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Evaluation of some agro-industrial wastes in the feed of Jersey calves
Agricultural Wastes 13 (1985) 15-21
E v a l u a t i o n o f S o m e A g r o - l n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s in the F e e d of Jersey Calves M. P. Narang & Roshan Lal Department of Animal Sciences, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
ABSTRACT lJ certain unconventional and abundantly available agro-industrial wastes like malt sprout (MS), silk worm pupae (SWP), rice-ale-residue (RAR) and apple pomace (AP) could find a place in animal Jeeding it wouldnot only reduce the cost of[eeding but also create an outletJor these wastes,
These by-products were incorporated in starter rations ojJersey calves to the extent of replacing 33 °/o oJ groundnu t cake by either MS( T 2), S WP (7"3) or RAR(T4). In T5, 80%o oJ the maize component was replaced by apple pomace (AP). T 1 calves received the starter with groundnut cake (GNC) and fish meal, as a control. The perjormances oJ calves in all treatments (T 2 to 7"5) were in no way injerior to those of the controls. The average daily body weight gains of cah, es in groups T a to T 5 were 300, 267, 360, 309 and 309 g, respectively. There was no statistical dijJerence in the body measurements oJ calves on all the treatments. Crude protein digestibility was higher in the calvesJed S WP (T3); crudefibre digestibility was significantly higher in the calves of the TI, T 2 and T 3 groups than in the calves oJ the T4group and higher j a t digestibility was observed in group T a. The findings indicated a very usejul substitution by these wastes, which also made the Jeed cheaper.
INTRODUCTION An attempt was made to incorporate some agricultural and industrial wastes in the rations of calves with a view to making cattle rations 15 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/85/$03.30 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1985. Printed in Great Britain
16
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
cheaper. Many unconventional feeds have been tested and useful results have been obtained (Khesari d a l - - D h i m a n et al., 1983; seaweeds-Shukla et al., 1974; citrus pulp--Rodriquez et al., 1974; wet and dried brewer's grains--Porter & Conrad, 1975 and apple pomace--Nicholson et al., 1964). The agricultural and industrial wastes tested in the present investigations were malt sprout, silk worm pupae, rice-ale-residue and apple pomace. Malt sprout (MS) is a spent portion of barley from the manufacture of beer, silk worm pupae (SWP) are a by-product of silk manufacturing, rice-ale-residue (RAR) is a by-product of cottage rice-ale breweries and apple pomace (AP) is the reject portion of the apple processing plants of Himachal Pradesh, a mountainous state of India. METHODS Twenty-five male and female Jersey calves in the age group 4-12 weeks were selected from the Indo-New Zealand Livestock Improvement Project of the Department of Animal Sciences. The calves were divided randomly into five groups on the basis of age, sex and body weight. Each group had three female and two male calves. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric calf starters containing the test by-products were randomly assigned in a feeding trial. The five different starters offered randomly were T~--Contained groundnut cake (GNC) and fish meal as the main source of protein. T g - - A b o u t a third of GNC was replaced by malt sprout (MS) as a protein supplement. T3--About a third of GNC was replaced by silk worm pupae (SWP) as a protein supplement. T 4 - - A b o u t a third of GNC was replaced by rice-ale-residue (RAR) as a protein supplement. T s - - H a d four-fifths of maize replaced by apple pomace (AP) as an energy source. Calves of all treatments were fed their concentrate and milk individually in buckets. Milk was heated and then cooled to body temperature before use. Feeding was carried out twice a day. Green chaffed oats fodder was offered ad lib. after concentrate feeding. Clean water was offered freely all day. The feeding schedule of calves was based
Wastes in calj starters
TABLE
17
1
Chemical C o m p o s i t i o n of Different Ingredients used in C a l f Starters
Ingredients
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fibre
92.20
24.56
13.50
91.90
60,00
93-80 91.30 80.00 89.15 86,95 91.65 92.15
