- Email: [email protected]
Evaluation of Dehydrated Poultry Waste from Cage Reared Broilers as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers
Evaluation of Dehydrated Poultry Waste from Cage Reared Broilers as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers K. K. BHARGAVA AND J. B . O ' N E I L
Research Department, Crawfords Foods Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan SOA 4T0 and Department of Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 (Received for publication December 30, 1974)
POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 1506-1511, 1975
INTRODUCTION
T
HE use of poultry waste as a feed ingredient has been studied for a considerable length of time. Fuller (1956) reported hydrolyzed poultry manure to be as effective as fish meal in commercial type rations when fed under practical conditions. Wehunt et al. (1960) indicated that the addition of hydrolyzed poultry manure to diets suboptimal in protein resulted in an improvement in growth rate of chicks. As a result of an increase in the size and concentration of the production units, the disposal of poultry waste has become a major problem. This has stimulated further interest in evaluating this product as a feed supplement. Flegal and Zindel (1970) observed that broiler chicks could tolerate 5% of dehydrated poultry waste (D.P.W.) with only a slight effect on feed conversion. Growth was decreased significantly when the level of D.P.W. was increased to 10% or 20%. Feed conversion was adversely affected directly in proportion to the level of D.P.W. included
in the diet. The adverse effect of feeding 10% or 20% D.P.W. to broiler chicks was caused by the low energy content of the poultry waste, since growth and feed conversion were improved by adding 4.5% fat to a diet containing 20% D.P.W. McNab et al. (1972) using a chick diet containing a suboptimum level of essential amino acids substituted up to 20% poultry manure with an adjustment in the energy content of the rations. Growth of chicks on experimental rations was comparable to those fed a standard broiler ration. Biely et al. (1972) reported that both body weight and feed efficiency of female broiler chicks progressively decreased as the amount of D.P.W. was increased from 5 to 20%. Lee and Blair (1973) found that 5% manure could be added to a broiler starter and 10% to a finisher diet without affecting growth rate. Rinehart et al. (1973) reported a linear increase in feed consumption and a depression in feed conversion with limited effect on weight gain in chicks fed rations containing up to 20% poultry manure. The same type of response
1506
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
ABSTRACT Four experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of dehydrated poultry waste (D.P.W.) obtained from broilers raised in cages to market age. In experiments 1 and 2 D.P.W. was incorporated into diets at varying levels on a crude protein equivalent basis, but without adjustment of energy content. Levels up to 20% were fed to chicks to 4 weeks of age in experiment 1. There was a significant depression in growth when chicks were fed 10% D.P.W., but the inclusion of either 15 or 20% D.P.W. did not result in a further depression. Feed efficiency was significantly increased when 10% D.P.W. was included in the diet. The feeding of either 15 or 20% D.P.W. resulted in a significantly higher feed efficiency when compared to the diet containing 10%. In experiment 2 chicks were fed either 5 or 10% D.P.W. from 4 to 8 weeks of age. The incorporation of 10% D.P.W. into the ration resulted in a significant decrease in body weight at 8 weeks. Diets formulated to be both isonitrogenous (true protein basis) and isocaloric were used in experiment 3. Levels up to 20% D.P.W. had no adverse effects on growth characteristics and carcass quality. The results of experiment 4 indicate that availability of both methionine and lysine was similar irrespective of the percentage of D.P.W. included in the diets.
