Evaluation of pedestrian flow characteristics across different facilities inside a railway station

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Transportation Research Procedia 25C (2017) 4767–4774

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World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016 World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016 World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016 World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016

Evaluation Evaluation of of pedestrian pedestrian flow flow characteristics characteristics across across different different facilities facilities Evaluation of pedestrian flow characteristics across different inside a railway station Evaluation of pedestrianinside flow acharacteristics across different facilities facilities railway station inside a railway station a b a,b,* inside a railway station Monalisa Patra aa, Eswar Salabb, K.V.R. Ravishankar a,b,* a,b,* Monalisa Patra a, Eswar Salab, K.V.R. Ravishankar a,b,* Monalisa Patra , Eswar Sala , K.V.R. Ravishankar Monalisa Patra , Eswar Sala , K.V.R. Ravishankar

b Indian Institute of Techonology Bombay, a,b,* Mumbai-400076, India Transportation Systems Engineering, Departmenta of Civil Engineering, b Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Engineering, Indian Institute Techonology Bombay, Transportation Systems Division, Engineering, Department of Civil Civil Engineering, IndianInstitute Instituteofof ofTechonology, TechonologyWarangal, Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Mumbai-400076, India Transportation Department of Civil Engineering, National 506004, India India a bbTransportation Transportation Systems Division, Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, IndianInstitute Instituteof ofTechonology, TechonologyWarangal, Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Department of Civil Engineering, National 506004, Transportation Division, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Techonology, Warangal, 506004, India India India a b Transportation Systems Division, Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, IndianInstitute InstituteofofTechonology, TechonologyWarangal, Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Transportation Department of Civil Engineering, National 506004, India India b Transportation Division, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Techonology, Warangal, 506004, India a aa

Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Rail networks play major role in transporting people at any level of development of a country. Railway stations infrastructures Abstract

Rail major role in people at development of Railway stations Rail networks play majorand rolemanaged in transporting transporting peoplechanging at any any level level of development of aa country. country. Railway stations infrastructures are tonetworks be well play designed for platform and of evacuation. A detailed study is to be made in infrastructures understanding Railto networks play majorand rolemanaged in transporting peoplechanging at any level of development of a country. Railway stations are to be well designed and managed for platform changing and evacuation. A detailed study is to be made in infrastructures understanding are be well designed for platform and evacuation. A detailed study is to be made in understanding pedestrian flow characteristics on horizontal and vertical movement facilities. In this paper, passageway with and without centre Rail networks play major role in transporting people at any level of development of a country. Railway stations infrastructures are to be well designed and managed for platform changing and evacuation. A this detailed study is to be with madeand in without understanding pedestrian flow characteristics on horizontal and vertical movement facilities. In paper, passageway centre pedestrian flow characteristics on horizontal and vertical movement facilities. In this paper, passageway with and without centre rail, stairway and escalator are evaluated and compared within a railway station for a keen insight in variation of pedestrian are to be well designed and managed for platform changing and evacuation. A this detailed study is to be with madeand in without understanding pedestrian flow characteristics on horizontal and vertical movement facilities. In paper, passageway centre rail, stairway and escalator are evaluated and compared within a railway station for a keen insight in variation of pedestrian rail, stairway and escalator are evaluated and compared within a railway station for a keen insight in variation of pedestrian traffic characteristics. Pedestrians speed on stairway is higher than on passageway. Walking speed of younger is greater than pedestrian flow characteristics on horizontal and vertical movement facilities. In this paper, passageway with and without centre rail, stairway and escalator are evaluated and compared within a railway station for a keen insight in variation of pedestrian traffic characteristics. Pedestrians speed on stairway is higher than on passageway. Walking speed of younger is greater than traffic characteristics. Pedestrians speed stairway iswith higher than on passageway. speed of isofgreater than middle aged and haveareless speed.on Pedestrians luggage walk slower without luggage. Significant rail, stairway and elders escalator evaluated and compared within a railway stationthan forWalking apedestrians keen insight in younger variation pedestrian traffic characteristics. Pedestrians speed on stairway is higher than on passageway. Walking speed of younger is greater than middle aged and elders have less speed. Pedestrians with luggage walk slower than pedestrians without luggage. Significant middle aged and elders have less speed. Pedestrians with luggage walk slower than pedestrians without luggage. Significant differences in speed exist with respect to attributes age, luggage, gender and direction. It is interesting to observe that the flow on traffic characteristics. Pedestrians speed on stairway is higher than on passageway. Walking speed of younger is greater than middle aged and elders have less speed. Pedestrians with luggage walk slower than pedestrians without luggage. Significant differences in speed exist with respect to attributes age, luggage, gender and direction. It is interesting to observe that the flow differences speed exist with less respect torail attributes age, luggage, gender direction. Itpedestrians is interesting to observe that the flow on passageway with and without centre is same. Pedestrians tend toand move and with flow to the adjacent side on of middle agedin and elders have speed. Pedestrians with luggage walk slower thanmerge without luggage. Significant differences in speed exist with respect to attributes age, luggage, gender and direction. It is interesting to observe that the flow passageway with and and at without centre rail is is same. same. Pedestrians Pedestrians tend tend to to move move and and merge merge with with flow flow to to the the adjacent adjacent side side on of passageway with without centre rail of passageway connected the neck of stairway. differences in speed exist with respect to attributes age, luggage, gender and direction. It is interesting to observe that the flow on passageway with and at without centre rail is same. Pedestrians tend to move and merge with flow to the adjacent side of passageway connected the of passageway connected at the neck neck of stairway. stairway. © 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V. passageway with and without centre rail is same. Pedestrians tend to move and merge with flow to the adjacent side of passageway connectedPublished at the neck stairway. © 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors. byof Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. passageway connected at the neck of stairway. © 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Peer-review undercharacteristics, responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Keywords:Pedastrian Pedestrian space, Pedestrian attributes, Passageway, Stairway, Escalator. © 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Keywords:Pedastrian characteristics, characteristics, Pedestrian Pedestrian space, space, Pedestrian Pedestrian attributes, attributes, Passageway, Passageway, Stairway, Stairway, Escalator. Escalator. Keywords:Pedastrian Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Keywords:Pedastrian characteristics, Pedestrian space, Pedestrian attributes, Passageway, Stairway, Escalator. Keywords:Pedastrian characteristics, Pedestrian space, Pedestrian attributes, Passageway, Stairway, Escalator.

