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Evaluation of Dried Brewers Grains and Yeast In Laying Hen Diets Containing Various Sulfur Amino Acid Levels1
Evaluation of Dried Brewers Grains and Yeast In Laying Hen Diets Containing Various Sulfur Amino Acid Levels l A. R. ELDRED, B . L . DAMRON AND R. H . HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication September 3, 1974)
ABSTRACT In each of two experiments, 480 individually caged White Leghorn hens received dietary treatments of 0.412, 0.470, 0.528 and 0.592% total sulfur amino acids with a concomitant increase in protein levels for a ten-month experimental period. In addition, diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids were formulated with the inclusion of one of the following—5% brewers grains, 10% brewers grains, 5% of a brewers grain-yeast mixture (95%-5%) or 10% of the mixture. Cumulative egg production was significantly improved by the addition of 5% dried brewers grains (DBG) to the diet. The inclusion of yeast in diets containing either 5 or 10% DBG resulted in significantly improved egg weights. Feed efficiency and feed consumed per hen per day were not significantly improved by the addition of DBG to any of the diets. The addition of 5% DBG plus yeast did not significantly influence final body weights, however, all other DBG treatments significantly reduced body weight when compared to the unsupplemented diets. These data indicate that the inclusion of up to 10% dried brewers grains in the diet is acceptable to the laying hen if the diet formulation is based on the nutrient composition of DBG. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 856-860, 1975
INTRODUCTION IENHOLZ et al. (1963) reported that a diet containing 40% dried brewers grains (DBG) supported excellent laying performance of caged birds. In a subsequent study, Kienholz et al. (1972) found that birds receiving a diet containing either 20 or 40% DBG produced smaller eggs. When hens were returned to a control diet containing no DBG, egg size slowly increased. It is generally accepted that methionine is the first limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal type laying hen feeds, commonly used in commercial egg production. Harms et al. (1967) found that a linear response could be obtained in the performance of laying hens by feeding graded levels of methionine from 0.214 to 0.308%, with total sulfur amino acid levels of 0.392 and 0.528%, respectively, in a corn-soybean meal type diet. In an additional report evaluating the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of laying hens, Harms et al. (1969) found that
K
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 5549.
the same linear response was obtained with graded levels of sulfur containing amino acids and that it was not affected by the addition of DDGS. This indicated that DDGS could be used to replace a portion of the protein in diets which were formulated with consideration of it's nutrient quality (energy and sulfur amino acids). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of DBG in laying hen diets containing various levels of sulfur amino acids, and concomitantly increasing protein levels. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In each of two separate experiments, eight replicates of five individually caged egg production type hens were fed each of the twelve experimental diets. Twenty-eight weeks of age Dekalb 161 and Babcock B-300 hens were used in the first and second experiments, respectively. Dietary treatments consisted of total sulfur amino acid levels of 0.412, 0.470, 0.528 and 0.592% (Table 1). In addition, diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids were each formulated with the inclusion
856
857
DRIED BREWERS GRAINS AND YEAST FOR LAYERS TABLE 1.— Composition of diets Diet designations A
B
C
D
% Crude protein % Methionine % Sulfur A.A.