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
was observed by Sloan and Harms (1973). The objective of this report is to indicate the growth performance of broiler chicks fed dried poultry waste from cage reared broilers. MATERIAL AND METHODS
TABLE 1.—Proximate analyses (%) of D.P.W. from cage reared broilers Sample 1 Sample 2 Moisture Crude protein (N x 6.25) True protein Crude fat Ash Calcium Total phosphorus Crude fiber
7.10 44.40 15.12 2.95 9.98 1.34 1.40 10.06
6.93 32.17 13.52 1.64 16.50 3.38 2.19 15.90
TABLE 2.—Amino acid composition of D.P. W. from cage-reared broilers (air dry basis) Sample 1 Sample 2 Aspartic acid Threonine Serine Glutamic acid Proline Glycine Alanine Valine Cystine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Lysine Histidine Arginine Crude protein (N x 6.25) Moisture
%
%
0.986 0.775 0.847 4.5% 2.262 1.369 0.923 0.764 0.472 0.469 0.636 1.222 0.729 0.719 0.764 0.280 1.420 44.40 7.10
1.500 0.800 1.150 2.450 1.250 1.490 1.090 1.100 0.260 0.620 0.590 1.230 0.580 0.800 0.930 0.430 1.230 32.17 6.93
air heated to approximately 40° C. After drying, the extraneous material such as feathers was removed and the dried excreta was ground; moisture content was approximately 7%. Standard A.O.A.C. (1970) procedures were used to determine proximate analysis of two samples of D.P.W. Sample 1 was used in experiment 2 and sample 2 was used for the determination of metabolizable energy and for experiments 3 and 4. The amino acid composition was determined on both samples by Technicon amino acid analyzer following acid hydrolysis. The droppings used in experiment 1 were similar to sample 1 with respect to the crude protein. The metabolizable energy (M.E.) of sample 2 was determined using the reference diet of Hill et al. (1960) with modifications as shown in Table 5. The procedure followed was that outlined by Olson et al. (1969). The method of Bolin et al. (1952) was utilized for the determination of chromic oxide in samples of feed and droppings. In all experiments straight-run day-old Peel broiler chicks were used. Experiment 1 tested the effects of graded levels of D.P.W. on growth response of chicks to 4 weeks of age. The different levels of D.P.W. were incorporated into a standard broiler starter at the expense of soybean meal and wheat. All diets were adjusted to contain the same levels of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus. Four replications of 10 chicks each were used. In experiment 2, chicks were maintained on a commercial broiler starter for four weeks and then randomly assigned to experimental rations containing either 5 or 10% D.P.W. Birds which were fed a commercial growerfinisher ration from 4-8 weeks served as controls. Two replications of 64 birds each were assigned to each treatment. The diets used in experiment 3 were computer formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The chicks were fed the starter diets from 0 to 4 weeks and the grower-fin-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
The droppings used in the four trials to be reported were obtained from cage reared broilers after the birds were marketed at 8 weeks of age. The type of cage from which the droppings were collected was similar to that described by Bhargava et al. (1974) except that the floors were of wooden construction. The eight weeks accumulation of droppings were collected from these batteries, spread out and dried by exposure to
1507
1508
K. K. BHARGAVA AND J. B. O ' N E I L
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The chemical composition of two samples of D.P.W. is shown in Table 1. It will be observed that the crude protein varies widely whereas the true protein is not too dissimilar. The factor responsible for the wide variation in crude protein is non-protein nitrogen. This has been reported by Flegal and Zindel (1970) as well as by Biely et al. (1972). The total ash, calcium and phosphorus in these two samples are lower than those reported by the above mentioned authors. This could be explained on the basis of the source of droppings, i.e. cage reared broilers versus growing and laying pullets in cages. The crude fiber content is comparable to that reported for caged layers. The amino acid composition as listed in Table 2 indicates quite a variation in the individual amino acids when comparing samples 1 and 2. These values are higher than those given by Biely et al. (1972) and Flegal and Zindel (1970). No valid reason is apparent for these variations. The effect of feeding levels of D.P.W.
TABLE 3.—Effect of feeding D.P.W. on body weight, feed efficiency and performance index of chicks (0-4 weeks) % D.P.W.
Av. wt. (g.)
Feed/gain
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
624a* 589ab 571b 551b 556b
1.63a 1.69ab 1.74b 1.84c 1.91c
P.I. 360a 325b 306b 275bc 268c
*Numbers with different small letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) from other numbers in that column. TABLE 4.—Average gain, feed efficiency and performance index of chicks fed D.P. W. (4-8 weeks) Av. gain (g.) Feed/gain P.I. 5% D.P.W. 959a* 2?75 350~ 10% D.P.W. 921b 2.92 316 Commercial feed 952a 2.80 340 *Numbers with different small letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) from other numbers in that column. TABLE 5.—Composition of reference diet Ingredients
%
Dextrose Wheat (15.4% protein) Soybean meal (46.4% protein) Fish meal (70.0% protein) Dried fish solubles (37.0% protein) Brewers yeast (46.1% protein) Dried whey (13.2% protein) Poultry fat Limestone (38% calcium) Dicalcium phosphate (22% calcium, 18.5% phosphorus) Iodized salt Vitamin-trace mineral premix' Chromic Oxide mix 2
41.85 7.00 28.40 10.00 1.00 2.50 2.00 3.25 0.75 1.50 0.25 0.50 1.00
'Dawe's Laboratories of Canada, Weston, Ontario. 2 Chromic Oxide Mix Chromic Oxide 30% Dextrose 70% varying from 0% to 20% on performance of chicks is shown in Table 3. A significant depression in body weight was observed when the level of D.P.W. was 10% or more. Feed efficiency as measured by the ratio of feed consumption to gain in body weight was significantly decreased at the 10% level. A
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
isher from 4 to 8 weeks of age (Table 6). The true protein content of D.P.W. was used for the formulation of these rations. A randomized block design involving 4 replicates of 10 chicks each was used. The rations fed in experiment 3 contained sufficient methionine and lysine to meet the requirements recommended by Scott (1973). To test the availability of these two amino acids in these diets, experiment 4 was designed to ascertain the response of chicks to diets containing the same levels of D.P.W. as in experiment 3, but with additional amounts of either methionine or lysine or a combination of both. This test composed of two replications of 10 chicks each was conducted for a period of 3 weeks; a factorial design was used. All experimental diets were fed in mash form.