1. Introduction 1. Introduction Introduction 1. 1. Introduction Indian Railways carries 23 million passengers daily and 8.421 billion annually. Large number of passengers, to get in 1. Introduction Railways carries million daily billion annually. Large number of to in Indian Railways carries 23platforms million passengers passengers daily and and 8.421 8.421 billion annually. Large number of passengers, passengers, to get get in trains andIndian exit stations, step on the23 use a comparatively spaced level changing facilities which become bottle necks Indian Railways carries 23platforms million passengers daily andless 8.421 billion annually. Large number of passengers, to get in trains and exit stations, step on the platforms use a comparatively less spaced level changing facilities which become bottle necks trains and exit stations, step on the use a comparatively less spaced level changing facilities which become bottle necks at almost all the times. This implies the need for pedestrian’s facilities (stairway, passageway, ramps, escalators, elevators, Indian Railways carries 23 million passengers daily and 8.421 billion annually. Large number of passengers, to get in trains and exit stations, step on the platforms use a comparatively less spaced level changing facilities which become bottle necks at almost all the times. This implies the need for pedestrian’s facilities (stairway, passageway, ramps, escalators, elevators, at almost all the times. implies the number need pedestrian’s facilities passageway, ramps, escalators, elevators, moving walkways etc.) step toThis beon built large are to be managed for(stairway, platform changing in railway keen study trains and exit stations, the in platforms use for a and comparatively less spaced level changing facilities whichstations. becomeAbottle necks at almost all the times. This implies the need for pedestrian’s facilities (stairway, passageway, ramps, escalators, elevators, moving walkways etc.) to to be be built built in large large number number and are are to to be managed managed movement for platform platform changing in in railway railway stations. stations. A A keen keen study study moving walkways etc.) in changing is be made to evaluate and understand thebe behaviour. at to almost all on thethese times. implies the number need forand pedestrian’s facilitiesfor passageway, ramps, stations. escalators, elevators, moving walkways etc.)facilities toThis be built in large and are to bepedestrian managed for(stairway, platform changing in railway A keen study is to to be be made made on these facilities to evaluate and understand the pedestrian movement behaviour. is on these facilities to evaluate and understand the pedestrian movement behaviour. Someonofthese the past studies pedestrian in railway stations are briefly discussed. AndoAetkeen al. (1988) moving walkways etc.) to be built in largetonumber and characteristics are to managed for platform changing in railway stations. study is to be made facilities to related evaluate and understand thebepedestrian movement behaviour. Some of the the past past studies related todensity pedestrian characteristics in railway railway stations are briefly briefly discussed. Ando et stations al. (1988) (1988) Some studies pedestrian in stations are discussed. et al. presented relationship between speed andto on a characteristics levelthe surface and up and down flights of stairs in some Ando railway in is to be made onof these facilities to related evaluate and understand pedestrian movement behaviour. Some of the past studies related to pedestrian characteristics in railway stations are briefly discussed. Ando et al. (1988) presented relationship between speed the and pedestrian density on on speed–density level surface surface relationships and up up and and down down flights of of stairs stairsstairs, in some some railway stations stations in presented relationship between speed and density aa characteristics level and flights in railway in Japan. Daly et al. (1991) analyzed for passageways, platforms, and other Some of the past studies related to pedestrian in railway stations are briefly discussed. Ando et al. (1988) presented relationship between speed the and pedestrian density on speed–density a level surface relationships and up and down flights of stairsstairs, in some railway stations in Japan. Daly Daly et al. al. (1991) (1991) analyzed the pedestrian speed–density relationships for passageways, passageways, stairs, platforms, and other other Japan. et analyzed for platforms, and facilities in London underground stations. Lam and Cheung (2000) reported an investigation on the behaviour of pedestrians in presented relationship between speed and density on a level surface and up and down flights of stairs in some railway stations Japan. et al. (1991) analyzed the pedestrian speed–density relationships for passageways, platforms, and other facilitiesDaly in London underground stations. Lam and Kong Cheung (2000) reported an (MTR) investigation on Lee the stairs, behaviour of pedestrians pedestrians in facilities in London underground stations. Lam and Cheung (2000) reported an investigation on the behaviour of in choosing between and stairways in Hong Mass Transit Railway stations. (2005)platforms, studied walking and Japan. Daly et al.escalators (1991) analyzed the pedestrian speed–density relationships for passageways, stairs, and other facilities in London underground stations. Lam and Cheung (2000) reported an investigation on the behaviour of pedestrians in choosing between escalators and stairways in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations. Lee (2005) studied walking and choosing between escalators and stairways in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations. Lee (2005) studied walking and travel choice behaviour of pedestrians concerning stairways and escalators in public transport facilities. Zheng et al. (2008) facilities in Londonescalators underground stations. Lam and Kong Cheung (2000) reported an (MTR) investigation on Lee the behaviour of pedestrians in choosing between and stairways in Hong Mass Transit Railway stations. (2005) Zheng studied and travel choice choice behaviour of of pedestrians concerning stairways and escalators in public public transport facilities. Zheng etwalking al. (2008) (2008) travel behaviour concerning stairways and escalators in transport facilities. et al. reported an investigation on pedestrians the the pedestrian density and the travel speed. Ye et al. (2008) pedestrian choosing between escalators andrelationship stairways inofHong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations. Lee (2005)focused studiedon walking and travel choice behaviour of pedestrians concerning stairways and escalators in public transport facilities. Zheng et al. (2008) reported an investigation investigation on different the relationship relationship ofwalking the pedestrian pedestrian density and the the travel travel speed. speed. Ye et et al. al. Yang (2008) focused focused onfocused pedestrian reported an on the the density and Ye (2008) on flow characteristics for four types ofof facilities in Shanghai, metro stations. al. (2012) on travel choice behaviour of concerning stairways and escalators in public transport Zheng et pedestrian al. (2008) reported an investigation on pedestrians the relationship