11.84 0.228 0.412
13.07 0.268 0.470
14.30 0.308 0.528
16.00 0.348 0.592
Ingredient Yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Animal fat Ground limestone (38% Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P and 31% Ca) Iodized salt Microingredient mix 1 Washed builder's sand DL-Methionine
72.69 10.07 2.50 1.00 6.86 1.98 0.35 0.50 4.01 0.041
70.76 12.80 2.50 1.00 6.87 1.95 0.35 0.50 3.21 0.063
68.92 15.53 2.50 1.00 6.87 1.93 0.35 0.50 2.31 0.085
66.32 19.29 2.50 1.00 6.89 1.89 0.35 0.50 1.16 0.101
Calculated composition
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6,600 I.U. vitamin A, 2,200 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 500 mg. choline chloride, 40 mg. niacin, 4.4 mg. riboflavin, 13 mg. pantothenic acid, 22 meg. vitamin B 12 , 125 mg. ethoxyquin, 20 mg. iron, 2 mg. copper, 200 meg. cobalt, 1.1 mg. iodine, 100 meg. zinc, 71 mg. manganese and 2.2 mg. menadione sodium bisulfite. of one of the following—5% brewers grains, 10% brewers grains, 5% of a brewers grainyeast mixture (95%-5%) or 10% of the mixture. All diets were calculated to be isocaloric at 2,869 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram and to contain 3.3% calcium and 0.65% total phosphorus. The crude protein level of these diets ranged from 11.8% to 16.0%. This dietary series has been employed in previous studies to ascertain sulfur amino acid requirements (Harms et al., 1967) and to assay their content in feedstuffs (Harms and Damron, 1969). Values of 0.57% methionine, 0.96% total sulfur amino acids and 2,513 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram were used for the DBG. Each experiment was conducted for ten 28-day periods. Individual daily egg records were kept for each hen and summarized at the end of each 28-day period. All birds were individually weighed at the end of the experiment. Values for hen-day egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were also obtained for each production period. Since there was no interaction of treatment
x experiment for any of the criteria, the data have been combined. Statements of probability are based on the analysis of variance described by Snedecor (1956) with significant treatment differences determined by using Duncan's multiple range test (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cumulative hen-day egg production was significantly greater for birds receiving the 0.470% sulfur containing amino acid diet than for those receiving the 0.412% diet (Table 2). The addition of 5% dried brewers grains (DBG) to the diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids resulted in a significant increase in production over the respective control diets containing no DBG. The inclusion of DBG and DBG plus yeast, at either the 5 or 10% level, to the diet containing 0.528% sulfur amino acids gave a significant increase in hen-day egg production over the performance of hens receiving the diet with 0.470% sulfur amino acids. Raising the sulfur amino acid content of the diet to 0.528% did not give this increase in egg production. However, the performance
16.00
brewers grains +
brewers grains brewers grains brewers grains +
14.30
brewers grains +
brewers grains brewers grains brewers grains +
13.07
Protein (%) 11.84
0.348
0.308
0.268
Methionine (%) 0.228
0.592
0.528
0.470
Sulfur A.A. (%) 0.412
j 0 2
cde
69.96
bcde
71.35 de
72.04 de
7
72.97 e
59.0 bcd
60.2 ef
60.8 f
59.0 cd
594cde
59.4 de
bcd
68.66
59.1 c d
68.94 bod
SSA^
58.3 bc 55.6"
70.87 cde 67.69 bc 6939bcd
58.5 bcd
Av. egg wts. (gms.) 57.9"
Hen-day prod. (%) 63.79" 67.11 b
F (
'Mean values in the same column without common letters are significantly different (P < .05) accord
D
C Diet C with: 5% Dried 10% Dried 5% Dried yeast 10% Dried yeast
B Diet B with: 5% Dried 10% Dried 5% Dried yeast 10% Dried yeast
Diet designation A
TABLE 2.—Egg production, egg weight, feed utilization and body weight of White Leghorn hens fed dried varying sulfur amino acid levels1
DRIED BREWERS GRAINS AND YEAST FOR LAYERS
of hens receiving DBG in the 0.528% sulfur amino acid diet was numerically superior to that of hens receiving the diet containing 0.592% sulfur amino acids. No significant egg weight differences resulted from diets containing 0.412, 0.470 and 0.592% sulfur amino acids (Table 2). Egg weights from hens receiving the 0.528% diet were significantly improved from those of the 0.412% treatment. The addition of DBG to the 0.470% sulfur containing amino acid diet did not result in any significant egg weight increase over the control diet. The presence of 10% DBG in this diet resulted in a significant decrease in egg weights. The treatment containing 5% DBG plus yeast and 0.528% sulfur amino acids resulted in an increase in egg weight over all other unsupplemented diets. The addition of 5, 10 or 10% DBG plus yeast to the diet containing 0.528% sulfur amino acids did not significantly increase average egg weights when compared with the unsupplemented control diet. The inclusion of yeast in diets containing 5 or 10% DBG resulted in significantly improved egg weights. Daily feed intake was not significantly influenced by treatment. There were, however, slight numerical increases with 10% DBG in the 0.470% diet and the 5% DBG plus yeast treatment in the 0.528% sulfur amino acid diet. Birds receiving a diet containing 0.412% sulfur amino acids had a daily feed intake which was numerically lowest of all treatments. There were no differences in the amount of feed required to produce a dozen eggs between the groups receiving 0.412 and 0.470% sulfur amino acids. With the exception of the birds which received a diet containing 10% DBG and 0.470% sulfur amino acids, there were no significant differences among feed efficiency values of unsupplemented 0.470% diets or any of the diets containing 0.528 and 0.592% sulfur amino acids. The addition of 10% DBG to the diet
859
containing 0.470% sulfur amino acids did not result in a feed efficiency value which differed significantly from that of the 0.412% diet. This was probably due to the aforementioned increase in feed consumption and a slight numerical decrease in hen-day production. All other diets containing DBG were significantly different from the diet containing 0.412% sulfur amino acids. Birds receiving dried brewers grains tended to have slightly lower body weights at the end of the 280-day experimental period than those birds receiving the same diet without DBG. The diet containing 5% DBG plus yeast did not significantly influence body weight, whereas all other diets containing DBG significantly reduced the final body weight when compared to their respective unsupplemented diets. These data indicate that the inclusion of up to 10% dried brewers grains in the diet is acceptable to the laying hen if the diet formulation is based on the nutrient composition of DBG. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to express their appreciation to the United States Brewers Association, Inc., 1750 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., for their financial support of this work.