M a l t sprout Silk worm pupae Rice-aleresidue Apple pomace Maize Barley Wheat bran Groundnut cake Fish meal
Ether extract
Nitrogen-Jree extract
Total ash
Silica
1-02
52,77
8-15
2.20
3.04
30.00
2.71
4.25
0.43
24.32 7.50 10.50 10.75 13.50
3.00 15.68 2-00 7.00 10.18
3.15 3.32 4.15 1.67 0-82
64.89 70.00 81.30 77.10 66.45
4.64 3.50 2.05 3.50 8.95
1.60 0.85 ----
42.50 38.50
8.10 2.98
8.50 4-90
35-05 20.48
5.85 33.14
---
on the requirements given by NRC (1978). The growth studies were of 20 weeks' duration, after which a metabolic trial was conducted to determine the digestibilities of various nutrients. The proximate analyses of feed ingredients used are given in Table 1 and the compositions of the test starters in Table 2. TABLE
2
C o m p o s i t i o n of D i f f e r e n t C a l f S t a r t e r s
Ingredient
Maize Barley Wheat bran G r o u n d n u t cake Fish meal M a l t sprout Silk w o r m pupae Rice-ale-residue Apple p o m a c e Molasses Dicalcium p h o s p h a t e Mineral mixture Salt
Per cent in concentrate mixture T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
20 15 l0 35 10
16 9 7 23 10 25
17 18 17 20 10 --
8 7 15 22 10
4 15 4 37 10
28
--
-7
20 7
--
--
7 1.5 0.5 1
8
--
-7
7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0,5
0-5
0.5
1
1
1
1
18
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
Weekly body weights, body length (shoulder point of scapula to hip joint of pelvic girdle), body girth (around thorax, just behind forelimbs) and body height (at highest wither point) were measured. Metabolic studies were conducted in a 7-day metabolic trial in which all the twenty-five calves were included. Urine and faeces samples were collected every day from individual calves. Weekly body weights, body gains and different body measurements, as well as the data obtained from the metabolic trial, were statistically analysed in order to test the differences, if any, due to the treatments (Snedecor, 1961).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The major parameters evaluated were changes in body weights and body measurements at definite time intervals. Calves of the control group (T 0 were given a conventional feed made up of groundnut cake and fish meal as the main source of protein. The calves of the control (T~), the rice-ale-residue (T4) and the apple pomace (Ts) groups showed a similar trend in body weight gain, but the average gains in these groups were less than those of the calves fed silk worm pupae (T3). However, the differences in body weight gains by calves on different treatments were statistically non-significant (Table 3). The performances on all the treatments remained constant until the eighth week of the experiment (weight gain was 20.0, 19-0, 22.0, 20.0 and 20.0kg for T 1 to T 5, respectively), indicating that the different byproducts used in the study did not have any different effects on body gains and were identical to the control. Successful replacements have also been reported by other workers, where malt sprout was used for buffaloes (Singhal & Mudgal, 1980), silk worm pupae for poultry (Saini, 1975), apple pomace for heifers (Nicholson et al. 1964; Rumsey, 1979) and riceale-residue for chicks (Katoch et al. 1975). By the twelfth week of age, however, the calves fed silk worm pupae had gained more body weight than those of other treatments, and this trend continued until the end of the experiment. The body weights attained by calves fed malt sprout were the lowest. This may be associated with higher nitrogen digestibility in T 3 (Table 4). The general rate of weight gain by calves of all groups was in agreement with those reported by Mudgal & Ray (1965) for the Sahiwal breed, Dave
19
Wastes in calf starters TABLE 3
Average Body Weights and Daily Weight Gains of Jersey Calves fed on Different Calf Starters Details
Groundnut cake +fish meal (T1)
Malt sprout
Silk worm pupae
Rice-aleresidue
Apple pomace
(T2)
(T3)
(T 4)
(T 5)
36.60
37.70
36-20
36.20
36.50
78.60
75.20
86.60
79.40
79.70
42.00
37.50
50.40
43.20
43.20
2.10
1.87
2.52
2.16
2.16
300 0.79
267 072
360 0.84
309 0'79
309 0.77
Average initial body weight (kg) Average final body weight (kg) Average total body weight gain (kg) Average weekly body weight gain (kg) Average daily body weight gain (g) Standard error
et al. (1971) for Tharparkar and Dhiman et al. (1983) for pure Jersey