the pedestrian density and theChina, travel speed. Ye et al.facilities. (2008)et focused on pedestrian flowmovement characteristics for four four different types of ofoftypical walking facilities in Shanghai, Shanghai, China, metrorelations stations. Yang etrate al. (2012) (2012) focused on flow characteristics for different types of walking facilities in China, metro stations. Yang et al. focused on the characteristics in staircases student crowds and the quantitative of flow – speed – density reported an investigation on the relationship of the pedestrian density and the travel speed. Ye et al. (2008) focused on pedestrian flow characteristics for four different types of walking facilities in Shanghai, China, metro stations. Yang et al. (2012) focused on the movement characteristics in staircases of typical student crowds and the quantitative relations of flow rate – speed – density the movement characteristics in staircases of typical student crowds and the quantitative relations of flow rate – speed – density in different dimensions of different staircases andof circumstances weretheobtained. Bodendorf al. (2014) the flow characteristics for four types ofdifferent walkingstudent facilities in Shanghai, China, metro stations.etof Yang etrate al. (2012) on the movement characteristics in staircases typical crowds and quantitative relations flow –investigated speedfocused – density in different dimensions of staircases and different different circumstances were obtained. obtained. Bodendorf et al. al. (2014) investigated the in dimensions staircases and circumstances were Bodendorf (2014) the performance ofcharacteristics escalatorsof at railway stations and shopping centres in and several field studies. the different movement in staircases ofdifferent typical student crowds theobtained. quantitative relationset of al. flow rate –investigated speed – density in different dimensions of staircases and circumstances were Bodendorf et (2014) investigated the performance of escalators at railway railway stations and shopping shopping centres in in several several field field studies. studies. performance of escalators at stations and centres Fewdimensions studies wereof in India on pedestrian movement railway stations, and Janardhan (2000) in different staircases and different circumstances were obtained. Bodendorf et Sarkar al. (2014) investigated the performance of escalators atdone railway stations and shopping centrescharacteristics in several fieldin studies. Few studies were done in India on pedestrian movement characteristics in railwayflow–density, stations, Sarkar Sarkar and Janardhan Janardhan (2000) Few studies were done in India on pedestrian movement characteristics in railway stations, and (2000) conducted a study at an intermodal transfer terminal in Calcutta, India, and developed flow–speed, and speed– performance of escalators at railway stations and shopping centres in several field studies. Few studies done in India on pedestrian movement in railwayflow–density, stations, Sarkar and Janardhan (2000) conducted study at were an intermodal intermodal transfer terminal in Calcutta, Calcutta,characteristics India, and and developed developed flow–density, flow–speed, and speed– speed– conducted aa study at an transfer terminal in India, flow–speed, and density relationships. Chattaraj (2013) studied onmovement motion in India and in Sarkar Germany show Few studies doneetinal. India on pedestrian in railway stations, andconclusively Janardhan (2000) conducted a study at were an intermodal transfer terminal inpedestrian Calcutta,characteristics India, conducted and developed flow–density, flow–speed, and speed– density relationships. Chattaraj et al. (2013) studied on pedestrian motion conducted in India and in Germany conclusively show density relationships. Chattaraj et al. (2013) studied on pedestrian motion conducted in India and in Germany conclusively show that despite similarities in the shape of the fundamental diagram of pedestrian flow there also exist dissimilarities possibly due to conducted a study at an intermodal transfer terminal in Calcutta, India, and developed flow–density, flow–speed, and speed– density relationships. Chattaraj et al.of studied on pedestrian motion conducted in India and indissimilarities Germany conclusively show that despite despite similarities in et theal.shape shape of(2013) the fundamental fundamental diagram of pedestrian flow there alsoout exist dissimilarities possibly due to that similarities in the the diagram of pedestrian flow there also exist possibly due to cultural differences. Shah (2013) attempted to highlight the results of the study carried on pedestrian flow behaviour on density relationships. Chattaraj et al. (2013) studied on pedestrian motion conducted in India and in Germany conclusively show that despite similarities in the shape of the fundamental diagram of pedestrian flow there also exist dissimilarities possibly due to cultural differences. Shah et al. (2013) attempted to highlight the results of the study carried out on pedestrian flow behaviour on cultural differences. Shah et al. (2013) attempted to highlight the results of the study carried out on pedestrian flow behaviour on stairway at Vadodara railway station inattempted the fundamental state oftoGujarat, India. To summarise, many ofalso theout studies were focused on pedestrian that despite similarities in et theal. shape of the diagram pedestrian there exist possibly due on to cultural differences. (2013) highlight theof results of theflow study carried on dissimilarities pedestrian flow behaviour stairway at Vadodara VadodaraShah railway station in the the between state of of Gujarat, Gujarat, India. To summarise, summarise, many ofAthe the studies were focused on pedestrian stairway at railway station in state To many of studies were pedestrian flow characteristics, establishing relations pedestrian movement need arises for focused detailed study on the cultural differences. Shah et al. (2013) attempted toGujarat, highlightIndia. the results ofcharacteristics. the study carried out on pedestrian flow on behaviour on stairway at Vadodara railway station in the state of India. To summarise, many of the studies were focused on pedestrian flow characteristics, characteristics, establishing relationsmovement between pedestrian pedestrian movement characteristics. A A need need arises arises for for detailed detailed study study on on the the flow establishing relations movement characteristics. affect of different attributes pedestrian in levelIndia. change stairway at Vadodara railwayonstation in the between state of Gujarat, Tofacilities. summarise, many ofAthe studies were pedestrian flow establishing relations between pedestrian movement characteristics. need arises for focused detailedon study on the affectcharacteristics, of different different attributes attributes on pedestrian pedestrian movement in level level change change facilities. affect of on movement in facilities. flow establishing relationsmovement between pedestrian movement characteristics. A need arises for detailed study on the affectcharacteristics, of different attributes on pedestrian in level change facilities. affect of different attributes on pedestrian movement in level change facilities. 2352-1465 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