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Harms, R. H., and B. L. Damron, 1969. Protein and sulfur amino acid requirement of the laying hen as influenced by dietary formulation. Poultry Sci. 48: 144-149. Harms, R. H., B. L. Damron and P. W. Waldroup, 1967. Evaluation of the sulfur amino acid requirements of commercial egg production type pullets. Poultry Sci. 46: 181-186. Harms, R. H., R. S. Moreno and B. L. Damron, 1969. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles in diets of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 16521655.
860
A. R. ELDRED, B. L. DAMRON AND R. H. HARMS
Kienholz, E. W., C. A. Darras and D. D. Caveny, 1972. Small egg size from dried brewers grains. Poultry Sci. 51: 1825. Kienholz, E. W., P. A. Thornton and R. E. Moreng,
1963. The use of dried brewers grains in some poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 42: 1280. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Influence of Feeding Dehydrated Poultry Waste on Broiler Growth, and Meat Flavor, and Composition1 F . E . CUNNINGHAM AND G. A. LILLICH
Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (Received for publication September 3, 1974)
ABSTRACT Effects of feeding three levels (9.6, 19.1, and 38.2%) of dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) to broilers were studied. The performance of the group receiving 38.2% DPW was the poorest as evidenced by lower average live weight, lower average eviscerated weight, and poorer feed conversion. Flavor differences were studied using the triangle taste test. Analysis of responses revealed that panel members could not accurately detect flavor differences between the two extreme treatments (those receiving 0% and 38.2% DPW). Carcass composition changes were studied by analyses of dark meat for protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus, and TBA value. No significant differences in composition were noted among treatments from these analyses. Under conditions of this study, dehydrated poultry waste had no noticeable effect on carcass quality, though growth was somewhat depressed at the highest level. Thus DPW may be fed to broilers at a level below 20% without serious consequences. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 860-865, 1975
INTRODUCTION ECYCLING poultry waste after proper processing has been advocated for two reasons: (1) it is a useful source of nutrients, especially needed during feedstuff shortages and (2) to reduce pollution. The composition of dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) varies with its age before drying, fresh moisture content, method of storage, kind, age, and physiological status of the birds, composition of ration fed, feed spillage, environmental temperature, drying temperature, and speed of drying (Perkins and Parker, 1971). Polin et al. (1971) used White Leghorn hens to determine the M.E. of DPW. He calculated values of 1290 and 1400 Kcal. / kg., depending
