- Email: [email protected]
Evaluation of mine-safety symbols
higher cardiac and gross energy costs than the 'slow' category. When the energy costs were linked to productivity, the 'fast' pluckers had lower costs per unit of productivity. The thermal load was found to be high, and the effectiveness of protective equipment such as indigenous hats has been discussed. 16.1.15 (88117)
Groupement d'Ergonomie de la Region Nord. Practical data sheets for plant physicians (Fiches Pratiques du Medecin en Entreprises). (In French.) G.E.R.N., 1 Place de Verdun, Lille, France, no date, 66 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 82-1783). This loose-leaf compendium contains simple and practical information, illustrated by diagrams, for immediate reference on the shop floor, enabling the plant physician to assess situations concerning all members of the workforce, and particularly in dealings with safety officers and other OSH personnel, for decision-making with regard to safety and health measures and the improvement of working conditions. The compendium contains four files: (1) Human body measurements (construction and use of silhouettes, articulated models, comfort angles, etc); (2) In-plant areas, space, layout (communication ways, evacuation of personnel, work space, types of access, work surfaces, space, etc); (3) Work stations and human criteria (vision and postures, muscular effort, comfort criteria, seats, sitting and standing posture; etc); (4) Analysis of work postures (analysis procedures, survey and record sheet for difficult postures, use of photographic methods, ergonomics recommendations). 16.1.16 (88124)
Jones, D.F. The cat s t r e t c h e s . . , we should too. Dynacopics Inc, Brenchin, Ontario, Canada, 1982, 225 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 82-1789). This book presents, in a narrative form, the interaction of human physical behaviour and biological elements with accident occurrence and prevention. Scientific principles of hazard recognition and practical applications are presented in the context of achieving a balance between risk avoidance and useful accomplishments. 16.1.17 (88130)
Repogle, J.O. Hand torque strength with cylindrical handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting,
Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 4 1 2 - 4 1 6 . The relationship between the diameter of a smooth cylindrical handle and the torque that can be applied by the human hand has been analysed. An analytical model has been derived for the maximum torque that can be developed before the hand slips on the handle, Tile model has been tentatively verified by torque measurements on 20 subjects using a series of smooth phenolic fibre cylinders ranging in diameter from 0"95 to 8"89 c m The results of the analysis are: (1) Torque increases as the square of the handle diameter up to the point where the fingers and palm just touch without overlapping. This 'grip-span diameter' is approximately 2"5 cm. (2) For larger diameters the torque continues to increase, but at a decreasing rate and reaches a maximum when the diameter is approximately 5 cm. (3) The maximum torque is approximately one and one-half times the torque obtainable at the grip-span diameter. (4) Female torque capability is about 40% of that of males. (5) The grip-span and maximum-torque diameters do not vary greatly between :males and females. The analytical model is derived and discussed. 16.1.18 (88134)
Rohles, F.H., Moldrup, K.L., and Laviana, J.E. Opening jars: An anthropometric study of the wrist-twisting strength of the elderly. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 112-116. The purpose of this study was to measure the wrist-twisting strength among the elderly. The subjects were 100 men and 100 women whose ages ranged from 62 to 92 years. To measure their wrist-twisting strength a device was developed that consisted of a modified torque-wrench which would accept eight different container lids whose diameters ranged from 27 mm to 123 mm. Each subject performed the wrist-twisting task on each lid four times - twice clockwise and twice counter-clockwise. The results showed that men were stronger than the women, that there was no difference in the torque from a clockwise or a counterclockwise twist, and that a greater amount of torque could be applied to larger diameter lids than to smaller diameter lids. When age, body weight, height, grasp, lateral prehension, and
hand length, breadth and spread were correlated with the wrist-twisting strength, it was found that for the men, age, grasp and hand length contributed to torque and for women, body weight, grasp and lateral prehension were the main determinants of torque. In addition, the torque required to open various commercial products was measured so that by comparing these torque values with those of the wristtwisting strength it was possible to estimate the percentage of men and women who could open a jar of a given diameter and torque.