1509
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
TABLE 6.—Percent composition and calculated analyses of diets
TABLE 7.— Performance
% D.P.W. 0 6.67 13.34 20.00
Av. wt. (g.) 1758 1824 1760 1801
1
Grower-finisher 2 3
4
70.19
63.41
54.75
42.70
19.13
17.08
18.07
23.89
2.03
3.33
2.98
0.00
0.20 1.42 0.89 0.25 5.40
0.20 0.66 0.69 0.25 7.22
0.20 0.00 0.50 0.25 9.42
0.20 0.00 0.24 0.25 12.22
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.00
6.67
13.33
20.00
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.87
0.45 2.41 7.03
0.45 3.27 8.96
0.45 4.13 11.08
0.45 4.99 13.53
of broilers fed various levels of D.P.W. (0-8 weeks)
Feed/gain
E.M.R. 1 3.68 3.57 3.72 3.68
P.I. 729 766 744 739
2.40 2.33 2.31 2.37
A 58.6 77.9 70.6 70.8
Grades (%) B 17.3 7.8 16.1 12.7
U2 21.8 11.8 8.3 10.9
1 2
Eviscerated meat ratio. Utility grade.
TABLE 8.—Effect
1. 2. 3. 4.
of supplementation of methionine and lysine on growth response (0-3 weeks)
Ration Control #1 +0.1%meth. #1 + 0.2% lysine #1 + 0.1% meth. and 0.2% lysine
0% D.P.W. Av. wt. Feed/ gain (g.) 485 1.47 475 1.38 387 1.51 432
1.45
P.I. 301 314 228 271
20% D.P.W 6.67% D.P.W. 13.34% D.P.W. Av. wt. Feed/ Av. wt. Feed/ Av. wt. Feed/ Gain P.I. gain P.I. gain (g.) <£•) (g.) 441 491 472 1.53 1.51 263 1.56 288 1.39 463 1.49 281 471 1.44 296 466 1.52 450 1.47 277 450 1.50 272 463 438
1.62
252
489
1.44
311
416
1.55
P.I. 281 306 277 257
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
Starter 4 2 3 Ingredients 1 Wheat (13.0% pro32.52 56.54 47.62 tein) 63.28 Soybean meal (48.5% 19.12 21.17 protein) 32.80 20.51 PBHFM 1 (72.5% pro6.04 tein) 0.00 7.34 6.76 Fish meal 63.6% pro0.20 0.20 tein 0.20 0.20 0.00 1.40 0.65 Dicalcium phosphate 0.00 0.97 Limestone 0.52 0.79 1.17 0.25 0.25 Iodized salt 0.25 0.25 13.21 7.82 5.99 Poultry fat 10.05 Vitamin-trace mineral 0.50 0.50 premix 2 0.50 0.50 D.P.W. (13.5% true 13.33 6.67 0.00 protein) 20.00 Calculated analyses 23.00 True protein % 23.00 23.00 23.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 M.E. (kcal./kg.) Calcium % 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Available phosphorus 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 % 2.39 Crude fiber % 4.11 3.25 5.00 7.90 Fat% 11.97 14.41 9.83 'Poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal. 2 Dawe's Laboratories of Canada, Weston, Ontario.
1510
K. K. BHARGAVA AND J. B. O ' N E I L
*P.I. = (Gain in body weight)2/feed x 100.