R
1. Contribution No. 900, Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.
on the mathematical approach used to evaluate the data. As a result of this M.E. analysis, Polin et al. (1971) noted that the DPW nutrient profile was quite similar to other fibrous feedstuffs, including bran and alfalfa meal. In most early work, poultry waste was used to provide an unknown growth factor (UGF). Rubin et al. (1946), who supplemented a basal ration with 5% dried hen feces, found UGF in both hen's feces and cow manure. They postulated that synthesis of the growth factor occurred in the hen after ingestion of the feed. Elam et al. (1954) added an autoclaved water suspension of poultry litter to a cornsoybean basal diet supplemented with the then recommended levels of the necessary vitamins and minerals. Growth was increased by adding the litter preparation or fish solubles. This UGF response from feeding poultry waste has also been confirmed by Palafox
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication September 3, 1974)
ABSTRACT In each of two experiments, 480 individually caged White Leghorn hens received dietary treatments of 0.412, 0.470, 0.528 and 0.592% total sulfur amino acids with a concomitant increase in protein levels for a ten-month experimental period. In addition, diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids were formulated with the inclusion of one of the following—5% brewers grains, 10% brewers grains, 5% of a brewers grain-yeast mixture (95%-5%) or 10% of the mixture. Cumulative egg production was significantly improved by the addition of 5% dried brewers grains (DBG) to the diet. The inclusion of yeast in diets containing either 5 or 10% DBG resulted in significantly improved egg weights. Feed efficiency and feed consumed per hen per day were not significantly improved by the addition of DBG to any of the diets. The addition of 5% DBG plus yeast did not significantly influence final body weights, however, all other DBG treatments significantly reduced body weight when compared to the unsupplemented diets. These data indicate that the inclusion of up to 10% dried brewers grains in the diet is acceptable to the laying hen if the diet formulation is based on the nutrient composition of DBG. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 856-860, 1975
INTRODUCTION IENHOLZ et al. (1963) reported that a diet containing 40% dried brewers grains (DBG) supported excellent laying performance of caged birds. In a subsequent study, Kienholz et al. (1972) found that birds receiving a diet containing either 20 or 40% DBG produced smaller eggs. When hens were returned to a control diet containing no DBG, egg size slowly increased. It is generally accepted that methionine is the first limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal type laying hen feeds, commonly used in commercial egg production. Harms et al. (1967) found that a linear response could be obtained in the performance of laying hens by feeding graded levels of methionine from 0.214 to 0.308%, with total sulfur amino acid levels of 0.392 and 0.528%, respectively, in a corn-soybean meal type diet. In an additional report evaluating the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of laying hens, Harms et al. (1969) found that
K
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 5549.
the same linear response was obtained with graded levels of sulfur containing amino acids and that it was not affected by the addition of DDGS. This indicated that DDGS could be used to replace a portion of the protein in diets which were formulated with consideration of it's nutrient quality (energy and sulfur amino acids). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of DBG in laying hen diets containing various levels of sulfur amino acids, and concomitantly increasing protein levels. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In each of two separate experiments, eight replicates of five individually caged egg production type hens were fed each of the twelve experimental diets. Twenty-eight weeks of age Dekalb 161 and Babcock B-300 hens were used in the first and second experiments, respectively. Dietary treatments consisted of total sulfur amino acid levels of 0.412, 0.470, 0.528 and 0.592% (Table 1). In addition, diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids were each formulated with the inclusion
856
857
DRIED BREWERS GRAINS AND YEAST FOR LAYERS TABLE 1.— Composition of diets Diet designations A
B
C
D
% Crude protein % Methionine % Sulfur A.A.
11.84 0.228 0.412
13.07 0.268 0.470
14.30 0.308 0.528
16.00 0.348 0.592
Ingredient Yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Animal fat Ground limestone (38% Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P and 31% Ca) Iodized salt Microingredient mix 1 Washed builder's sand DL-Methionine
72.69 10.07 2.50 1.00 6.86 1.98 0.35 0.50 4.01 0.041
70.76 12.80 2.50 1.00 6.87 1.95 0.35 0.50 3.21 0.063
68.92 15.53 2.50 1.00 6.87 1.93 0.35 0.50 2.31 0.085
66.32 19.29 2.50 1.00 6.89 1.89 0.35 0.50 1.16 0.101
Calculated composition