2214-241X© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review2017 under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. 2214-241X© The Published by Elsevier 2214-241X© 2017 responsibility The Authors. Authors. of Published byCONFERENCE Elsevier B.V. B.V. ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Peer-review under WORLD 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.488 2214-241X© 2017 responsibility The Authors. of Published byCONFERENCE Elsevier B.V. ON Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT TRANSPORT RESEARCH RESEARCH SOCIETY. SOCIETY. Peer-review under WORLD 2214-241X© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY. Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE Peer-review under responsibility of WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT RESEARCH SOCIETY.

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Against this background, the present work analyses pedestrian flow characteristics on stairways, passageways, and escalators are studied inside a railway station. The present study includes the analysis of pedestrian flow characteristics on passageway with directional flow separating centre rail and passageway without centre rail. 2. Study Area and Data Collection Secunderabad Railway station, falls under south central railways of India Railway located in capital of Telengana state, India. It manages about 270 trains in a day and Hyderabad MMTS (Multi Modal Transport system) facilitating passengers to make interstate, intra state and within the twin cities (Hyderabad and Secunderabad). Four passageways with stairways and escalators are available for platform changing. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) footage data was collected capturing the passageway, stairway and escalator for a peak period of 3 hours during the month of October 2014. The passageway data included two different types, i.e. with and without centre rail for separating directional flow. All the stairways were provided with handrails. The physical dimensions of the pedestrian facilities existing in Secunderabad railway station are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Passageway, stairway and escalator physical dimensions Facility Passageway Stairway

