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Evaluation of pulverized coal injection technology in blast furnaces
11 Process heating. power and incineration (energy applications in industry)
96/03031 Protective oxides In coal-fired combustion cycle power systems Simms, N. J. and Oakey, J. E. Materials at High Temperatures, 1995, 13, (2), 75-80. In most industrial processes operating at elevated temperatures, protective oxide layers perform a vital duty in protecting the underlying metallic alloys from process gases. Coal-fired combined cycle power generation systems present a number of process conditions in which the properties of the protective oxide layers are particularly important. The paper discusses two of these ~articular conditions: (1) 'erosion/corrosion' of in-bed heat exchanger tubing and (2) thermal cycling of hot gas path components. For both these situations, the desirable pro~erties of protective scales are outlined. The behaviour of scales in practice are highlighted. 96/03032 Regulation for combined heat and power In the European Union Hendriks, C. and Blok, K. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 729-734. Combined heat and power generation (CHP) is an important option for reducing the primary energy consumption. The share of CHP-related electricity production in the EU·12 decreased from 8% to 6% of the total produced electricity. Exceptions to this trend are Denmark and The Netherlands. The increase is mainly stimulated by the energy companies, which invest in CHP for their own risk. Additionally, in Denmark also a number of standard settings are used, especially for district heating. 96/03033 Stack downward. Zero emission tuel-Ilred power plants concept Yantovski, E. I. Energy Convers. Mgmt., Jun-Aug. 1996. 37, (6), 867-877. There exists sewerage system for biological wastes in cities and towns, however there are no such systems for technological and energy wastes, released to the atmosphere. The real harm to the atmosphere and lungs is evident. A method of evaluation of CO2 release from fuel-fired power plants and boiler houses based on exergy efficiency is presented. The incremental cost of CO2 emission reduction is calculated. The main SUbject of the paper is a zero-emission power plant.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications in Industry 96/03034 Analysis of the delay hot/cold water problem Saman, N. and Mahdi, H. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 395-400. The authors have analysed the delay hot/cold water problem in a fluid-pipe system. Our simplified model has been used to evaluate variations of pipe and fluid temperatures with time at different locations when the fluid-pipe system is subjected to a sudden increase in fluid temperature at the pipe entrance. The analysis shows a slow increase in pipe temperature with time and an increase of [he fluid temperature at every pipe location. Temperature variations with time move at a velocity less than the fluid velocity. 96/03035 Coke oven gas Injection into blast furnaces Maddalena, F. L. et al., Iron Steelmaker, 1995,22, (10), 93-95. The paper discusses the technical, technology and economical aspects of the implementation of coke oven gas injection in ironmaking blast furnaces at the U.S. Steel Group, USX Corporation. Describes how the replacement of natural gas by coke oven gas injection proved to be feasible and economically advantageous. 96/03036 Developing a library of system control strategies Banyard, C. P. National Conf. Papers, Eastbourne, Oct. 1995, CI8S£, 1995, 2, 137·149. The authors report that the BSRIA is working on a research project to develop a Library of System Control Strategies for building services plant. The services is due to be published by Spring 1997. 96/03037 Development 01 a simUlation tool to enable optimisation of the energy consumption of the industrial timber-drying process Cronin, K. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996,53, (4), 325-340. Reducing the liquid content of green products is an important step in the manufacture of many products. Process conditions in the drying phase have significant influences on the quality of the end product and on energy consumption and required manufacturing lime. Effective optimisation of the drying process requires accurate representation of the drying product and its interaction with its environment. The development of a computer simulation tool to analyse the industrial batch timber drying process is outlined. A detailed finite difference product model describing the heat and mass transfers within a plank during drying is described.