calves of comparable age. The analysis of data of individual weeks indicated that the body weight gains at the eighth, ninth, eighteenth and nineteenth weeks were significantly different in the different treatments. The calves of T 3 surpassed the rest of the treatments in these weeks. Of the other treatments, in the eighth week gains by calves fed rice-ale-residue (T4) were significantly more than those by controls (T1) and those fed apple pomace (Ts). In the ninth week, T 4 calves had significantly higher gains TABLE 4
Effect of Digestibility of Feeds of Different Treatments Group
Dr)' matter
Crude protein
Crude .fibre
Ether extract
NitrogenJree extract
Average (~) TDN
Nutritive ratio
T1 T2 T3 T~, T5
71"76 71"28 72"65 68"95 69"06
67'81 67"36 69"77 61 "99 60' 14
68"40 67"48 67"66 56'62 62"77
69"98 59'21 55'98 64"01 60"67
75'86 74'91 76"48 75"23 74"69
70-17 66"18 67'52 66"41 64"98
6"72 6"79 6"76 7"63 8'08
20
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
than the calves in the other treatment groups and T s performed better than T 1. The body weight gains of all the treatments in the ninth week surpassed the control, whereas the eighteenth week gains were highest in T 1. Although there were these differences in average body weight gains among treatments during the experiment, this did not have any overall significance on the final b o d y weights attained by calves of all treatments. Other body measurements did not differ significantly between groups, although there were some differences in digestibilities of feed components (Table 4). Overall, it can be inferred from the present study that the byproducts investigated can safely be included in calf starter rations without any ill effects. The usefulness of such products has also been reported by Singhal & Mudgal (1980), Yadav et al. (1980), Perillo & Dell' Aversano (1978), Saini (1975) and Rumsey (1979).
REFERENCES Dave, Chhabra, B. K., Ranjan, S. K. & Upadhyaya (1971). Effect of limited milk intake on the growth rate of newly born calves up to six months of age. Indian J. Anim. Prod., 2, 22. Dhiman, T. R., Sharma, V, K. & Narang, M. P. (1983). Evaluation of Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativa) in calf starter. Agricultural Wastes 8, 1-8. Katoch, B. S., Katoch, R. C., Mahajan, N. C., Goswami, A. K. & Manuja, N. K. (1975). Biological evaluation of metabolisable energy determination of riceale-residue for growing chicks. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 45, 893. Mudgal, V. D. & Ray, S. N. (1965). Studies on the growth of Sahiwal cattle. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 18, 65. Nicholson, J. W. G., Friend, D. W. & Cunningham, H. M. (1964). The feeding value of dried potato pulp for fattening cattle and lambs. Canad. J. Anim. Sei. 44, 39. NRC (1978). Nutrients requirements of growing heiJers. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Perillo, G. & Dell' Aversano, R. (1978). Brewer's yeast in feeds for livestock. Nutr. Abst. Rev. B. 1979 49: Abst. 2289. Porter, R. M. & Conard, H. R. (1975). Comparative nutritive value of wet and dried brewer's grains for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 747. Rodriquez, V., Rodriquez, B. and Peron, N. (1974). Effect of addition of green forage to an integral diet of citrus pulp on the performance of young calves. Cuban J. Agr. Sci., 8(2), 137-43. Rumsey, T. S. (1979). Ruminal fermentation products and plasma ammonia of fistulated steers fed apple pomace-urea diets. J. Anita. Sci. 47, 967. Saini, Y. P. (1975). The multipurpose silk worm pupae. Indian Silk. Fed. 75. Shukla, P. C., Talpada, P. M. & Patel, B. M. (1974). Utilization of sea weeds in
Wastes in calf starters
21
the concentrates ration of growing calves. Indian J. Animal Sci., 44(7), 428-31. Singhal, K. K. & Mudgal, V. D. (1980). Studies on the utilisation of complete feed based on treated roughages and agro-industrial byproducts for ruminants. Proceedings of National Symposium on Recycling of Residues of Agriculture and Industry, PAU, Ludhiana. Snedecor, G. W. (1961). Statistical methods, Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd, Bombay. Yadav, K. R., Khirwar, S. S., Paliwal, V. K. & Sharda, D. P. (1980). Nutritive value of malt sprout and its use in sheep feeding. Proceedings of National Symposium on Recycling Residues oJ Agriculture and Industry, PAU, Ludhiana.