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6,600 I.U. vitamin A, 2,200 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 500 mg. choline chloride, 40 mg. niacin, 4.4 mg. riboflavin, 13 mg. pantothenic acid, 22 meg. vitamin B 12 , 125 mg. ethoxyquin, 20 mg. iron, 2 mg. copper, 200 meg. cobalt, 1.1 mg. iodine, 100 meg. zinc, 71 mg. manganese and 2.2 mg. menadione sodium bisulfite. of one of the following—5% brewers grains, 10% brewers grains, 5% of a brewers grainyeast mixture (95%-5%) or 10% of the mixture. All diets were calculated to be isocaloric at 2,869 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram and to contain 3.3% calcium and 0.65% total phosphorus. The crude protein level of these diets ranged from 11.8% to 16.0%. This dietary series has been employed in previous studies to ascertain sulfur amino acid requirements (Harms et al., 1967) and to assay their content in feedstuffs (Harms and Damron, 1969). Values of 0.57% methionine, 0.96% total sulfur amino acids and 2,513 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram were used for the DBG. Each experiment was conducted for ten 28-day periods. Individual daily egg records were kept for each hen and summarized at the end of each 28-day period. All birds were individually weighed at the end of the experiment. Values for hen-day egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were also obtained for each production period. Since there was no interaction of treatment
x experiment for any of the criteria, the data have been combined. Statements of probability are based on the analysis of variance described by Snedecor (1956) with significant treatment differences determined by using Duncan's multiple range test (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cumulative hen-day egg production was significantly greater for birds receiving the 0.470% sulfur containing amino acid diet than for those receiving the 0.412% diet (Table 2). The addition of 5% dried brewers grains (DBG) to the diets containing 0.470 and 0.528% sulfur amino acids resulted in a significant increase in production over the respective control diets containing no DBG. The inclusion of DBG and DBG plus yeast, at either the 5 or 10% level, to the diet containing 0.528% sulfur amino acids gave a significant increase in hen-day egg production over the performance of hens receiving the diet with 0.470% sulfur amino acids. Raising the sulfur amino acid content of the diet to 0.528% did not give this increase in egg production. However, the performance
16.00
brewers grains +
brewers grains brewers grains brewers grains +
14.30
brewers grains +
brewers grains brewers grains brewers grains +
13.07
Protein (%) 11.84
0.348
0.308
0.268
Methionine (%) 0.228
0.592
0.528
0.470
Sulfur A.A. (%) 0.412
j 0 2
cde
69.96
bcde
71.35 de
72.04 de
7
72.97 e
59.0 bcd
60.2 ef
60.8 f
59.0 cd
594cde
59.4 de
bcd
68.66
59.1 c d
68.94 bod
SSA^
58.3 bc 55.6"
70.87 cde 67.69 bc 6939bcd
58.5 bcd
Av. egg wts. (gms.) 57.9"
Hen-day prod. (%) 63.79" 67.11 b
F (
'Mean values in the same column without common letters are significantly different (P < .05) accord
D
C Diet C with: 5% Dried 10% Dried 5% Dried yeast 10% Dried yeast
B Diet B with: 5% Dried 10% Dried 5% Dried yeast 10% Dried yeast
Diet designation A
TABLE 2.—Egg production, egg weight, feed utilization and body weight of White Leghorn hens fed dried varying sulfur amino acid levels1
DRIED BREWERS GRAINS AND YEAST FOR LAYERS
of hens receiving DBG in the 0.528% sulfur amino acid diet was numerically superior to that of hens receiving the diet containing 0.592% sulfur amino acids. No significant egg weight differences resulted from diets containing 0.412, 0.470 and 0.592% sulfur amino acids (Table 2). Egg weights from hens receiving the 0.528% diet were significantly improved from those of the 0.412% treatment. The addition of DBG to the 0.470% sulfur containing amino acid diet did not result in any significant egg weight increase over the control diet. The presence of 10% DBG in this diet resulted in a significant decrease in egg weights. The treatment containing 5% DBG plus yeast and 0.528% sulfur amino acids resulted in an increase in egg weight over all other unsupplemented diets. The addition of 5, 10 or 10% DBG plus yeast to the diet containing 0.528% sulfur amino acids did not significantly increase average egg weights when compared with the unsupplemented control diet. The inclusion of yeast in diets containing 5 or 10% DBG resulted in significantly improved egg weights. Daily feed intake was not significantly influenced by treatment. There were, however, slight numerical increases with 10% DBG in the 0.470% diet and the 5% DBG plus yeast treatment in the 0.528% sulfur amino acid diet. Birds receiving a diet containing 0.412% sulfur amino acids had a daily feed intake which was numerically lowest of all treatments. There were no differences in the amount of feed required to produce a dozen eggs between the groups receiving 0.412 and 0.470% sulfur amino acids. With the exception of the birds which received a diet containing 10% DBG and 0.470% sulfur amino acids, there were no significant differences among feed efficiency values of unsupplemented 0.470% diets or any of the diets containing 0.528 and 0.592% sulfur amino acids. The addition of 10% DBG to the diet
859
containing 0.470% sulfur amino acids did not result in a feed efficiency value which differed significantly from that of the 0.412% diet. This was probably due to the aforementioned increase in feed consumption and a slight numerical decrease in hen-day production. All other diets containing DBG were significantly different from the diet containing 0.412% sulfur amino acids. Birds receiving dried brewers grains tended to have slightly lower body weights at the end of the 280-day experimental period than those birds receiving the same diet without DBG. The diet containing 5% DBG plus yeast did not significantly influence body weight, whereas all other diets containing DBG significantly reduced the final body weight when compared to their respective unsupplemented diets. These data indicate that the inclusion of up to 10% dried brewers grains in the diet is acceptable to the laying hen if the diet formulation is based on the nutrient composition of DBG. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to express their appreciation to the United States Brewers Association, Inc., 1750 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., for their financial support of this work.