Escalator

Characteristic Property Length (m) Width (m) Tread width (m) Step riser height (m) Width of stairway (m) No. of steps Length of intermediate landing (m) Width (m) Tread width (m) Step riser height (m) Slope No. of steps

Dimension 14 4.5 0.4 0.22 3.5 41 1.76 1.1 0.46 0.285 32o 25

3. Data Extraction Pedestrian traffic parameters, flow, density and speed, are extracted from playback videos. A reference point is been fixed and the number of pedestrians crossing the point for each minute are been counted and converted to flow in ped/m/min. Three snapshots are been taken for each minute and number of pedestrians in each snapshot are counted in each direction, converted to density in ped/m2. Two reference points were fixed and time taken for crossing the two points were noted and speed of pedestrian is calculated in m/sec. Average speed in a minute corresponding to the flow is obtained from the average speed of three pedestrian. Pedestrian Attributes (age, gender and luggage), as per criterion in table 2, are taken into consideration for further analysis. Table 2. Pedestrian attribute classification criterion Attribute Gender Age Luggage

Classification Male Female 2 - 15 years Child/ kid 16 - 30 years Youth 31 - 60 years Middle aged > 60 years Aged Carrying Luggage No Luggage/ Back Pack

4. Pedestrian traffic parameter relation Figure 1(a) and 1(b) shows the flow-density and flow- space plots and Table 3 show the flow density and speed relation equations for observed flow characteristics on all the infrastructures studied in Secunderabad railway station. The maximum flow observed is 24 and 24 ped/m/min respectively for passageway with and without centre rail for directional flow separation. The stairway (31ped/m/min) and escalator (38 ped/m/min) possessed quite higher observed maximum flow values than passageways. Escalator is being uni-directional; no conflicts occur in pedestrian movement and hence show higher maximum flow value. Passageway with and without centre rail has similar maximum flow value. The bi-directional flow stair connects with directional flow separated passageway. Pedestrians have tendency to move into the adjacent side. This behaviour caused bidirectional movement in the directional separated passageway. Thereby making no difference in practical flow.



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3

Passageway with directional flow separating centre rail is having higher value of average density (0.6 ped/m2) of pedestrians as compared to passageway without centre rail (0.3 ped/m2), which implies that presence of centre rail confines the width available for walking. Average speed on Stairway (0.70 m/s) is observed to be higher than the average speed on passage without and with centre rail (0.59 m/s and 0.47 m/s respectively). On passageways pedestrians, whether single or in a group, are found following their front person constantly without changing their lane and overtaking rarely occurs. But in stairway this scenario is not the same. Mostly pedestrians try to reach the far end of the facility without stopping and hence they will change their directions where space is available.