Visual displays 16.1.19 (88150) Weiss, C. Use of panel enhancements as operator aids in nuclear power plant control rooms. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10 14 October 1983, edited by A.'f. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 8 9 - 9 2 . Topical panel enhancement techniques were designed and implemented for one nuclear power plant control room. Panel enhancements designed and implemented effectively can be good operator aids for the searching and identifying of plant instrumentation, and in processing of information. This paper discusses the purpose for providing operator aids through topical panel enhancements, and the constraints and methodology used in designing and implementing three panel enhancement techniques. 16.1.20 (88154) Laycock, J. Selected colours for use on colour cathode ray tubes. Displays Technology and Applications, 1984, 5.1, 3 - 1 4 . This paper indicates the confusion existing between a number of colour standards before outlining how they may have been derived. All the standards are unable to deal with modern electronic displays. A computational procedure is described which enables new colour boundaries to be specified. A summary of data derived using the procedure is presented. 16.1.21 (88158)
Vermeulen, J. The effects of display structure on supervisory control of ship systems. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, Roskilde,
Applied Ergonomics
March 1985
69
Denmark, 30 May - 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 1 1 9 - 1 3 0 . The paper describes an experiment to compare two different display structures of process schemes on a colour display with regard to the human operator performance in b o t h recognising the system state and performing a control order. The trim system of a submarine was used to compare a functional versus a topological display structure. The results show that no difference was found between the two display structures with regard to the recognition of the system state. The time to execute a control action was shorter with the functional display structure but the differences decrease with practice. Experienced subjects (submariners) performed better than inexperienced subjects (laboratory personnel) although the difference between the two display structures remained the same for b o t h groups. 16.1.22 (88160) Collins, B.L. Evaluation of mine-safety symbols. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 9 4 7 - 9 4 9 • The effectiveness of safety symbols and hazard pictorials of mine-safety communication was determined in a multi-stage evaluation. The understandability of symbols for 40 messages and the perceived hazardousness of six different surround shapes were assessed. The effectiveness of a subset of 20 symbols was determined during an in-mine evaluation at two mines.
Lines, C.J. A new motorway signal. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berks, Report No 1075, 1983, 15 pp. Driver response to a new, more informative motorway signal has been measured over an 18 m o n t h period on the M1 motorway in Bedfordshire. The new signal has three panels. The top is the same as existing signals and can show an advised maximum speed or indicate a closed lane. A second panel shows one of 12 pictograms which represent the nature of the hazard and a third panel gives, where appropriate, the distance ahead. The added information resulted in improved response from drivers in
Applied Ergonomics
Controls 16.1.24 (88178)
Cochran, D.J., and Riley, M.W. An examination of the speed of manipulation of various sizes and shapes of handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 432--436. This research examined the effects of handle size and shape on two types of manual manipulation of handles. The first task evaluated was one in which the subject rotated a handle 180 m his/her hand one way, then reversed the rotation for 180 m the opposite direction. On this task smaller handles could be manipulated faster. Also, triangular handles were significantly slower to manipulate than all other shapes tested except square ones. The second task evaluated the speed of flipping a handle in the hand. F o r this task shape had no significant effect on the time but size did. Once again, the smaller handles could be manipulated more quickly than the larger ones. O
.
•
•
O
.
Computer interfaces 16.1.25 (88182) Goodman, D., Dickinson, J., and
16.1.23 (88163)
Rutley, K.S., Hodge, A.R., and
70
that they slowed down more, speed distribution was reduced and there was an overall reduction in close following in reasonable visibility. The cost of supplying and installing the new signal was estimated at £5000/km in 1979 prices and their installation could be justified if one accident could be prevented each year on each 20 km of motorway.
performance and preference were evaluated in a series of field studies. It was found that preference measures for the p r o t o t y p e s closely approximated data derived using the simulations, indicating validity of this inexpensive method of design testing. =
16.1.26 (88186) Stromboni, J.-P On man-machine interface adaptation. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control. Roskilde, Denmark, 30 May 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 3 3 - 4 4 . The author's final aim is to improve man-machine systems, using an adaptation o f the programmed part of the man-macltine interface as an aid to the human operator, in the area of manual control. The eelected approach was to carry out one particular application, even in a simplified case, in order to draw up a list of necessary steps applying to similar cases and which could be used for further studies. Thus, using a simplified manipulator, readings were taken during execution of a simple task. In consequence of the observations made, an objective was gxven to the computer-aid and an adaptable filter with its adaptation criterion was chosen. Implementation and testing required the selection of an adaptation procedure and definition of some measures of adaptation efficiency. Even if many factors need to be further studied, the system obtained was found to decrease a posteriori the overshoots. the anticipated corrections and particularly the small oscillations and noises on the operator's command signal.
Workpi layout and equipment design
Franeas, M.
16.1•27 (88195)
Human factors in keypad design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-- 14 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Hough. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 191 - 195.
Kleiner, B.M.