E v a l u a t i o n o f S o m e A g r o - l n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s in the F e e d of Jersey Calves M. P. Narang & Roshan Lal Department of Animal Sciences, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
ABSTRACT lJ certain unconventional and abundantly available agro-industrial wastes like malt sprout (MS), silk worm pupae (SWP), rice-ale-residue (RAR) and apple pomace (AP) could find a place in animal Jeeding it wouldnot only reduce the cost of[eeding but also create an outletJor these wastes,
These by-products were incorporated in starter rations ojJersey calves to the extent of replacing 33 °/o oJ groundnu t cake by either MS( T 2), S WP (7"3) or RAR(T4). In T5, 80%o oJ the maize component was replaced by apple pomace (AP). T 1 calves received the starter with groundnut cake (GNC) and fish meal, as a control. The perjormances oJ calves in all treatments (T 2 to 7"5) were in no way injerior to those of the controls. The average daily body weight gains of cah, es in groups T a to T 5 were 300, 267, 360, 309 and 309 g, respectively. There was no statistical dijJerence in the body measurements oJ calves on all the treatments. Crude protein digestibility was higher in the calvesJed S WP (T3); crudefibre digestibility was significantly higher in the calves of the TI, T 2 and T 3 groups than in the calves oJ the T4group and higher j a t digestibility was observed in group T a. The findings indicated a very usejul substitution by these wastes, which also made the Jeed cheaper.
INTRODUCTION An attempt was made to incorporate some agricultural and industrial wastes in the rations of calves with a view to making cattle rations 15 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/85/$03.30 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1985. Printed in Great Britain
16
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
cheaper. Many unconventional feeds have been tested and useful results have been obtained (Khesari d a l - - D h i m a n et al., 1983; seaweeds-Shukla et al., 1974; citrus pulp--Rodriquez et al., 1974; wet and dried brewer's grains--Porter & Conrad, 1975 and apple pomace--Nicholson et al., 1964). The agricultural and industrial wastes tested in the present investigations were malt sprout, silk worm pupae, rice-ale-residue and apple pomace. Malt sprout (MS) is a spent portion of barley from the manufacture of beer, silk worm pupae (SWP) are a by-product of silk manufacturing, rice-ale-residue (RAR) is a by-product of cottage rice-ale breweries and apple pomace (AP) is the reject portion of the apple processing plants of Himachal Pradesh, a mountainous state of India. METHODS Twenty-five male and female Jersey calves in the age group 4-12 weeks were selected from the Indo-New Zealand Livestock Improvement Project of the Department of Animal Sciences. The calves were divided randomly into five groups on the basis of age, sex and body weight. Each group had three female and two male calves. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric calf starters containing the test by-products were randomly assigned in a feeding trial. The five different starters offered randomly were T~--Contained groundnut cake (GNC) and fish meal as the main source of protein. T g - - A b o u t a third of GNC was replaced by malt sprout (MS) as a protein supplement. T3--About a third of GNC was replaced by silk worm pupae (SWP) as a protein supplement. T 4 - - A b o u t a third of GNC was replaced by rice-ale-residue (RAR) as a protein supplement. T s - - H a d four-fifths of maize replaced by apple pomace (AP) as an energy source. Calves of all treatments were fed their concentrate and milk individually in buckets. Milk was heated and then cooled to body temperature before use. Feeding was carried out twice a day. Green chaffed oats fodder was offered ad lib. after concentrate feeding. Clean water was offered freely all day. The feeding schedule of calves was based
Wastes in calj starters
TABLE
17
1
Chemical C o m p o s i t i o n of Different Ingredients used in C a l f Starters
Ingredients
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fibre
92.20
24.56
13.50
91.90
60,00
93-80 91.30 80.00 89.15 86,95 91.65 92.15
M a l t sprout Silk worm pupae Rice-aleresidue Apple pomace Maize Barley Wheat bran Groundnut cake Fish meal