consumption
amounts of D.P.W. The addition of these amino acids either singly or in combination did not affect growth response as indicated in Table 8. As well there is no interaction between supplementation and levels of D.P.W. in the diets. This would indicate that these amino acids are readily available to the chicks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Research Council of Canada and the advice and help of Dr. R. E. Salmon, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, for computer formulation.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1970. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. Washington, D.C. Bhargava, K. K., P. V. Rao and J. B. O'Neil, 1974. Cage rearing of broilers on solid floors. Proc. XV World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans: 338-340. Biely, J., R. Soong, L. Seier and W. H. Pope, 1972. Dehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 51: 1502-1511. Blair, R., 1974. Recycling dried poultry wastes as a waste management system. Proc. XV World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans: 225-227. Bolin, D. W., R. P. King and E. W. Klosterman, 1952. A simplified method for the determination of chromic oxide when used as an index substance. Science, 116: 634-635. Flegal, C. J., and H. C. Zindel, 1970. The utilization of poultry waste as a feedstuff for growing chicks. Research Report 117: 21-28. Michigan State University, East Lansing. Fuller, H. L., 1956. The value of poultry by-products as sources of protein and unidentified growth factors in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 35: 1143. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies of the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lee, D. J. W., and R. Blair, 1973. Growth of broilers fed on diets containing dried poultry manure. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 379-388. NcNab, J. M., D. J. W. Lee and D. W. F. Shannon,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
further depression was observed when either 15% or 20% of D.P.W. was incorporated into the diets. Performance index (P.I.)* was significantly lower with the addition of any level of D.P.W. when compared to the control. The adverse effect of feeding D.P.W. could be the result of feeding experimental diets which were neither isonitrogenous (from the standpoint of true protein) nor isocaloric. Experiment 2 was designed to test the response of chicks fed grower-finisher diets containing either 5% or 10% D.P.W. Data listed in Table 4 show a significant depression in average gain when birds were fed a diet containing 10% D.P.W. No significant differences were observed in either feed efficiency or P.I. The metabolizable energy of sample 2 was calculated to be 811 kcal./kg. on an air dry basis. This value agrees quite closely with that reported by Blair et al. (1974). A wide range of values (480-1350 kcal./kg.) has been reported by Shannon et al. (1973). The diets fed in experiment 3 were isonitrogenous (in terms of true protein) and isocaloric. The performance of the birds fed these diets is listed in Table 7. Levels of D.P.W. up to 20% had no adverse effect upon growth characters, edible meat ratio or carcass grades. The low percentage of grade A in the control diet was due to the poor carcass value of one of the replicates. The results obtained from this experiment indicate that the inclusion of 20% D.P.W. in a wellbalanced diet does not adversely affect growth characteristics or carcass values of broilers at 8 weeks of age. The control diets contained similar amounts of methionine (0.50% to 0.53%) whereas the lysine content varied from 1.15% (0% and 6.67% D.P.W.) to 1.46% (20% D.P.W.). This increase is accounted for by the higher levels of soybean meal in the diets containing greater
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
1972. The growth of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets containing triammonium citrate, diammonium hydrogen citrate and autoclaved dried poultry manure. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13: 357-364. Olson, D. W., M. L. Sunde and H. R. Bird, 1969. The metabolizable energy content and feeding value of mandioca meal in diets for chicks. Poultry Sci. 48: 1445-1452. Rinehart, K. E., D. C. Snetsinger, W. W. Ragland and R. A. Zimmerman, 1973. Feeding value of
1511
dehydrated poultry waste. Poultry Sci. 52: 2078. Scott, M. L., 1973. Nutrient requirements of chickens, turkeys. Feedstuffs, 45(39): 35-36. Sloan, D. R., and R. H. Harms, 1973. The effect of incorporating hen manure into the diet of young chicks. Poultry Sci. 52: 803-805. Wehunt, K. E., H. L. Fuller and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1960. The nutritional value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 10571063.
K . K . BHARGAVA 1 AND J. B . O ' N E I L 2
Research Department, Crawfords Foods Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan S0A 4T0 and2Department of Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0WO (Received for publication December 30, 1974)
ABSTRACT The proximate analysis with standard errors of 201 samples of poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal (PBHFM) is presented. The metabolizable energy of this product was determined to be 2708 kcal./kg. Eight experiments were conducted to investigate the role of PBHFM in the diet of broiler chicks. Experiments 1-3 indicated that 10% PBHFM could replace a protein equivalent amount of soybean meal without deleterious effects. The necessity of lysine supplementation in diets containing adequate methionine was demonstrated in experiments 4-6. In experiment 7 the addition of 10.9% PBHFM which replaced all the soybean meal in the starter diet of chicks when supplemented with methionine and lysine to requirement resulted in equal performance as measured by body weight, feed efficiency, performance index (PI), eviscerated meat ratio (EMR) and % grade A carcasses. Supplementary isoleucine or threonine fed singly or in combination did not stimulate the growth of chicks fed a diet containing 10.9% PBHFM. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 1511-1518, 1975
INTRODUCTION
Naber (1961) concluded in his review that a combined poultry by-products meal showed
ROTEIN supplements in poultry diets
P
a better amino acid balance and could be
represent one of the major items of cost.
used with fewer limitations than feather meal
Alternate sources of these supplements might
or blood meal. Naber et al. (1961) fed a
have a beneficial effect on production cost
combined poultry by-product meal to growing
providing they are available at a competitive
chickens and observed that this product
price and are acceptable to poultry. Poultry
stimulated growth on a corn-soybean oil meal
by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal is
ration and gave results superior to those
a product resulting from the rendering of all
obtained from feather meal supplementation.
the by-products of a poultry eviscerating plant. Davis et al. (1961) reviewed the literature on the processing of poultry by-products.