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Harms, R. H., and B. L. Damron, 1969. Protein and sulfur amino acid requirement of the laying hen as influenced by dietary formulation. Poultry Sci. 48: 144-149. Harms, R. H., B. L. Damron and P. W. Waldroup, 1967. Evaluation of the sulfur amino acid requirements of commercial egg production type pullets. Poultry Sci. 46: 181-186. Harms, R. H., R. S. Moreno and B. L. Damron, 1969. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles in diets of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 16521655.
860
A. R. ELDRED, B. L. DAMRON AND R. H. HARMS
Kienholz, E. W., C. A. Darras and D. D. Caveny, 1972. Small egg size from dried brewers grains. Poultry Sci. 51: 1825. Kienholz, E. W., P. A. Thornton and R. E. Moreng,
1963. The use of dried brewers grains in some poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 42: 1280. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Influence of Feeding Dehydrated Poultry Waste on Broiler Growth, and Meat Flavor, and Composition1 F . E . CUNNINGHAM AND G. A. LILLICH
Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (Received for publication September 3, 1974)
ABSTRACT Effects of feeding three levels (9.6, 19.1, and 38.2%) of dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) to broilers were studied. The performance of the group receiving 38.2% DPW was the poorest as evidenced by lower average live weight, lower average eviscerated weight, and poorer feed conversion. Flavor differences were studied using the triangle taste test. Analysis of responses revealed that panel members could not accurately detect flavor differences between the two extreme treatments (those receiving 0% and 38.2% DPW). Carcass composition changes were studied by analyses of dark meat for protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus, and TBA value. No significant differences in composition were noted among treatments from these analyses. Under conditions of this study, dehydrated poultry waste had no noticeable effect on carcass quality, though growth was somewhat depressed at the highest level. Thus DPW may be fed to broilers at a level below 20% without serious consequences. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 860-865, 1975
INTRODUCTION ECYCLING poultry waste after proper processing has been advocated for two reasons: (1) it is a useful source of nutrients, especially needed during feedstuff shortages and (2) to reduce pollution. The composition of dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) varies with its age before drying, fresh moisture content, method of storage, kind, age, and physiological status of the birds, composition of ration fed, feed spillage, environmental temperature, drying temperature, and speed of drying (Perkins and Parker, 1971). Polin et al. (1971) used White Leghorn hens to determine the M.E. of DPW. He calculated values of 1290 and 1400 Kcal. / kg., depending
R
1. Contribution No. 900, Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.
on the mathematical approach used to evaluate the data. As a result of this M.E. analysis, Polin et al. (1971) noted that the DPW nutrient profile was quite similar to other fibrous feedstuffs, including bran and alfalfa meal. In most early work, poultry waste was used to provide an unknown growth factor (UGF). Rubin et al. (1946), who supplemented a basal ration with 5% dried hen feces, found UGF in both hen's feces and cow manure. They postulated that synthesis of the growth factor occurred in the hen after ingestion of the feed. Elam et al. (1954) added an autoclaved water suspension of poultry litter to a cornsoybean basal diet supplemented with the then recommended levels of the necessary vitamins and minerals. Growth was increased by adding the litter preparation or fish solubles. This UGF response from feeding poultry waste has also been confirmed by Palafox