40 Flow (ped/m/min)

40 Flow (ped/m/min)

30

30

20 PWCR PWOCR Stairway Escalator

10 0

PWCR PWOCR Stairway

20

0

10 0

1 2 Density ped/m2

0

3

10

1(a)

20 30 Space (m2/ped)

40

1 (b)

Figure 1: (a)Flow-Density and (b)Flow-Space plots for passageway (without and with centre rail), stairway and Escalator inside Secunderabad Railway Station. Table 3. Flow-Density, Flow-Space and Speed- Density equations for facilities in Secunderabad station Facility

Flow-Density

Passageway without centre rail Passageway with centre rail Stairway

Speed - Density

R2

q= -0.388k2 + 19.62k + 0.022

0.844

q = -3.357k2 + 20.51k - 1.601

0.87

2

0.863

2

0.862

q = 18.77s

-0.98

0.872

q = 15.68s

-1.11

0.841

q= -5.165k + 31.11k - 1.598

Escalator

Flow-Space

Equation

q = 5.221k + 6.111k + 0.677

Passageway without centre rail Passageway with centre rail Stairway

q = 24.79s-1.04

Escalator

-1.33

q = 13.43s

Passageway without centre rail Passageway with centre rail Stairway

0.88 0.818

u = -0.308k + 0.671

0.301

u = -0.089k + 0.524

0.15

u = -0.289k + 0.841

0.297

Where q is pedestrian flows in ped/m/min, k is pedestrian densities in ped/m2, s is available spaces for pedestrians in m2/ped and u is speed in m/sec . Table 4. Statistical significance test for difference of means between speeds on passageway with and without centre rail for separating directional flow Sa1

Sa2

n1

n2

µ1

µ2

σ1

σ2

z - statistic

Sig

Passageway with centre rail

Passageway without centre rail

180

180

0.469

0.587

0.07

0.096

-13.166

S

Sa-Sample; n-number of observations in sample; µ- mean; σ- Standard deviation and Sig-Significance.

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Table 4 shows the statistical significance of speed on passageway with and without centre rail for directional. From the table it is evident that there exists significant difference in speed with and without centre rail provision at 1% level of significance. 5. Comparison of results with previous studies 5.1 Passageway Table 5 shows a brief comparison of pedestrian flow, density and speed. Free flow speed, Maximum flow and critical speed are observed to be the least of all the studies. Space required at maximum flow is observed to be high compared to other studies. Table 5. Comparison of results for passageway with previous researches

Study (Reference)

Pedestrian free flow speed (m/min)

Maximum Flow (ped/m/min)

Space required at maximum flow ( sq m/ped)

Critical Density (ped/m2)

Critical speed (m/min)

Jam Density (ped/m2)

Older (1964)

79.6

78

-

-

-

-

Hoel (1968)

-

-

0.5

2

-

-

Fruin (1971)

81.4

81

0.49

2.04

43.2

4.1

Tanaboriboom et al. (1986)

73.9

89

-

-

-

-

Daly et al. (1991)

-

86

-

-

36

-

Weidmann (1993)

80.4

73.8

0.59

1.7

42

5.4

Lam et al. (1995)

77.4

69.6

0.56

1.79

39

3.58

Sarkar and Janardhan (1997)

87.6

92

0.48

2.09

43.8

4.17

Lam and Cheung (1998), MTR & KCR

-

92

-

-

36.75

-

-

88

-

-

35.98

-

72

71.4

0.83

> 1.2

< 49.2

-

72

82.8

0.59

1.7

45

-

31.8

24

0.72

> 1.4

15.6

5.89

39

24

0.8

1.5

21

3.01

Jianhong et al. (2008), Oneway and two-way passageway Present study (Secunderabad with centre rail) Present study (Secunderabad without center rail)

5.3 Escalator Escalator observed to have the least maximum flow (38 ped/m/min) when compared to Cheung et al (1998) and Daly et al (1991) which have maximum flow of 120 ped/m/min. 5.2 Stairway

Table 6 gives the comparison of results for stairway with previous researches. Relatively low flows are observed as compared to previous studies, whereas the free flow speed, critical speed, critical density, jam density etc. fall within the ranges (as observed in previous cases). Xianquing (2011) observed maximum flow rate 89 ped/m/min. Enough space is available for comfortable walking, as the study reports maximum value of space, i.e. 0.83 m2/ped for Secunderabad station. The least value of space is observed in Fruin’s study, i.e. 0.26m2/ped. The study reports minimum value of critical density so far, as 1.2ped/m2 (Secunderabad station). Hence it might be noted as the lower limit of critical density in stairway. The level of service (LOS) of stairway at Secunderabad station is D with respect to TCQSM, Part- 7 (2003).