The purpose of this report was to evaluate poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein supplement in the diet of broiler chicks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
Composition and Utilization of Poultry By-Product and Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Broiler Diets
Research Department, Crawfords Foods Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan SOA 4T0 and Department of Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 (Received for publication December 30, 1974)
POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 1506-1511, 1975
INTRODUCTION
T
HE use of poultry waste as a feed ingredient has been studied for a considerable length of time. Fuller (1956) reported hydrolyzed poultry manure to be as effective as fish meal in commercial type rations when fed under practical conditions. Wehunt et al. (1960) indicated that the addition of hydrolyzed poultry manure to diets suboptimal in protein resulted in an improvement in growth rate of chicks. As a result of an increase in the size and concentration of the production units, the disposal of poultry waste has become a major problem. This has stimulated further interest in evaluating this product as a feed supplement. Flegal and Zindel (1970) observed that broiler chicks could tolerate 5% of dehydrated poultry waste (D.P.W.) with only a slight effect on feed conversion. Growth was decreased significantly when the level of D.P.W. was increased to 10% or 20%. Feed conversion was adversely affected directly in proportion to the level of D.P.W. included
in the diet. The adverse effect of feeding 10% or 20% D.P.W. to broiler chicks was caused by the low energy content of the poultry waste, since growth and feed conversion were improved by adding 4.5% fat to a diet containing 20% D.P.W. McNab et al. (1972) using a chick diet containing a suboptimum level of essential amino acids substituted up to 20% poultry manure with an adjustment in the energy content of the rations. Growth of chicks on experimental rations was comparable to those fed a standard broiler ration. Biely et al. (1972) reported that both body weight and feed efficiency of female broiler chicks progressively decreased as the amount of D.P.W. was increased from 5 to 20%. Lee and Blair (1973) found that 5% manure could be added to a broiler starter and 10% to a finisher diet without affecting growth rate. Rinehart et al. (1973) reported a linear increase in feed consumption and a depression in feed conversion with limited effect on weight gain in chicks fed rations containing up to 20% poultry manure. The same type of response
1506
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
ABSTRACT Four experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of dehydrated poultry waste (D.P.W.) obtained from broilers raised in cages to market age. In experiments 1 and 2 D.P.W. was incorporated into diets at varying levels on a crude protein equivalent basis, but without adjustment of energy content. Levels up to 20% were fed to chicks to 4 weeks of age in experiment 1. There was a significant depression in growth when chicks were fed 10% D.P.W., but the inclusion of either 15 or 20% D.P.W. did not result in a further depression. Feed efficiency was significantly increased when 10% D.P.W. was included in the diet. The feeding of either 15 or 20% D.P.W. resulted in a significantly higher feed efficiency when compared to the diet containing 10%. In experiment 2 chicks were fed either 5 or 10% D.P.W. from 4 to 8 weeks of age. The incorporation of 10% D.P.W. into the ration resulted in a significant decrease in body weight at 8 weeks. Diets formulated to be both isonitrogenous (true protein basis) and isocaloric were used in experiment 3. Levels up to 20% D.P.W. had no adverse effects on growth characteristics and carcass quality. The results of experiment 4 indicate that availability of both methionine and lysine was similar irrespective of the percentage of D.P.W. included in the diets.
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
was observed by Sloan and Harms (1973). The objective of this report is to indicate the growth performance of broiler chicks fed dried poultry waste from cage reared broilers. MATERIAL AND METHODS
TABLE 1.—Proximate analyses (%) of D.P.W. from cage reared broilers Sample 1 Sample 2 Moisture Crude protein (N x 6.25) True protein Crude fat Ash Calcium Total phosphorus Crude fiber
7.10 44.40 15.12 2.95 9.98 1.34 1.40 10.06
6.93 32.17 13.52 1.64 16.50 3.38 2.19 15.90
TABLE 2.—Amino acid composition of D.P. W. from cage-reared broilers (air dry basis) Sample 1 Sample 2 Aspartic acid Threonine Serine Glutamic acid Proline Glycine Alanine Valine Cystine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Lysine Histidine Arginine Crude protein (N x 6.25) Moisture
%
%
0.986 0.775 0.847 4.5% 2.262 1.369 0.923 0.764 0.472 0.469 0.636 1.222 0.729 0.719 0.764 0.280 1.420 44.40 7.10
1.500 0.800 1.150 2.450 1.250 1.490 1.090 1.100 0.260 0.620 0.590 1.230 0.580 0.800 0.930 0.430 1.230 32.17 6.93