A series of studies is reported in which a number of human factors considerations were investigated in the design of a keypad entry system for Telidon public access terminals. Initial studies evaluated subjects' preferences with simulated keypads upon which subjects performed simulated Telidon tasks. Subsequently, working prototypes were developed of the two most preferred keypads. User
March 1985
Ergonomic/economic redesign of a visual inspection workplace. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-: 14 October t 9 8 3 , edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 3 0 7 - 310. An aided visual inspection workstation was ergonomically redesigned according to company economic constraints. Predesign research included observational analysis, task analysis and experimentation• The previous poor posture was eliminated by reducing a required 45 ° angle of the head. This involved supporting the elbows with a
Groupement d'Ergonomie de la Region Nord. Practical data sheets for plant physicians (Fiches Pratiques du Medecin en Entreprises). (In French.) G.E.R.N., 1 Place de Verdun, Lille, France, no date, 66 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 82-1783). This loose-leaf compendium contains simple and practical information, illustrated by diagrams, for immediate reference on the shop floor, enabling the plant physician to assess situations concerning all members of the workforce, and particularly in dealings with safety officers and other OSH personnel, for decision-making with regard to safety and health measures and the improvement of working conditions. The compendium contains four files: (1) Human body measurements (construction and use of silhouettes, articulated models, comfort angles, etc); (2) In-plant areas, space, layout (communication ways, evacuation of personnel, work space, types of access, work surfaces, space, etc); (3) Work stations and human criteria (vision and postures, muscular effort, comfort criteria, seats, sitting and standing posture; etc); (4) Analysis of work postures (analysis procedures, survey and record sheet for difficult postures, use of photographic methods, ergonomics recommendations). 16.1.16 (88124)
Jones, D.F. The cat s t r e t c h e s . . , we should too. Dynacopics Inc, Brenchin, Ontario, Canada, 1982, 225 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 82-1789). This book presents, in a narrative form, the interaction of human physical behaviour and biological elements with accident occurrence and prevention. Scientific principles of hazard recognition and practical applications are presented in the context of achieving a balance between risk avoidance and useful accomplishments. 16.1.17 (88130)
Repogle, J.O. Hand torque strength with cylindrical handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting,
Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 4 1 2 - 4 1 6 . The relationship between the diameter of a smooth cylindrical handle and the torque that can be applied by the human hand has been analysed. An analytical model has been derived for the maximum torque that can be developed before the hand slips on the handle, Tile model has been tentatively verified by torque measurements on 20 subjects using a series of smooth phenolic fibre cylinders ranging in diameter from 0"95 to 8"89 c m The results of the analysis are: (1) Torque increases as the square of the handle diameter up to the point where the fingers and palm just touch without overlapping. This 'grip-span diameter' is approximately 2"5 cm. (2) For larger diameters the torque continues to increase, but at a decreasing rate and reaches a maximum when the diameter is approximately 5 cm. (3) The maximum torque is approximately one and one-half times the torque obtainable at the grip-span diameter. (4) Female torque capability is about 40% of that of males. (5) The grip-span and maximum-torque diameters do not vary greatly between :males and females. The analytical model is derived and discussed. 16.1.18 (88134)
Rohles, F.H., Moldrup, K.L., and Laviana, J.E. Opening jars: An anthropometric study of the wrist-twisting strength of the elderly. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 112-116. The purpose of this study was to measure the wrist-twisting strength among the elderly. The subjects were 100 men and 100 women whose ages ranged from 62 to 92 years. To measure their wrist-twisting strength a device was developed that consisted of a modified torque-wrench which would accept eight different container lids whose diameters ranged from 27 mm to 123 mm. Each subject performed the wrist-twisting task on each lid four times - twice clockwise and twice counter-clockwise. The results showed that men were stronger than the women, that there was no difference in the torque from a clockwise or a counterclockwise twist, and that a greater amount of torque could be applied to larger diameter lids than to smaller diameter lids. When age, body weight, height, grasp, lateral prehension, and
hand length, breadth and spread were correlated with the wrist-twisting strength, it was found that for the men, age, grasp and hand length contributed to torque and for women, body weight, grasp and lateral prehension were the main determinants of torque. In addition, the torque required to open various commercial products was measured so that by comparing these torque values with those of the wristtwisting strength it was possible to estimate the percentage of men and women who could open a jar of a given diameter and torque.