Ether extract
Nitrogen-Jree extract
Total ash
Silica
1-02
52,77
8-15
2.20
3.04
30.00
2.71
4.25
0.43
24.32 7.50 10.50 10.75 13.50
3.00 15.68 2-00 7.00 10.18
3.15 3.32 4.15 1.67 0-82
64.89 70.00 81.30 77.10 66.45
4.64 3.50 2.05 3.50 8.95
1.60 0.85 ----
42.50 38.50
8.10 2.98
8.50 4-90
35-05 20.48
5.85 33.14
---
on the requirements given by NRC (1978). The growth studies were of 20 weeks' duration, after which a metabolic trial was conducted to determine the digestibilities of various nutrients. The proximate analyses of feed ingredients used are given in Table 1 and the compositions of the test starters in Table 2. TABLE
2
C o m p o s i t i o n of D i f f e r e n t C a l f S t a r t e r s
Ingredient
Maize Barley Wheat bran G r o u n d n u t cake Fish meal M a l t sprout Silk w o r m pupae Rice-ale-residue Apple p o m a c e Molasses Dicalcium p h o s p h a t e Mineral mixture Salt
Per cent in concentrate mixture T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
20 15 l0 35 10
16 9 7 23 10 25
17 18 17 20 10 --
8 7 15 22 10
4 15 4 37 10
28
--
-7
20 7
--
--
7 1.5 0.5 1
8
--
-7
7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0,5
0-5
0.5
1
1
1
1
18
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
Weekly body weights, body length (shoulder point of scapula to hip joint of pelvic girdle), body girth (around thorax, just behind forelimbs) and body height (at highest wither point) were measured. Metabolic studies were conducted in a 7-day metabolic trial in which all the twenty-five calves were included. Urine and faeces samples were collected every day from individual calves. Weekly body weights, body gains and different body measurements, as well as the data obtained from the metabolic trial, were statistically analysed in order to test the differences, if any, due to the treatments (Snedecor, 1961).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The major parameters evaluated were changes in body weights and body measurements at definite time intervals. Calves of the control group (T 0 were given a conventional feed made up of groundnut cake and fish meal as the main source of protein. The calves of the control (T~), the rice-ale-residue (T4) and the apple pomace (Ts) groups showed a similar trend in body weight gain, but the average gains in these groups were less than those of the calves fed silk worm pupae (T3). However, the differences in body weight gains by calves on different treatments were statistically non-significant (Table 3). The performances on all the treatments remained constant until the eighth week of the experiment (weight gain was 20.0, 19-0, 22.0, 20.0 and 20.0kg for T 1 to T 5, respectively), indicating that the different byproducts used in the study did not have any different effects on body gains and were identical to the control. Successful replacements have also been reported by other workers, where malt sprout was used for buffaloes (Singhal & Mudgal, 1980), silk worm pupae for poultry (Saini, 1975), apple pomace for heifers (Nicholson et al. 1964; Rumsey, 1979) and riceale-residue for chicks (Katoch et al. 1975). By the twelfth week of age, however, the calves fed silk worm pupae had gained more body weight than those of other treatments, and this trend continued until the end of the experiment. The body weights attained by calves fed malt sprout were the lowest. This may be associated with higher nitrogen digestibility in T 3 (Table 4). The general rate of weight gain by calves of all groups was in agreement with those reported by Mudgal & Ray (1965) for the Sahiwal breed, Dave
19
Wastes in calf starters TABLE 3
Average Body Weights and Daily Weight Gains of Jersey Calves fed on Different Calf Starters Details
Groundnut cake +fish meal (T1)
Malt sprout
Silk worm pupae
Rice-aleresidue
Apple pomace
(T2)
(T3)
(T 4)
(T 5)
36.60
37.70
36-20
36.20
36.50
78.60
75.20
86.60
79.40
79.70
42.00
37.50
50.40
43.20
43.20
2.10
1.87
2.52
2.16
2.16
300 0.79
267 072
360 0.84
309 0'79
309 0.77
Average initial body weight (kg) Average final body weight (kg) Average total body weight gain (kg) Average weekly body weight gain (kg) Average daily body weight gain (g) Standard error
et al. (1971) for Tharparkar and Dhiman et al. (1983) for pure Jersey