96/03038 DynamiC behaviour of layered columns In pressure swing adsorption Chlendi, M. and Tondeur, D. Gas Sep. Purif., 1995, 9, (4), 231-242. In cenain adsorption processes, several different adsorbents may be used, each more or less specialised for a particular task of selectively taking up certain components. The different adsorbents may be packed in different columns, or, alternatively, in the same column as superposed layers, In the latter case, they necessarily experience the same conditions in terms of throughput, pressure and temperature. The dynamic behaviour, and therefore the optimal design and operation of such beds, is different from that of single adsorbent beds. The passage of concentration waves from one layer to the other and the flow reversal induce particular refraction, dispersion and interference phenomena. The authors propose a method of analysis and respresentation of these phenomena, based on pseudo-characteristics defined as lines propagating constant values of particular concentrations. 96/03039 Effect of coal and coke qualities on blast furnace injection and productivity at Taranto Salvatore, E. et al., Proc. lron making Conference, 1995, 54, 61-70. Based on the experience of injecting pulverized coal into Taranto (ILVA, Taranto, Italy) blast furnaces, the quantitative relationships between coke/coal and blast furnace operational parameters were studied and graphs plotted, An evaluation was made of the effect of using coke breeze in the coke/ferrous charge as well as coal blend. 96/03040 Effect 01 hydroxyl radical on intact microalgal photosynthesis Hirayama, S. et al., Energy Converso Mgm t., Jun-Sep. 1995, 36. (6), 685-688. Photosynthetic CO, fixation with microalgae for new energy and chemical sources is one of the potential method to mitigate CO2 emission. To gain the more productivities for CO migration, the enhancement of photosynthetic productivity is required. Yhe authors focused on the active oxygen that is supposed to be produced in algal cells and causes harmful effects on photosynthesis under high irradiation that is the case of outdoor cultivation circumstances. In this report, the authors have challenged the detection of the active oxygens in microalgal cells, and describes the results obtained. 96/03041 The effects of fuellair mixing on NO. reduct ion and heat-transfer in high-temperature gas-fired glass-melting furnaces Nakamura, T. et al.• J. InSI. of Energy, Mar. 1996, 69, (478), 39·50. The paper describes the results of a series of experiments executed at the International Flame Research Foundation (IFRF) for a consortium of gas companies. The main objective of the experiments was to investigate novel NO,-reduction methods and their impact on heat-transfer in glass-melting furnaces fired by natural gas. 96/03042 Establlshing turbulent flow In heat exchangers Smith, B. R. Plant Engng., Sep. 1995, 49, (12), 94-96. Discusses fluid velocity in heat exchangers and how to increase heat transfer coefficients by establishing turbulent flows. 96/03043 Evaluation of pulverized coal injection technology in blast furneces Olejar, M, et al., Hum. U St)', 1995,50, (6), 6-12. (In Slovak) Describes the experience with injection of powdered coal into blast furnaces. 96/03044 Experience in operatin~ blast furnaces with high oil injection rates and at high production output Altland. R. er al.• Stahl Eisen, 1995, U 5, (8), 83-91. (In German) 96/03045 The FASTMET process. Direct reduction technology for modern steelmaking Griscom, F. N. and Lyles, D. R. Proc. Electr. Fum . Conf , 1995, 75-81. The FASTMETR process for commercial applications uses iron ore concentrates and a carbon-bearing reductant such as coal to quickly and efficiently produce direct reduced iron. The produced iron in the form of pellets or briquettes is intended for use as a charge material in the electric arc furnaces to produce steel products requiring low metallic residuals and in the blast furance as a means to enhance hot metal production. 96/03046 Fouling of heat exchangers Batt, T. R. Elsevie r, Oxford, 1995, 524 pp . An appraisal of current knowledge of heat exchanger fouling, includes fundamental science, mathematical models and practical approaches to deal with fouling through design and operation of heat exchangers. 96/03047 Gary No. 13 blast furnace achieves 400 IbslTHM coal Injection In 9 months Sherman, G. J. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995, 54, 39-44. As a result of the Gary No. 13 blast furnace (US Steel Group, Gary, IN.) experience injecting pulverized coal since March 1995, it is shown that the pulverized coal injection rate of 400 lbs/ton pig iron is a very achievable level in a consistent operating regime.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 211
