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Evaluation of the energy expenditure for various work postures and their effect on total energy expenditure (In French)
Abstracts
Information processing and transmission
To provide readers of Applied Ergonomicswith a selection of current ergonomics literature likely to be of direct practical value, abstracts are published selected from the collection held at the Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre. These abstracts are classified in a similar manner to the main articles in the journal; for easy reference, the code number at the head of each abstact (eg 1.1.21 ) consists of the volume number, part of issue number and a sequential number. The published abstacts are only a selection of the Centre's material and readers concerned with specific areas are invited to contact the Centre for further information. Those readers unable to obtain copies of the original articles abstracted here through their usual sources, such as a company librarian, may obtain photocopies from the Centre. Details of this service are available from The Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre, Department of Engineering Production, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham 15. Tel. 021-472 1301.
General 3.1.224(58245)
Holding, D.H. Experimental psychology in industry Penguin Books Ltd, 1969, 445 pp, £0.60; abstr, in Training Abstracts This is a collection of papers chosen from experiments on the behaviour of men as operators, controllers and monitors of their instruments, vehicles and equipment. This collection represents the application of experimental laboratory methods to research in industrial psychology. There are 23 papers divided into seven groups: (1) Human Engineering, (2) Maintenance, (3) Monitoring and Inspection, (4) Technological Skills, (5) Training, (6) Ageing, (7) Noise. The 23 papers appeared in such journals as 'Ergonomics', 'Occupational Psychology', 'The Lancet' and 'Glass Technology' and in American journals between 1954 and 1967, but most papers are.recent - fourteen since 1960. The authors include A.T. Welford, D.E. Broadbent, R. Conrad, E. Belbin and K.F.H. MurreU.
Visual processes in man 3.1.225(58257)
Guilino, G. Vision testing prior to assignment to a post (In G e r m a n ) A r beitsmedizin-So zialm ediz inArbeitshygiene, 1970, 5.4, 100-104; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts Since even persons with relatively good eyesight find their sight disturbed
52
after prolonged visual effort, it is necessary to check workers' aptitude to perform certain visual tasks. The relationship between visual capacity and work results is determined statistically. Description of various visual tests and the relevant instruments used in industry. Results of the statistical processing and interpretation of these results. Eyesight criteria applicable to the choice of workers for certain posts.
3.1.226(58266) Wannemacher, U.P. Examinations of people suffering from partial colour blindness in view of their admission as vocational motorists (In German) Zeitschrift fur Verkehrssicherheit, 1971, 1.1, 20-29 In January 1970 all files of 1947 to 1969 were re-examined by the Forensic Medicine Institute, Zurich, as a result of petitions from people suffering from partial colour blindness, for higherclassified driving licences (category b = light taxis, category c = heavy-duty buses, category d = heavy-duty road trucks). 97 petitioners succeeded in being re-tested by the anomaloscope and with the aid of the Velhagen and Ishihara tables. In 50% (48 out of 97) of the cases examined a different diagnosis was given to that found by the initial test of the Forensic Medicine Institute. It proved that an accurate diagnosis is feasible with the aid of the anomaloscope. In particular, the redblindness people could not be definitely distinguished from other persons suffering from partial colour blindness. Nevertheless the Ishihara tables proved to be suitable for screen tests.
