. 34 Utokkapachana, C. (19801 Principles of Using Herbal Medicine for Various Diseases, I and II. Prae Pittaya, Bangkok. 35 Watt, J.M. and Rreyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (19621 The Medici~l and Poisonous Punts of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd Edn. Livingstone, London. 36 Wiboon Ar-yurawet (19751 Herbal Medicine in Our Country, Part I. Mongkol Publishing, Bangkok. 37 Wiboon Ar-yurawet (1975) Herbal Medicine in Our Country, Part 2. Mongkol Publishing, Bangkok. 38 Wiboon Ar-yurawet (19751 Herbal Med