air heated to approximately 40° C. After drying, the extraneous material such as feathers was removed and the dried excreta was ground; moisture content was approximately 7%. Standard A.O.A.C. (1970) procedures were used to determine proximate analysis of two samples of D.P.W. Sample 1 was used in experiment 2 and sample 2 was used for the determination of metabolizable energy and for experiments 3 and 4. The amino acid composition was determined on both samples by Technicon amino acid analyzer following acid hydrolysis. The droppings used in experiment 1 were similar to sample 1 with respect to the crude protein. The metabolizable energy (M.E.) of sample 2 was determined using the reference diet of Hill et al. (1960) with modifications as shown in Table 5. The procedure followed was that outlined by Olson et al. (1969). The method of Bolin et al. (1952) was utilized for the determination of chromic oxide in samples of feed and droppings. In all experiments straight-run day-old Peel broiler chicks were used. Experiment 1 tested the effects of graded levels of D.P.W. on growth response of chicks to 4 weeks of age. The different levels of D.P.W. were incorporated into a standard broiler starter at the expense of soybean meal and wheat. All diets were adjusted to contain the same levels of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus. Four replications of 10 chicks each were used. In experiment 2, chicks were maintained on a commercial broiler starter for four weeks and then randomly assigned to experimental rations containing either 5 or 10% D.P.W. Birds which were fed a commercial growerfinisher ration from 4-8 weeks served as controls. Two replications of 64 birds each were assigned to each treatment. The diets used in experiment 3 were computer formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The chicks were fed the starter diets from 0 to 4 weeks and the grower-fin-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
The droppings used in the four trials to be reported were obtained from cage reared broilers after the birds were marketed at 8 weeks of age. The type of cage from which the droppings were collected was similar to that described by Bhargava et al. (1974) except that the floors were of wooden construction. The eight weeks accumulation of droppings were collected from these batteries, spread out and dried by exposure to
1507
1508
K. K. BHARGAVA AND J. B. O ' N E I L
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The chemical composition of two samples of D.P.W. is shown in Table 1. It will be observed that the crude protein varies widely whereas the true protein is not too dissimilar. The factor responsible for the wide variation in crude protein is non-protein nitrogen. This has been reported by Flegal and Zindel (1970) as well as by Biely et al. (1972). The total ash, calcium and phosphorus in these two samples are lower than those reported by the above mentioned authors. This could be explained on the basis of the source of droppings, i.e. cage reared broilers versus growing and laying pullets in cages. The crude fiber content is comparable to that reported for caged layers. The amino acid composition as listed in Table 2 indicates quite a variation in the individual amino acids when comparing samples 1 and 2. These values are higher than those given by Biely et al. (1972) and Flegal and Zindel (1970). No valid reason is apparent for these variations. The effect of feeding levels of D.P.W.
TABLE 3.—Effect of feeding D.P.W. on body weight, feed efficiency and performance index of chicks (0-4 weeks) % D.P.W.
Av. wt. (g.)
Feed/gain
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
624a* 589ab 571b 551b 556b
1.63a 1.69ab 1.74b 1.84c 1.91c
P.I. 360a 325b 306b 275bc 268c
*Numbers with different small letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) from other numbers in that column. TABLE 4.—Average gain, feed efficiency and performance index of chicks fed D.P. W. (4-8 weeks) Av. gain (g.) Feed/gain P.I. 5% D.P.W. 959a* 2?75 350~ 10% D.P.W. 921b 2.92 316 Commercial feed 952a 2.80 340 *Numbers with different small letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) from other numbers in that column. TABLE 5.—Composition of reference diet Ingredients
%
Dextrose Wheat (15.4% protein) Soybean meal (46.4% protein) Fish meal (70.0% protein) Dried fish solubles (37.0% protein) Brewers yeast (46.1% protein) Dried whey (13.2% protein) Poultry fat Limestone (38% calcium) Dicalcium phosphate (22% calcium, 18.5% phosphorus) Iodized salt Vitamin-trace mineral premix' Chromic Oxide mix 2
41.85 7.00 28.40 10.00 1.00 2.50 2.00 3.25 0.75 1.50 0.25 0.50 1.00
'Dawe's Laboratories of Canada, Weston, Ontario. 2 Chromic Oxide Mix Chromic Oxide 30% Dextrose 70% varying from 0% to 20% on performance of chicks is shown in Table 3. A significant depression in body weight was observed when the level of D.P.W. was 10% or more. Feed efficiency as measured by the ratio of feed consumption to gain in body weight was significantly decreased at the 10% level. A
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
isher from 4 to 8 weeks of age (Table 6). The true protein content of D.P.W. was used for the formulation of these rations. A randomized block design involving 4 replicates of 10 chicks each was used. The rations fed in experiment 3 contained sufficient methionine and lysine to meet the requirements recommended by Scott (1973). To test the availability of these two amino acids in these diets, experiment 4 was designed to ascertain the response of chicks to diets containing the same levels of D.P.W. as in experiment 3, but with additional amounts of either methionine or lysine or a combination of both. This test composed of two replications of 10 chicks each was conducted for a period of 3 weeks; a factorial design was used. All experimental diets were fed in mash form.