Applied Ergonomics March 1972
3.1.227(58371)
Hankins III, W.W. and Gainer, P.A. Reaction times of subjects in tests with display-control configurations typical of those used in continuous tracking tasks Abstr. in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (Report No N7116506), Feb. 1971 Reaction times of human subjects to different displays have been measured. Statistical analyses were made of the effects of intersubject variability, direction of display m o t i o n , display differences, learning and fatigue, and rates of display indicator motion. Subjects using the same displaycontrol configuration exhibited significantly different response times. Reaction times were found to differ significantly with displays and display indicator rates.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 3.1.228(58423) Southgate, D.A.T. and Shirling, D. The energy expenditure and food intake of the ship's c o m p a n y of a submarine Ergonomics, 1970, 13.6, 777-782 The energy expenditure and food intake of the ship's c o m p a n y of a conventionally-powered submarine were measured under normal operational conditions. Energy expenditure measured in a representative sample of 17 men by the activity diary method and measurements of ventilation rates a m o u n t e d to 2980"2-_ 320 (SD) kcal/man/24 h, varying considerably with the duties of the individual. F o o d intake was estimated by measuring the food drawn from stores and by collection and analysis of food waste and indicated an intake of approximately 3700 kcal/man/24 h whilst at sea; in addition thirteen men weighed their food individually and had a mean intake of 3340 + 541 kcal/ man]24 h. 3.1.229(58424) Tarri~re, C. and Andre, A. Evaluation of the energy expenditure for various work postures and their effect on total energy expenditure (In French) Conditions de Travail, Jun. 1970, No 12, 25-44; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
As uncomfortable postures are a basic cause of dissatisfaction and failure to adapt to work on assembly lines, a large French car construction company carried out shopfloor and laboratory studies to evaluate the energy expenditure brought about by certain postures, and the effort required to work at various levels above heart level, and at various rates of work. The energy expenditure for different basic rest postures varies greatly, and the increase in heart rate during effort varies according to the posture adopted. If work at heart level is taken as reference, i t has to be increased by 20% at eye level and by 65% at the maximum height above the head. On the average, the rest period needed by women is three times that required by men. 3.1.230(58426)
Romstedt, W. and Scholtissek, W. Safe man~aal handling (In German)
Arbeitsschutz Aktuel lnteressant, 1969, 16, 25 pp; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
performance. The degree of attention given by humans to various areas of a display field is examined. Displays are discussed which are modified in such a way as to encourage a search pattern in which an equal amount of attention is given to the important parts of a display. 3.1.233(58460) Gold, T. and Potter, E.F. Visual suitability - a primary factor in head-up displays
Sperry Rand Engineering Review, 1969, 22.3, 37-43; abstr, in Aerospace Medicine Discussion of optical suitability to the visual requirements of pilots as an important consideration in the design o f head-up displays. Optical parameters in projection displays are examined. A telecentric viewed system is discussed which was developed to permit binocular disparity tests to be accomplished with dynamic head-up display imagery. Applications of the tests to the optical design of two headup display systems are described.
The pamphlet discusses human physiological factors (maximum loads for women and young persons), the .3.1.234(58463) properties of goods and basic handling Johansson, G. and Backlund, F. rules, transportation in containers, use Drivers and road signs of handling facilities, slinging equipErgonomics, 1970, 13.6, 749-759 ment, specifications for transport routes and methods. A list is provided The function of the road sign system of German regulations concerning all as an information channel for car types of transportation work. Proposals drivers was investigated, The data were are made for the improvement of safety, gathered from more than 5000 car based on an analysis of materials drivers stopped after passing a road handling accidents. sign on a Swedish highway. The main results are as follows: (1) The overall probability of a road sign being 3.1.231(58432) noticed on passing is not higher than Delahaye, R.-P., Auffret, R., Gueffier, about 0"5. (2) The different signs G. and Seris, H. studied form a scale of recording Radiography of the spine in the seated probability of perception extending position - significance to aeronautical from a l o w g r o u p with a probability medicine (In French) of being perceived of about 0"25 up to Revue des Corps de Sante des Armees, a group with probabilities between Oct. 1969, 10,571-574; abstr: in 0"60-0"75. The rank order of the signs Aerospace Medicine is consistent between occasions. (3) Examination of spinal statics in the The results verified the outcome of a seated position, including a discussion previous investigation by Johansson of studies of aircraft seats. Radiography and Rumar, 1966. The main conclusion in the seated position, in the particular must be that the road sign system to a problem of aeronautical ergonomics, high degree does not achieve its facilitates understanding of the purpose. appearance of fractures at a certain point and the role of various factors such as seat position, condition of the 3.1.235(58478) spine, and equipment. Riehards, D.L. Loudness rating of telephone speech paths 3.1.232(58459) Proceedings of the Institution of
Auditory displays
Visual displays Baker, C.H.
