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Evaluation in vitro of Volveriella harvested spent rice straw
Agricultural Wastes 15 (1986) 309-311
Short Communication Evaluation in vitro of Volveriella Harvested Spent Rice Straw
The utility of spent rice straw (SRS) available after harvesting Volveriella diplacia (a tropical edible mushroom) has not been assessed so far. The nutritive evaluation of Pleurotus (Bakshi et al,, 1985) and Agaricus (Langar et al., 1982) harvested spent straws as ruminant feed has been reported. Therefore, in vitro evaluation of SRS has been compared with that of rice straw (RS). Bundles of rice straw (1-1.5 kg each) were moistened to 70 %. Four layers of 5 bundles each were laid in a criss~cross fashion to make a bed of 20 bundles. While laying the bed 300 g of mycelium spawn was distributed and spread uniformly on each layer. In all about 15-20 beds were laid for the cultivation of Volveriella diplacia. Water was sprayed on the beds twice daily. The fruiting bodies started to appear by the 10th day and the mushroom harvest was completed in the next 20 days. The SRS (approximately 150 kg) beds were dismantled, sun-dried, chaffed and then mixed for taking repeated representative samples for detailed chemical analysis and in vitro evaluation. Samples of RS and SRS were analysed for the proximate principles and oxalates (AOAC, 1980), cell wall constituents (Goering & Van Soest, 1970) and cellulose (Crampton & Maynard, 1938). The in vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of both RS and SRS was estimated in quadruplicate samples up to the first stage (TiUey & Terry, 1963), using an inoculum from a rumen-fistulated buffalo fed a strawbased ration. The SRS as compared to RS contained low OM, nitrogen-free extract 309 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/86/$03.50 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1986. Printed in Great Britain
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice Straw and Spent Rice Straw ( ~ DM Basis) Rice straw
Spent rice straw
84.20 15.80 4.32 31.98 1.75 46.15 68.28 50.69 44.61 17.59 5.50 10-0 1.94 0.34
73.01 26.99 8.21 24.09 1.59 39.12 68.05 61.50 23.42 6-55 11.28 17.10 0.60 0.11
40.00 + 0.59 29.95 ___0.65
39.80 _ 0,59 31.17 + 0,61
Organic matter Total ash Crude protein Crude fibre Ether extract Nitrogen-free extract Neutral detergent fibre Acid detergent fibre Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Acid-insoluble ash Total oxalates Soluble oxalates In vitro digestibility:
Dry matter Organic matter
100
[
]
90
SP'ENT PADDY STRAW I--
80
,°f 50
:7 .',[
•1
n~ W
.'1 .•]
12o 10
.'.[
'i:1
..i . ,i
ii
' .I
,..[ .1
M
Fig. 1.
PAODY STRAW
OM
NDF
ADF
CELLU ~LOSE
HEMI CELLULOSE
LIGNIN
ASH
Cell wall components of rice straw after harvesting Volveriella diplaeia (on total ash basis).
Evaluation of Volveriellaharvested spent rice straw
311
(NFE), cellulose and hemicellulose contents (Table 1). The ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin content in SRS had increased. However, the mycelial growth had increased the crude protein (CP) with reduction in the oxalate content of SRS. The Volveriella utilized about 50.0 ~ , 69.0 ~o and 78.0 ~o OM, cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively (Fig. 1), indicating that 50 ~o OM was still available for utilization by the animals. The in vitro D M and OM digestibilities of SRS were equivalent to those of RS, suggesting that, like Pleurotus harvested spent straw, the SRS can be used for feeding to ruminants. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the Professor-cum-Head, Department of Animal Science, for providing facilities. This work was conducted under the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Utilization of Agricultural By-products and Industrial Wastes in Livestock Rations. REFERENCES AOAC (1980). Official methods of analysis, 12th edn. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, DC. Bakshi, M. P. S., Gupta, V. K. & Langar, P. N. (1985). Acceptability and nutritive evaluation of Pleurotus harvested spent wheat straw in buffaloes. Agric. Wastes, 13, 49-55. Crampton, E. W. & Maynard, L. A. (1938). The relation of cellulose and lignin content to the nutritive value of animals feed. J. Nutr., 15, 383-95. Goering, H. K. & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fibre analysis, Agric. Handbook No. 379. USDA, Washington, DC. Langar, P. N., Sehgal, J. P., Rana, V. K., Man Mohan Singh and Garcha, H. S. (1982). Utilization of Agaricus biosporus cultivated spent wheat straw in the ruminant diet. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 52, 634-7. Tilley, J. M. A. & Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in-vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 18, 104-11. P. N. Langar M. P. S. Bakshi Department o f Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Short Communication Evaluation in vitro of Volveriella Harvested Spent Rice Straw