52.36

46.08

This study (Secunderabad)

Shaha (2013)

24.33

55.7

22.32

85.71

51.36

48.8

45.16

49.56

50

33

49

45

89

42.29

Xianquing (2011)

67 67

-

Yang (2010)

45

74.4

70

70

51

62

61.8

Upstre-am flow

32

60.6

73

80

58.8

68

66.6

Downstr-eam flow

Max flow observed (ped/min/m)

58.9

-

-

Hongfei (2009)

Jianhong et al. (2008) , Descending and Ascending stairway

55.2

58.25

51.62

Lam and Cheung (2000), MTR & KCR

41.4

36.6

Weidmann (1993)

-

-

Daly et al. (1991)

39

Downstrea m flow

33.6

Upstrea m -flow

Fruin (1987)

Study

Pedestrian free flow speed (m/min)

Table 6. Comparison of Stairway results with previous researches

0.83

0.71

0.43

0.35

0.45

0.28

0.41

0.41

0.59

-

-

-

-

0.26

0.59

Available space (m2/pe-d)

1.41

2.33

2.86

2.22

3.57

2.44

2.44

1.7

-

-

2.23

-

3.68

Upstre-am flow

1.2

2.7

-

-

2.23

-

3.35

Downstream flow

Critical Density (ped/m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

34.8

24.99

25.59

22.8

21.6

16.8

Upstream flow

24.6

21

34.15

36.07

26.4

33.6

19.8

Downstr-eam flow

Critical speed (m/min)

1.55

3.2

2.6

2.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

5.4

-

7.37

Upstrea-m flow

3.1

-

-

-

5.4

-

6.7

Downstr-eam flow

Jam Density (ped/m2)

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Monalisa Patra, EswarK.V.R. Sala and KVR Ravishankar Transportation Research 000–000 Ravishankar et al. //Transportation ResearchProcedia00 Procedia (2017) 25C (2017) 4767–4774

6. Effect of Pedestrian Attributes on stairway 6.1 Gender Table 7 shows the statistical analysis of speed variation with respect to speed. Speed of male and female are significantly differ in ascending and descending direction. The difference is highest in ascending direction. It is observed that the male pedestrians walk 30% and 27% faster than females in ascending and descending direction on stairway respectively at Secunderabad station. The average male walking speed is found to be 0.756 m/s on stairway. Similarly the average walking speed of female is found to be 0.59 m/s. On an average male walking speed is 28% higher than female walking speed on stairway at Secunderabad station. Table 7. Walking speeds (m/s) of different genders in ascending and descending direction on stairway at Secunderabad. D

Sa1

Sa2

n1

n2

µ1

µ2

σ1

σ2

z - statistic

Sig

AS

M

F

172

131

0.728

0.557

0.241

0.153

9.539

S

DS

M

F

177

168

0.783

0.621

0.176

0.137

9.543

S

D-Direction; AS-Ascending; DS-Descending; M-Male; F-Female; ; Sa-Sample; n-number of observations in sample; µ- mean; σStandard deviation and Sig-Significance 6.2 Age From table 8, Male and female pedestrians of all age groups show significant difference in walking speed on stairways. It shows that the walking speed of younger is greater than middle aged followed by aged male pedestrians in both ascending and descending direction of stairway at Secunderabad station. Similarly, for females the walking speed of younger is greater than middle age followed by aged pedestrians. Table 8. Walking speeds (m/s) of different age groups of pedestrians on stairway at Secunderabad station. D