96/03031 Protective oxides In coal-fired combustion cycle power systems Simms, N. J. and Oakey, J. E. Materials at High Temperatures, 1995, 13, (2), 75-80. In most industrial processes operating at elevated temperatures, protective oxide layers perform a vital duty in protecting the underlying metallic alloys from process gases. Coal-fired combined cycle power generation systems present a number of process conditions in which the properties of the protective oxide layers are particularly important. The paper discusses two of these ~articular conditions: (1) 'erosion/corrosion' of in-bed heat exchanger tubing and (2) thermal cycling of hot gas path components. For both these situations, the desirable pro~erties of protective scales are outlined. The behaviour of scales in practice are highlighted. 96/03032 Regulation for combined heat and power In the European Union Hendriks, C. and Blok, K. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 729-734. Combined heat and power generation (CHP) is an important option for reducing the primary energy consumption. The share of CHP-related electricity production in the EU·12 decreased from 8% to 6% of the total produced electricity. Exceptions to this trend are Denmark and The Netherlands. The increase is mainly stimulated by the energy companies, which invest in CHP for their own risk. Additionally, in Denmark also a number of standard settings are used, especially for district heating. 96/03033 Stack downward. Zero emission tuel-Ilred power plants concept Yantovski, E. I. Energy Convers. Mgmt., Jun-Aug. 1996. 37, (6), 867-877. There exists sewerage system for biological wastes in cities and towns, however there are no such systems for technological and energy wastes, released to the atmosphere. The real harm to the atmosphere and lungs is evident. A method of evaluation of CO2 release from fuel-fired power plants and boiler houses based on exergy efficiency is presented. The incremental cost of CO2 emission reduction is calculated. The main SUbject of the paper is a zero-emission power plant.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications in Industry 96/03034 Analysis of the delay hot/cold water problem Saman, N. and Mahdi, H. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 395-400. The authors have analysed the delay hot/cold water problem in a fluid-pipe system. Our simplified model has been used to evaluate variations of pipe and fluid temperatures with time at different locations when the fluid-pipe system is subjected to a sudden increase in fluid temperature at the pipe entrance. The analysis shows a slow increase in pipe temperature with time and an increase of [he fluid temperature at every pipe location. Temperature variations with time move at a velocity less than the fluid velocity. 96/03035 Coke oven gas Injection into blast furnaces Maddalena, F. L. et al., Iron Steelmaker, 1995,22, (10), 93-95. The paper discusses the technical, technology and economical aspects of the implementation of coke oven gas injection in ironmaking blast furnaces at the U.S. Steel Group, USX Corporation. Describes how the replacement of natural gas by coke oven gas injection proved to be feasible and economically advantageous. 96/03036 Developing a library of system control strategies Banyard, C. P. National Conf. Papers, Eastbourne, Oct. 1995, CI8S£, 1995, 2, 137·149. The authors report that the BSRIA is working on a research project to develop a Library of System Control Strategies for building services plant. The services is due to be published by Spring 1997. 96/03037 Development 01 a simUlation tool to enable optimisation of the energy consumption of the industrial timber-drying process Cronin, K. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996,53, (4), 325-340. Reducing the liquid content of green products is an important step in the manufacture of many products. Process conditions in the drying phase have significant influences on the quality of the end product and on energy consumption and required manufacturing lime. Effective optimisation of the drying process requires accurate representation of the drying product and its interaction with its environment. The development of a computer simulation tool to analyse the industrial batch timber drying process is outlined. A detailed finite difference product model describing the heat and mass transfers within a plank during drying is described.