The utility of spent rice straw (SRS) available after harvesting Volveriella diplacia (a tropical edible mushroom) has not been assessed so far. The nutritive evaluation of Pleurotus (Bakshi et al,, 1985) and Agaricus (Langar et al., 1982) harvested spent straws as ruminant feed has been reported. Therefore, in vitro evaluation of SRS has been compared with that of rice straw (RS). Bundles of rice straw (1-1.5 kg each) were moistened to 70 %. Four layers of 5 bundles each were laid in a criss~cross fashion to make a bed of 20 bundles. While laying the bed 300 g of mycelium spawn was distributed and spread uniformly on each layer. In all about 15-20 beds were laid for the cultivation of Volveriella diplacia. Water was sprayed on the beds twice daily. The fruiting bodies started to appear by the 10th day and the mushroom harvest was completed in the next 20 days. The SRS (approximately 150 kg) beds were dismantled, sun-dried, chaffed and then mixed for taking repeated representative samples for detailed chemical analysis and in vitro evaluation. Samples of RS and SRS were analysed for the proximate principles and oxalates (AOAC, 1980), cell wall constituents (Goering & Van Soest, 1970) and cellulose (Crampton & Maynard, 1938). The in vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of both RS and SRS was estimated in quadruplicate samples up to the first stage (TiUey & Terry, 1963), using an inoculum from a rumen-fistulated buffalo fed a strawbased ration. The SRS as compared to RS contained low OM, nitrogen-free extract 309 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/86/$03.50 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1986. Printed in Great Britain
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice Straw and Spent Rice Straw ( ~ DM Basis) Rice straw
Spent rice straw
84.20 15.80 4.32 31.98 1.75 46.15 68.28 50.69 44.61 17.59 5.50 10-0 1.94 0.34
73.01 26.99 8.21 24.09 1.59 39.12 68.05 61.50 23.42 6-55 11.28 17.10 0.60 0.11
40.00 + 0.59 29.95 ___0.65
39.80 _ 0,59 31.17 + 0,61
Organic matter Total ash Crude protein Crude fibre Ether extract Nitrogen-free extract Neutral detergent fibre Acid detergent fibre Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Acid-insoluble ash Total oxalates Soluble oxalates In vitro digestibility:
Dry matter Organic matter
100
[
]
90
SP'ENT PADDY STRAW I--
80
,°f 50
:7 .',[
•1
n~ W
.'1 .•]
12o 10
.'.[
'i:1
..i . ,i
ii
' .I
,..[ .1
M
Fig. 1.
PAODY STRAW
OM
NDF
ADF
CELLU ~LOSE
HEMI CELLULOSE
LIGNIN
ASH
Cell wall components of rice straw after harvesting Volveriella diplaeia (on total ash basis).
Evaluation of Volveriellaharvested spent rice straw
311
(NFE), cellulose and hemicellulose contents (Table 1). The ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin content in SRS had increased. However, the mycelial growth had increased the crude protein (CP) with reduction in the oxalate content of SRS. The Volveriella utilized about 50.0 ~ , 69.0 ~o and 78.0 ~o OM, cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively (Fig. 1), indicating that 50 ~o OM was still available for utilization by the animals. The in vitro D M and OM digestibilities of SRS were equivalent to those of RS, suggesting that, like Pleurotus harvested spent straw, the SRS can be used for feeding to ruminants. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the Professor-cum-Head, Department of Animal Science, for providing facilities. This work was conducted under the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Utilization of Agricultural By-products and Industrial Wastes in Livestock Rations. REFERENCES AOAC (1980). Official methods of analysis, 12th edn. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, DC. Bakshi, M. P. S., Gupta, V. K. & Langar, P. N. (1985). Acceptability and nutritive evaluation of Pleurotus harvested spent wheat straw in buffaloes. Agric. Wastes, 13, 49-55. Crampton, E. W. & Maynard, L. A. (1938). The relation of cellulose and lignin content to the nutritive value of animals feed. J. Nutr., 15, 383-95. Goering, H. K. & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fibre analysis, Agric. Handbook No. 379. USDA, Washington, DC. Langar, P. N., Sehgal, J. P., Rana, V. K., Man Mohan Singh and Garcha, H. S. (1982). Utilization of Agaricus biosporus cultivated spent wheat straw in the ruminant diet. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 52, 634-7. Tilley, J. M. A. & Terry, R. A. (1963). A two stage technique for the in-vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 18, 104-11. P. N. Langar M. P. S. Bakshi Department o f Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India