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GALILEO Status
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Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959 www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro
European GNSS/GALILEO Status Claudio Mastracci, Hans–Hermann Fromm Global satellite navigation is becoming a utility not only for practically any transport application but also for the day-to-day whereabouts of people. The originally military oriented US GPS system has paved the way and has found in the meantime more than 20 million civil customers worldwide. The European Union has since long recognised the importance of reliable position determination and timing services. In 1994 the European Commission, Eurocontrol and the European Space Agency joined forces and engaged into the development of the EGNOS system. EGNOS is a complement to GPS and will go into operations in April 2004. In 1999 the European Union engaged in the GALILEO project. GALILEO is to be a civil global navigation satellite system under European control. The European Space Agency started the development of the GALILEO technologies well in advance and has in the meantime de4ned, in cooperation with European industry, a GALILEO architecture that satis4es not only the European needs but which is also expected to make satellite navigation, in combination with GPS and GLONASS a truly reliable proposition for use worldwide. The primary motivation for the European engagement in satellite navigation is to ensure that European citizens can be assured of reliable position determination and timing services. This objective is to be accomplished by 4rst realising a civil complement to GPS and GLONASS such that this 4rst generation of satellite navigation services becomes useable for safety critical applications. This European regional satellite based augmentation service (SBAS), The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily concur with those of the European Space Agency (ESA).
c 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 0094-5765/$ - see front matter doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.01.038
Fig. 1. SBAS/EGNOS service areas.
better known as EGNOS, is being implemented in agreement with the SBAS standards as formulated by international experts and is to be available as of April 2004. The second step, known as GALILEO, is to set-up a complementary but autonomous European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) system with high accuracy and service guarantees. GALILEO is to be operational in 2008. EGNOS, Fig. 1, will serve the larger European area and comprises a number of monitoring stations and control facilities. EGNOS is being developed by European industry under an ESA contract. An experimental signal is available since early 2000 via the Inmarsat Atlantic Ocean East Region (AOR-E) satellite and has since been used for a number of demonstrations and application developments. It provides already a typically 2 m accuracy all over Europe. More recently, that
958
C. Mastracci, H.-H. Fromm / Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959
Fig. 2. EGNOS architecture.
EGNOS System Test Bed (ESTB) has been connected with the Mediterranean Test Bed and this way a complementary signal is also made available via the Inmarsat Indian Ocean Region (IOR) satellite. In parallel, the EGNOS system proper has been developed and is currently in the 4nal phase of integration and validation. The 4rst Master Control Centre in Langen, Germany is to become available in November 2002. Three other centres will follow in 2003 and will make EGNOS, together with more than 35 monitoring and other stations, a number of uplink Earth stations and a comprehensive communications network, a truly robust complement to GPS and GLONASS. The signals to be disseminated from eventually three geostationary satellites include GPS-like ranging signals, wide area di?erential augmentations and integrity signals. Galileo will be the 4rst civil satellite positioning and navigation system, designed and operated under public control. Its conception and architecture, Fig. 2, is therefore driven by a multitude of users and service requirements. In addition special attention has been given to security aspect in particular with a view to protect its infrastructure and to avoid the potential misuse of its signals. GALILEO will provide state-of-the-art signals speci4cally designed for civilian users worldwide.
Particular attention has been given to safety and commercial user requirements. The constellation has been optimised for the larger European area but should prove equally attractive for use worldwide. It comprises a total of 30 satellites in three inclined circular orbits at about 24; 000 km above Earth. The GALILEO de4nition has been 4nalised during 2001. Critical technology developments are nearing completion under European Space Agency contracts. The development of the GALILEO system test bed (GSTB), including the launch of an experimental satellite during late 2004, has been initiated. The in-orbit validation of an initial small number of satellites is foreseen for 2005 and the complete constellation, Fig. 3, is expected to be in place in 2008. The services will include open services at no direct cost to users but also commercial services. Local components are foreseen to enhance the satellite-only services on a local basis through a combination of GALILEO signals with other GNSS system or non-GNSS systems (e.g. GSM and UMTS). These local components will allow enhanced services at users level and will allow the development of a wide range of applications. Service guarantees are foreseen and should prove truly attractive for safety-critical applications such as landing planes, manoeuvring vessels or controlling trains.
C. Mastracci, H.-H. Fromm / Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959
Fig. 3. GALILEO constellation.
The European Commission and the European Space Agency have initiated GALILEO as a cooperative programme and they also 4nance jointly the development programme. GALILEO is to be operated under a public private scheme. The speci4c provisions are to be elaborated by the GALILEO Joint Undertaking (under establishment).
959
Fig. 4. GALILEO schedule and cost estimates.
The development of GALILEO, Fig. 4, will cost about 1250 M , another 2150 M will be required for the full-scale implementation.
Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959 www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro
European GNSS/GALILEO Status Claudio Mastracci, Hans–Hermann Fromm Global satellite navigation is becoming a utility not only for practically any transport application but also for the day-to-day whereabouts of people. The originally military oriented US GPS system has paved the way and has found in the meantime more than 20 million civil customers worldwide. The European Union has since long recognised the importance of reliable position determination and timing services. In 1994 the European Commission, Eurocontrol and the European Space Agency joined forces and engaged into the development of the EGNOS system. EGNOS is a complement to GPS and will go into operations in April 2004. In 1999 the European Union engaged in the GALILEO project. GALILEO is to be a civil global navigation satellite system under European control. The European Space Agency started the development of the GALILEO technologies well in advance and has in the meantime de4ned, in cooperation with European industry, a GALILEO architecture that satis4es not only the European needs but which is also expected to make satellite navigation, in combination with GPS and GLONASS a truly reliable proposition for use worldwide. The primary motivation for the European engagement in satellite navigation is to ensure that European citizens can be assured of reliable position determination and timing services. This objective is to be accomplished by 4rst realising a civil complement to GPS and GLONASS such that this 4rst generation of satellite navigation services becomes useable for safety critical applications. This European regional satellite based augmentation service (SBAS), The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily concur with those of the European Space Agency (ESA).
c 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 0094-5765/$ - see front matter doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.01.038
Fig. 1. SBAS/EGNOS service areas.
better known as EGNOS, is being implemented in agreement with the SBAS standards as formulated by international experts and is to be available as of April 2004. The second step, known as GALILEO, is to set-up a complementary but autonomous European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) system with high accuracy and service guarantees. GALILEO is to be operational in 2008. EGNOS, Fig. 1, will serve the larger European area and comprises a number of monitoring stations and control facilities. EGNOS is being developed by European industry under an ESA contract. An experimental signal is available since early 2000 via the Inmarsat Atlantic Ocean East Region (AOR-E) satellite and has since been used for a number of demonstrations and application developments. It provides already a typically 2 m accuracy all over Europe. More recently, that
958
C. Mastracci, H.-H. Fromm / Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959
Fig. 2. EGNOS architecture.
EGNOS System Test Bed (ESTB) has been connected with the Mediterranean Test Bed and this way a complementary signal is also made available via the Inmarsat Indian Ocean Region (IOR) satellite. In parallel, the EGNOS system proper has been developed and is currently in the 4nal phase of integration and validation. The 4rst Master Control Centre in Langen, Germany is to become available in November 2002. Three other centres will follow in 2003 and will make EGNOS, together with more than 35 monitoring and other stations, a number of uplink Earth stations and a comprehensive communications network, a truly robust complement to GPS and GLONASS. The signals to be disseminated from eventually three geostationary satellites include GPS-like ranging signals, wide area di?erential augmentations and integrity signals. Galileo will be the 4rst civil satellite positioning and navigation system, designed and operated under public control. Its conception and architecture, Fig. 2, is therefore driven by a multitude of users and service requirements. In addition special attention has been given to security aspect in particular with a view to protect its infrastructure and to avoid the potential misuse of its signals. GALILEO will provide state-of-the-art signals speci4cally designed for civilian users worldwide.
Particular attention has been given to safety and commercial user requirements. The constellation has been optimised for the larger European area but should prove equally attractive for use worldwide. It comprises a total of 30 satellites in three inclined circular orbits at about 24; 000 km above Earth. The GALILEO de4nition has been 4nalised during 2001. Critical technology developments are nearing completion under European Space Agency contracts. The development of the GALILEO system test bed (GSTB), including the launch of an experimental satellite during late 2004, has been initiated. The in-orbit validation of an initial small number of satellites is foreseen for 2005 and the complete constellation, Fig. 3, is expected to be in place in 2008. The services will include open services at no direct cost to users but also commercial services. Local components are foreseen to enhance the satellite-only services on a local basis through a combination of GALILEO signals with other GNSS system or non-GNSS systems (e.g. GSM and UMTS). These local components will allow enhanced services at users level and will allow the development of a wide range of applications. Service guarantees are foreseen and should prove truly attractive for safety-critical applications such as landing planes, manoeuvring vessels or controlling trains.
C. Mastracci, H.-H. Fromm / Acta Astronautica 54 (2004) 957 – 959
Fig. 3. GALILEO constellation.
The European Commission and the European Space Agency have initiated GALILEO as a cooperative programme and they also 4nance jointly the development programme. GALILEO is to be operated under a public private scheme. The speci4c provisions are to be elaborated by the GALILEO Joint Undertaking (under establishment).
959
Fig. 4. GALILEO schedule and cost estimates.
The development of GALILEO, Fig. 4, will cost about 1250 M , another 2150 M will be required for the full-scale implementation.