96/03038 DynamiC behaviour of layered columns In pressure swing adsorption Chlendi, M. and Tondeur, D. Gas Sep. Purif., 1995, 9, (4), 231-242. In cenain adsorption processes, several different adsorbents may be used, each more or less specialised for a particular task of selectively taking up certain components. The different adsorbents may be packed in different columns, or, alternatively, in the same column as superposed layers, In the latter case, they necessarily experience the same conditions in terms of throughput, pressure and temperature. The dynamic behaviour, and therefore the optimal design and operation of such beds, is different from that of single adsorbent beds. The passage of concentration waves from one layer to the other and the flow reversal induce particular refraction, dispersion and interference phenomena. The authors propose a method of analysis and respresentation of these phenomena, based on pseudo-characteristics defined as lines propagating constant values of particular concentrations. 96/03039 Effect of coal and coke qualities on blast furnace injection and productivity at Taranto Salvatore, E. et al., Proc. lron making Conference, 1995, 54, 61-70. Based on the experience of injecting pulverized coal into Taranto (ILVA, Taranto, Italy) blast furnaces, the quantitative relationships between coke/coal and blast furnace operational parameters were studied and graphs plotted, An evaluation was made of the effect of using coke breeze in the coke/ferrous charge as well as coal blend. 96/03040 Effect 01 hydroxyl radical on intact microalgal photosynthesis Hirayama, S. et al., Energy Converso Mgm t., Jun-Sep. 1995, 36. (6), 685-688. Photosynthetic CO, fixation with microalgae for new energy and chemical sources is one of the potential method to mitigate CO2 emission. To gain the more productivities for CO migration, the enhancement of photosynthetic productivity is required. Yhe authors focused on the active oxygen that is supposed to be produced in algal cells and causes harmful effects on photosynthesis under high irradiation that is the case of outdoor cultivation circumstances. In this report, the authors have challenged the detection of the active oxygens in microalgal cells, and describes the results obtained. 96/03041 The effects of fuellair mixing on NO. reduct ion and heat-transfer in high-temperature gas-fired glass-melting furnaces Nakamura, T. et al.• J. InSI. of Energy, Mar. 1996, 69, (478), 39·50. The paper describes the results of a series of experiments executed at the International Flame Research Foundation (IFRF) for a consortium of gas companies. The main objective of the experiments was to investigate novel NO,-reduction methods and their impact on heat-transfer in glass-melting furnaces fired by natural gas. 96/03042 Establlshing turbulent flow In heat exchangers Smith, B. R. Plant Engng., Sep. 1995, 49, (12), 94-96. Discusses fluid velocity in heat exchangers and how to increase heat transfer coefficients by establishing turbulent flows. 96/03043 Evaluation of pulverized coal injection technology in blast furneces Olejar, M, et al., Hum. U St)', 1995,50, (6), 6-12. (In Slovak) Describes the experience with injection of powdered coal into blast furnaces. 96/03044 Experience in operatin~ blast furnaces with high oil injection rates and at high production output Altland. R. er al.• Stahl Eisen, 1995, U 5, (8), 83-91. (In German) 96/03045 The FASTMET process. Direct reduction technology for modern steelmaking Griscom, F. N. and Lyles, D. R. Proc. Electr. Fum . Conf , 1995, 75-81. The FASTMETR process for commercial applications uses iron ore concentrates and a carbon-bearing reductant such as coal to quickly and efficiently produce direct reduced iron. The produced iron in the form of pellets or briquettes is intended for use as a charge material in the electric arc furnaces to produce steel products requiring low metallic residuals and in the blast furance as a means to enhance hot metal production. 96/03046 Fouling of heat exchangers Batt, T. R. Elsevie r, Oxford, 1995, 524 pp . An appraisal of current knowledge of heat exchanger fouling, includes fundamental science, mathematical models and practical approaches to deal with fouling through design and operation of heat exchangers. 96/03047 Gary No. 13 blast furnace achieves 400 IbslTHM coal Injection In 9 months Sherman, G. J. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995, 54, 39-44. As a result of the Gary No. 13 blast furnace (US Steel Group, Gary, IN.) experience injecting pulverized coal since March 1995, it is shown that the pulverized coal injection rate of 400 lbs/ton pig iron is a very achievable level in a consistent operating regime.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 211