Designing displays for h u m a n use
Naval Research Reviews, Jan. 1970, 23, 1-9; abstr, in Aerospace Medicine Discussion of displays which will result in an improved target detection
Electrical Engineers, Mar.-Apr. 1971, 118.3-4, 423-436 Telephone engineers rely a great deal on loudness ratings of speech paths for the framing of national transmission plans and for international
recommendations to secure proper co-ordination between national networks. Loudness ratings for such use are, by convention, based on subjective loudness comparisons against a specified high-quality reference system (NOSFER), and the measurements are difficult to reproduce accurately. A great deal of work has already been done to enable such ratings (called 'reference equivalents') to be determined, by calculation from instrumentally measured sensitivities of the telephone sets and local lines. However, little practical use can be made of these results because of a lack of properly specified instrumental measuring methods. The situation may improve when international agreement has been achieved on the characteristics and method of use of artificial mouths and artificial ears for telephony. The paper presents a review of available fundamental information marshalled into a form convenient for use as soon as suitable electroacoustical measuring methods have been defined and accepted. The precision and reliability of loudness ratings can also be improved by replacing the wideband reference system by an 'intermediate reference system' more like commercial telephone equipment to be tested. Particulars suitable for such a system are suggested.
Workspace layout and
equipment design 3.1.236(5848 l) Brookes, M.J.
Changes in employee attitudes and work practices in the office landscape
Human Factors Design and Research Inc., New York, USA, Oct, 1970, 59 pp The attitudes of employees towards work practices and their office environment were studied before and after a move to a modern office landscaped environment. While the modern design was rated more highly in aesthetic value than the conventional open plan office in which the employees has worked, the modern design was perceived as less efficient and utilitarian a place in which to work. The noise level and number of distractions were also seen as having increased. There was no evidence to suggest that the office landscape motivates workers to a higher level of productivity. 3.1.237(58482) Gorlitz, F. The driver's position on railway locomotives as an example of a workplace of particular significance for occupational health in transport (In German)
Arbeitsmedizin-Sozialmedizin-Arbeits-
Applied Ergonomics March 1972
53
Information processing and transmission
To provide readers of Applied Ergonomicswith a selection of current ergonomics literature likely to be of direct practical value, abstracts are published selected from the collection held at the Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre. These abstracts are classified in a similar manner to the main articles in the journal; for easy reference, the code number at the head of each abstact (eg 1.1.21 ) consists of the volume number, part of issue number and a sequential number. The published abstacts are only a selection of the Centre's material and readers concerned with specific areas are invited to contact the Centre for further information. Those readers unable to obtain copies of the original articles abstracted here through their usual sources, such as a company librarian, may obtain photocopies from the Centre. Details of this service are available from The Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre, Department of Engineering Production, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham 15. Tel. 021-472 1301.
General 3.1.224(58245)
Holding, D.H. Experimental psychology in industry Penguin Books Ltd, 1969, 445 pp, £0.60; abstr, in Training Abstracts This is a collection of papers chosen from experiments on the behaviour of men as operators, controllers and monitors of their instruments, vehicles and equipment. This collection represents the application of experimental laboratory methods to research in industrial psychology. There are 23 papers divided into seven groups: (1) Human Engineering, (2) Maintenance, (3) Monitoring and Inspection, (4) Technological Skills, (5) Training, (6) Ageing, (7) Noise. The 23 papers appeared in such journals as 'Ergonomics', 'Occupational Psychology', 'The Lancet' and 'Glass Technology' and in American journals between 1954 and 1967, but most papers are.recent - fourteen since 1960. The authors include A.T. Welford, D.E. Broadbent, R. Conrad, E. Belbin and K.F.H. MurreU.