DS

AS

Age

S1

S2

n1

n2

µ1

µ2

σ1

σ2

z - statistic

Sig

YA

M

F

176

139

0.886

0.677

0.278

0.162

8.351

S

MA

M

F

170

138

0.707

0.600

0.196

0.151

5.368

S

A

M

F

99

47

0.604

0.460

0.179

0.157

4.932

S

YA

M

F

157

71

0.853

0.628

0.406

0.214

5.467

S

MA

M

F

145

82

0.660

0.540

0.254

0.151

4.483

S

A

M

F

84

54

0.530

0.423

0.170

0.121

4.334

S

D-Direction; AS-Ascending; DS-Decending; YA-Young aged; MA-Middle Aged; A-Aged; M-Male; F-Female; ; Sa-Sample; nnumber of observations in sample; µ- mean; σ- Standard deviation; Sig-Significance; S-Significant; NS-Not Significant 6.3 Luggage From table 9, on stair ways in ascending as well as descending direction, both male and female pedestrians show significant difference in waling speed with luggage and no luggage. Table 9. Walking speeds (m/s) of pedestrians with and without luggage on stairway at Secunderabad station. D

Gender

Sa1

Sa2

n1

n2

µ1

µ2

σ1

σ2

z - statistic

Sig

M

NL

L

176

160

0.882

0.709

0.292

0.183

6.577

S

F

NL

L

145

129

0.666

0.583

0.151

0.138

4.702

S

M

NL

L

158

121

0.801

0.662

0.335

0.269

3.858

S

F

NL

L

86

80

0.623

0.543

0.172

0.162

3.075

S

DS

AS



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Pedestrians with no or small luggage walk faster than pedestrians with heavy luggage, carrying child irrespective of any gender and movement direction. The variation is 21% for males and 14.7% for females in ascending direction, whereas the values change to 25% for males and 14.2% for females in descending direction. Hence it can be mentioned that on stairway at Secunderabad station, the male pedestrians with less luggage walk on an average 23% faster than in presence of heavy luggage. In case of female pedestrians the walking speed variation reduces to about 15%. 6.4 Movement direction Table 10. Walking speeds (m/s) in ascending and descending direction on stairway Sa1

Sa2

n1

n2

µ1

µ2

σ1

σ2

z - statistic

Sig

DS

AS

177

174

0.726

0.679

0.146

0.162

2.605

S

There exits significant difference in ascending direction and descending direction of pedestrians speed and walking speed in ascending direction is less than descending direction in Secunderabad station stairway, from table 10. 7. Effect of stair gradient Elder female show the least speed and young male have more speed in the present study when compared to speeds obtained by Fujiyama (1971) and Fruin (2004) based on the stair gradient criteria shown in Table 11. Table 11. Comparison of mean speed (m/s) on stairway with previous studies.

Study (Reference)

Fruin (1971)

Fujiyama (2004)

Present Study (Secunderabad)

Stair gradient (degrees)

Ascending

Descending

Elderly Male

Young Female

Male

Elderly

Young

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

32

0.43

0.39

0.69

0.51

0.57

0.47

0.69

0.51

27

0.41

0.45

0.81

0.65

0.6

0.56

0.81

0.65

38.8

0.41

0.46

0.5

0.47

0.56

0.48

0.61

0.57

35.5

0.5

0.53

0.57

0.56

0.6

0.57

0.62

0.67

30.5

0.56

0.6

0.65

0.62

0.64

0.64

0.72

0.76

24.6

0.68

0.76

0.77

0.75

0.8

0.8

0.82

0.91

28.8

0.54

0.43

0.86

0.63

0.61

0.46

0.89

0.68

8. Conclusions Flow is observed to be same in both cases of passageway with and without centre rail for separating directional flow. Stairways are connected to one side of passageway. Hence pedestrians move to corner of stairway and join the flow adjacent to them on passageway to move in desired direction. Speed of pedestrians on stairway is higher than on passageway. On passageway, pedestrians whether single or in a group, are found following their front person constantly without changing their lane and overtaking rarely occurs. On stairways pedestrians try to reach the far end of the facility without stopping and hence they will change their directions where space is available. Significant difference in speed existed between male and female pedestrians with respect to age, luggage gender and direction attributes at 95% level of significance. The walking speed of younger is greater than middle aged followed by aged male pedestrians in both ascending and descending direction of stairway. The difference between speeds is highest in ascending direction. Pedestrians without luggage walk faster than with luggage in ascending and descending direction. Speed of pedestrians in descending direction is higher than ascending direction with respect to luggage. The findings from this study are useful in effective design of level changing facilities for comfortable journey. Design speed is to be interpolated from the proportions of different pedestrians using the facility.

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Acknowledgement This research work was funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under Fast Track Young Scientist - Engineering Science Scheme research grant vide no. SERB/F/1821/2014-15 dated 18 June 2014. Authors wish to express their appreciation to the committee for the encouragement and support for the project. References

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