1509
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
TABLE 6.—Percent composition and calculated analyses of diets
TABLE 7.— Performance
% D.P.W. 0 6.67 13.34 20.00
Av. wt. (g.) 1758 1824 1760 1801
1
Grower-finisher 2 3
4
70.19
63.41
54.75
42.70
19.13
17.08
18.07
23.89
2.03
3.33
2.98
0.00
0.20 1.42 0.89 0.25 5.40
0.20 0.66 0.69 0.25 7.22
0.20 0.00 0.50 0.25 9.42
0.20 0.00 0.24 0.25 12.22
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.00
6.67
13.33
20.00
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.80
20.00 3200.00 0.87
0.45 2.41 7.03
0.45 3.27 8.96
0.45 4.13 11.08
0.45 4.99 13.53
of broilers fed various levels of D.P.W. (0-8 weeks)
Feed/gain
E.M.R. 1 3.68 3.57 3.72 3.68
P.I. 729 766 744 739
2.40 2.33 2.31 2.37
A 58.6 77.9 70.6 70.8
Grades (%) B 17.3 7.8 16.1 12.7
U2 21.8 11.8 8.3 10.9
1 2
Eviscerated meat ratio. Utility grade.
TABLE 8.—Effect
1. 2. 3. 4.
of supplementation of methionine and lysine on growth response (0-3 weeks)
Ration Control #1 +0.1%meth. #1 + 0.2% lysine #1 + 0.1% meth. and 0.2% lysine
0% D.P.W. Av. wt. Feed/ gain (g.) 485 1.47 475 1.38 387 1.51 432
1.45
P.I. 301 314 228 271
20% D.P.W 6.67% D.P.W. 13.34% D.P.W. Av. wt. Feed/ Av. wt. Feed/ Av. wt. Feed/ Gain P.I. gain P.I. gain (g.) <£•) (g.) 441 491 472 1.53 1.51 263 1.56 288 1.39 463 1.49 281 471 1.44 296 466 1.52 450 1.47 277 450 1.50 272 463 438
1.62
252
489
1.44
311
416
1.55
P.I. 281 306 277 257
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
Starter 4 2 3 Ingredients 1 Wheat (13.0% pro32.52 56.54 47.62 tein) 63.28 Soybean meal (48.5% 19.12 21.17 protein) 32.80 20.51 PBHFM 1 (72.5% pro6.04 tein) 0.00 7.34 6.76 Fish meal 63.6% pro0.20 0.20 tein 0.20 0.20 0.00 1.40 0.65 Dicalcium phosphate 0.00 0.97 Limestone 0.52 0.79 1.17 0.25 0.25 Iodized salt 0.25 0.25 13.21 7.82 5.99 Poultry fat 10.05 Vitamin-trace mineral 0.50 0.50 premix 2 0.50 0.50 D.P.W. (13.5% true 13.33 6.67 0.00 protein) 20.00 Calculated analyses 23.00 True protein % 23.00 23.00 23.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 M.E. (kcal./kg.) Calcium % 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Available phosphorus 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 % 2.39 Crude fiber % 4.11 3.25 5.00 7.90 Fat% 11.97 14.41 9.83 'Poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal. 2 Dawe's Laboratories of Canada, Weston, Ontario.
1510
K. K. BHARGAVA AND J. B. O ' N E I L
*P.I. = (Gain in body weight)2/feed x 100.