Visual displays 16.1.19 (88150) Weiss, C. Use of panel enhancements as operator aids in nuclear power plant control rooms. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10 14 October 1983, edited by A.'f. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 8 9 - 9 2 . Topical panel enhancement techniques were designed and implemented for one nuclear power plant control room. Panel enhancements designed and implemented effectively can be good operator aids for the searching and identifying of plant instrumentation, and in processing of information. This paper discusses the purpose for providing operator aids through topical panel enhancements, and the constraints and methodology used in designing and implementing three panel enhancement techniques. 16.1.20 (88154) Laycock, J. Selected colours for use on colour cathode ray tubes. Displays Technology and Applications, 1984, 5.1, 3 - 1 4 . This paper indicates the confusion existing between a number of colour standards before outlining how they may have been derived. All the standards are unable to deal with modern electronic displays. A computational procedure is described which enables new colour boundaries to be specified. A summary of data derived using the procedure is presented. 16.1.21 (88158)
Vermeulen, J. The effects of display structure on supervisory control of ship systems. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, Roskilde,
Applied Ergonomics
March 1985
69
Denmark, 30 May - 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 1 1 9 - 1 3 0 . The paper describes an experiment to compare two different display structures of process schemes on a colour display with regard to the human operator performance in b o t h recognising the system state and performing a control order. The trim system of a submarine was used to compare a functional versus a topological display structure. The results show that no difference was found between the two display structures with regard to the recognition of the system state. The time to execute a control action was shorter with the functional display structure but the differences decrease with practice. Experienced subjects (submariners) performed better than inexperienced subjects (laboratory personnel) although the difference between the two display structures remained the same for b o t h groups. 16.1.22 (88160) Collins, B.L. Evaluation of mine-safety symbols. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 9 4 7 - 9 4 9 • The effectiveness of safety symbols and hazard pictorials of mine-safety communication was determined in a multi-stage evaluation. The understandability of symbols for 40 messages and the perceived hazardousness of six different surround shapes were assessed. The effectiveness of a subset of 20 symbols was determined during an in-mine evaluation at two mines.
Lines, C.J. A new motorway signal. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berks, Report No 1075, 1983, 15 pp. Driver response to a new, more informative motorway signal has been measured over an 18 m o n t h period on the M1 motorway in Bedfordshire. The new signal has three panels. The top is the same as existing signals and can show an advised maximum speed or indicate a closed lane. A second panel shows one of 12 pictograms which represent the nature of the hazard and a third panel gives, where appropriate, the distance ahead. The added information resulted in improved response from drivers in
Applied Ergonomics
Controls 16.1.24 (88178)
Cochran, D.J., and Riley, M.W. An examination of the speed of manipulation of various sizes and shapes of handles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 0 - 1 4 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 432--436. This research examined the effects of handle size and shape on two types of manual manipulation of handles. The first task evaluated was one in which the subject rotated a handle 180 m his/her hand one way, then reversed the rotation for 180 m the opposite direction. On this task smaller handles could be manipulated faster. Also, triangular handles were significantly slower to manipulate than all other shapes tested except square ones. The second task evaluated the speed of flipping a handle in the hand. F o r this task shape had no significant effect on the time but size did. Once again, the smaller handles could be manipulated more quickly than the larger ones. O
.
•
•
O
.
Computer interfaces 16.1.25 (88182) Goodman, D., Dickinson, J., and
16.1.23 (88163)
Rutley, K.S., Hodge, A.R., and
70
that they slowed down more, speed distribution was reduced and there was an overall reduction in close following in reasonable visibility. The cost of supplying and installing the new signal was estimated at £5000/km in 1979 prices and their installation could be justified if one accident could be prevented each year on each 20 km of motorway.
performance and preference were evaluated in a series of field studies. It was found that preference measures for the p r o t o t y p e s closely approximated data derived using the simulations, indicating validity of this inexpensive method of design testing. =
16.1.26 (88186) Stromboni, J.-P On man-machine interface adaptation. In: Proceedings of the Third European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control. Roskilde, Denmark, 30 May 1 June, 1983. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1983, pp 3 3 - 4 4 . The author's final aim is to improve man-machine systems, using an adaptation o f the programmed part of the man-macltine interface as an aid to the human operator, in the area of manual control. The eelected approach was to carry out one particular application, even in a simplified case, in order to draw up a list of necessary steps applying to similar cases and which could be used for further studies. Thus, using a simplified manipulator, readings were taken during execution of a simple task. In consequence of the observations made, an objective was gxven to the computer-aid and an adaptable filter with its adaptation criterion was chosen. Implementation and testing required the selection of an adaptation procedure and definition of some measures of adaptation efficiency. Even if many factors need to be further studied, the system obtained was found to decrease a posteriori the overshoots. the anticipated corrections and particularly the small oscillations and noises on the operator's command signal.
Workpi layout and equipment design
Franeas, M.
16.1•27 (88195)
Human factors in keypad design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-- 14 October 1983, edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Hough. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 191 - 195.
Kleiner, B.M.
A series of studies is reported in which a number of human factors considerations were investigated in the design of a keypad entry system for Telidon public access terminals. Initial studies evaluated subjects' preferences with simulated keypads upon which subjects performed simulated Telidon tasks. Subsequently, working prototypes were developed of the two most preferred keypads. User
March 1985
Ergonomic/economic redesign of a visual inspection workplace. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, 10-: 14 October t 9 8 3 , edited by A.T. Pope and L.D. Haugh, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, 1983, pp 3 0 7 - 310. An aided visual inspection workstation was ergonomically redesigned according to company economic constraints. Predesign research included observational analysis, task analysis and experimentation• The previous poor posture was eliminated by reducing a required 45 ° angle of the head. This involved supporting the elbows with a