calves of comparable age. The analysis of data of individual weeks indicated that the body weight gains at the eighth, ninth, eighteenth and nineteenth weeks were significantly different in the different treatments. The calves of T 3 surpassed the rest of the treatments in these weeks. Of the other treatments, in the eighth week gains by calves fed rice-ale-residue (T4) were significantly more than those by controls (T1) and those fed apple pomace (Ts). In the ninth week, T 4 calves had significantly higher gains TABLE 4
Effect of Digestibility of Feeds of Different Treatments Group
Dr)' matter
Crude protein
Crude .fibre
Ether extract
NitrogenJree extract
Average (~) TDN
Nutritive ratio
T1 T2 T3 T~, T5
71"76 71"28 72"65 68"95 69"06
67'81 67"36 69"77 61 "99 60' 14
68"40 67"48 67"66 56'62 62"77
69"98 59'21 55'98 64"01 60"67
75'86 74'91 76"48 75"23 74"69
70-17 66"18 67'52 66"41 64"98
6"72 6"79 6"76 7"63 8'08
20
M. P. Narang, Roshan Lal
than the calves in the other treatment groups and T s performed better than T 1. The body weight gains of all the treatments in the ninth week surpassed the control, whereas the eighteenth week gains were highest in T 1. Although there were these differences in average body weight gains among treatments during the experiment, this did not have any overall significance on the final b o d y weights attained by calves of all treatments. Other body measurements did not differ significantly between groups, although there were some differences in digestibilities of feed components (Table 4). Overall, it can be inferred from the present study that the byproducts investigated can safely be included in calf starter rations without any ill effects. The usefulness of such products has also been reported by Singhal & Mudgal (1980), Yadav et al. (1980), Perillo & Dell' Aversano (1978), Saini (1975) and Rumsey (1979).
REFERENCES Dave, Chhabra, B. K., Ranjan, S. K. & Upadhyaya (1971). Effect of limited milk intake on the growth rate of newly born calves up to six months of age. Indian J. Anim. Prod., 2, 22. Dhiman, T. R., Sharma, V, K. & Narang, M. P. (1983). Evaluation of Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativa) in calf starter. Agricultural Wastes 8, 1-8. Katoch, B. S., Katoch, R. C., Mahajan, N. C., Goswami, A. K. & Manuja, N. K. (1975). Biological evaluation of metabolisable energy determination of riceale-residue for growing chicks. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 45, 893. Mudgal, V. D. & Ray, S. N. (1965). Studies on the growth of Sahiwal cattle. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 18, 65. Nicholson, J. W. G., Friend, D. W. & Cunningham, H. M. (1964). The feeding value of dried potato pulp for fattening cattle and lambs. Canad. J. Anim. Sei. 44, 39. NRC (1978). Nutrients requirements of growing heiJers. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Perillo, G. & Dell' Aversano, R. (1978). Brewer's yeast in feeds for livestock. Nutr. Abst. Rev. B. 1979 49: Abst. 2289. Porter, R. M. & Conard, H. R. (1975). Comparative nutritive value of wet and dried brewer's grains for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 747. Rodriquez, V., Rodriquez, B. and Peron, N. (1974). Effect of addition of green forage to an integral diet of citrus pulp on the performance of young calves. Cuban J. Agr. Sci., 8(2), 137-43. Rumsey, T. S. (1979). Ruminal fermentation products and plasma ammonia of fistulated steers fed apple pomace-urea diets. J. Anita. Sci. 47, 967. Saini, Y. P. (1975). The multipurpose silk worm pupae. Indian Silk. Fed. 75. Shukla, P. C., Talpada, P. M. & Patel, B. M. (1974). Utilization of sea weeds in
Wastes in calf starters
21
the concentrates ration of growing calves. Indian J. Animal Sci., 44(7), 428-31. Singhal, K. K. & Mudgal, V. D. (1980). Studies on the utilisation of complete feed based on treated roughages and agro-industrial byproducts for ruminants. Proceedings of National Symposium on Recycling of Residues of Agriculture and Industry, PAU, Ludhiana. Snedecor, G. W. (1961). Statistical methods, Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd, Bombay. Yadav, K. R., Khirwar, S. S., Paliwal, V. K. & Sharda, D. P. (1980). Nutritive value of malt sprout and its use in sheep feeding. Proceedings of National Symposium on Recycling Residues oJ Agriculture and Industry, PAU, Ludhiana.