consumption
amounts of D.P.W. The addition of these amino acids either singly or in combination did not affect growth response as indicated in Table 8. As well there is no interaction between supplementation and levels of D.P.W. in the diets. This would indicate that these amino acids are readily available to the chicks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Research Council of Canada and the advice and help of Dr. R. E. Salmon, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, for computer formulation.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1970. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. Washington, D.C. Bhargava, K. K., P. V. Rao and J. B. O'Neil, 1974. Cage rearing of broilers on solid floors. Proc. XV World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans: 338-340. Biely, J., R. Soong, L. Seier and W. H. Pope, 1972. Dehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 51: 1502-1511. Blair, R., 1974. Recycling dried poultry wastes as a waste management system. Proc. XV World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans: 225-227. Bolin, D. W., R. P. King and E. W. Klosterman, 1952. A simplified method for the determination of chromic oxide when used as an index substance. Science, 116: 634-635. Flegal, C. J., and H. C. Zindel, 1970. The utilization of poultry waste as a feedstuff for growing chicks. Research Report 117: 21-28. Michigan State University, East Lansing. Fuller, H. L., 1956. The value of poultry by-products as sources of protein and unidentified growth factors in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 35: 1143. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies of the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lee, D. J. W., and R. Blair, 1973. Growth of broilers fed on diets containing dried poultry manure. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 379-388. NcNab, J. M., D. J. W. Lee and D. W. F. Shannon,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
further depression was observed when either 15% or 20% of D.P.W. was incorporated into the diets. Performance index (P.I.)* was significantly lower with the addition of any level of D.P.W. when compared to the control. The adverse effect of feeding D.P.W. could be the result of feeding experimental diets which were neither isonitrogenous (from the standpoint of true protein) nor isocaloric. Experiment 2 was designed to test the response of chicks fed grower-finisher diets containing either 5% or 10% D.P.W. Data listed in Table 4 show a significant depression in average gain when birds were fed a diet containing 10% D.P.W. No significant differences were observed in either feed efficiency or P.I. The metabolizable energy of sample 2 was calculated to be 811 kcal./kg. on an air dry basis. This value agrees quite closely with that reported by Blair et al. (1974). A wide range of values (480-1350 kcal./kg.) has been reported by Shannon et al. (1973). The diets fed in experiment 3 were isonitrogenous (in terms of true protein) and isocaloric. The performance of the birds fed these diets is listed in Table 7. Levels of D.P.W. up to 20% had no adverse effect upon growth characters, edible meat ratio or carcass grades. The low percentage of grade A in the control diet was due to the poor carcass value of one of the replicates. The results obtained from this experiment indicate that the inclusion of 20% D.P.W. in a wellbalanced diet does not adversely affect growth characteristics or carcass values of broilers at 8 weeks of age. The control diets contained similar amounts of methionine (0.50% to 0.53%) whereas the lysine content varied from 1.15% (0% and 6.67% D.P.W.) to 1.46% (20% D.P.W.). This increase is accounted for by the higher levels of soybean meal in the diets containing greater
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE FOR BROILERS
1972. The growth of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets containing triammonium citrate, diammonium hydrogen citrate and autoclaved dried poultry manure. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13: 357-364. Olson, D. W., M. L. Sunde and H. R. Bird, 1969. The metabolizable energy content and feeding value of mandioca meal in diets for chicks. Poultry Sci. 48: 1445-1452. Rinehart, K. E., D. C. Snetsinger, W. W. Ragland and R. A. Zimmerman, 1973. Feeding value of
1511
dehydrated poultry waste. Poultry Sci. 52: 2078. Scott, M. L., 1973. Nutrient requirements of chickens, turkeys. Feedstuffs, 45(39): 35-36. Sloan, D. R., and R. H. Harms, 1973. The effect of incorporating hen manure into the diet of young chicks. Poultry Sci. 52: 803-805. Wehunt, K. E., H. L. Fuller and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1960. The nutritional value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 10571063.
K . K . BHARGAVA 1 AND J. B . O ' N E I L 2
Research Department, Crawfords Foods Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan S0A 4T0 and2Department of Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0WO (Received for publication December 30, 1974)
ABSTRACT The proximate analysis with standard errors of 201 samples of poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal (PBHFM) is presented. The metabolizable energy of this product was determined to be 2708 kcal./kg. Eight experiments were conducted to investigate the role of PBHFM in the diet of broiler chicks. Experiments 1-3 indicated that 10% PBHFM could replace a protein equivalent amount of soybean meal without deleterious effects. The necessity of lysine supplementation in diets containing adequate methionine was demonstrated in experiments 4-6. In experiment 7 the addition of 10.9% PBHFM which replaced all the soybean meal in the starter diet of chicks when supplemented with methionine and lysine to requirement resulted in equal performance as measured by body weight, feed efficiency, performance index (PI), eviscerated meat ratio (EMR) and % grade A carcasses. Supplementary isoleucine or threonine fed singly or in combination did not stimulate the growth of chicks fed a diet containing 10.9% PBHFM. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 1511-1518, 1975
INTRODUCTION
Naber (1961) concluded in his review that a combined poultry by-products meal showed
ROTEIN supplements in poultry diets
P
a better amino acid balance and could be
represent one of the major items of cost.
used with fewer limitations than feather meal
Alternate sources of these supplements might
or blood meal. Naber et al. (1961) fed a
have a beneficial effect on production cost
combined poultry by-product meal to growing
providing they are available at a competitive
chickens and observed that this product
price and are acceptable to poultry. Poultry
stimulated growth on a corn-soybean oil meal
by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal is
ration and gave results superior to those
a product resulting from the rendering of all
obtained from feather meal supplementation.
the by-products of a poultry eviscerating plant. Davis et al. (1961) reviewed the literature on the processing of poultry by-products.
The purpose of this report was to evaluate poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein supplement in the diet of broiler chicks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on May 18, 2015
Composition and Utilization of Poultry By-Product and Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Broiler Diets