Visual processes in man 3.1.225(58257)
Guilino, G. Vision testing prior to assignment to a post (In G e r m a n ) A r beitsmedizin-So zialm ediz inArbeitshygiene, 1970, 5.4, 100-104; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts Since even persons with relatively good eyesight find their sight disturbed
52
after prolonged visual effort, it is necessary to check workers' aptitude to perform certain visual tasks. The relationship between visual capacity and work results is determined statistically. Description of various visual tests and the relevant instruments used in industry. Results of the statistical processing and interpretation of these results. Eyesight criteria applicable to the choice of workers for certain posts.
3.1.226(58266) Wannemacher, U.P. Examinations of people suffering from partial colour blindness in view of their admission as vocational motorists (In German) Zeitschrift fur Verkehrssicherheit, 1971, 1.1, 20-29 In January 1970 all files of 1947 to 1969 were re-examined by the Forensic Medicine Institute, Zurich, as a result of petitions from people suffering from partial colour blindness, for higherclassified driving licences (category b = light taxis, category c = heavy-duty buses, category d = heavy-duty road trucks). 97 petitioners succeeded in being re-tested by the anomaloscope and with the aid of the Velhagen and Ishihara tables. In 50% (48 out of 97) of the cases examined a different diagnosis was given to that found by the initial test of the Forensic Medicine Institute. It proved that an accurate diagnosis is feasible with the aid of the anomaloscope. In particular, the redblindness people could not be definitely distinguished from other persons suffering from partial colour blindness. Nevertheless the Ishihara tables proved to be suitable for screen tests.
Applied Ergonomics March 1972
3.1.227(58371)
Hankins III, W.W. and Gainer, P.A. Reaction times of subjects in tests with display-control configurations typical of those used in continuous tracking tasks Abstr. in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (Report No N7116506), Feb. 1971 Reaction times of human subjects to different displays have been measured. Statistical analyses were made of the effects of intersubject variability, direction of display m o t i o n , display differences, learning and fatigue, and rates of display indicator motion. Subjects using the same displaycontrol configuration exhibited significantly different response times. Reaction times were found to differ significantly with displays and display indicator rates.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 3.1.228(58423) Southgate, D.A.T. and Shirling, D. The energy expenditure and food intake of the ship's c o m p a n y of a submarine Ergonomics, 1970, 13.6, 777-782 The energy expenditure and food intake of the ship's c o m p a n y of a conventionally-powered submarine were measured under normal operational conditions. Energy expenditure measured in a representative sample of 17 men by the activity diary method and measurements of ventilation rates a m o u n t e d to 2980"2-_ 320 (SD) kcal/man/24 h, varying considerably with the duties of the individual. F o o d intake was estimated by measuring the food drawn from stores and by collection and analysis of food waste and indicated an intake of approximately 3700 kcal/man/24 h whilst at sea; in addition thirteen men weighed their food individually and had a mean intake of 3340 + 541 kcal/ man]24 h. 3.1.229(58424) Tarri~re, C. and Andre, A. Evaluation of the energy expenditure for various work postures and their effect on total energy expenditure (In French) Conditions de Travail, Jun. 1970, No 12, 25-44; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
As uncomfortable postures are a basic cause of dissatisfaction and failure to adapt to work on assembly lines, a large French car construction company carried out shopfloor and laboratory studies to evaluate the energy expenditure brought about by certain postures, and the effort required to work at various levels above heart level, and at various rates of work. The energy expenditure for different basic rest postures varies greatly, and the increase in heart rate during effort varies according to the posture adopted. If work at heart level is taken as reference, i t has to be increased by 20% at eye level and by 65% at the maximum height above the head. On the average, the rest period needed by women is three times that required by men. 3.1.230(58426)
Romstedt, W. and Scholtissek, W. Safe man~aal handling (In German)
Arbeitsschutz Aktuel lnteressant, 1969, 16, 25 pp; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
performance. The degree of attention given by humans to various areas of a display field is examined. Displays are discussed which are modified in such a way as to encourage a search pattern in which an equal amount of attention is given to the important parts of a display. 3.1.233(58460) Gold, T. and Potter, E.F. Visual suitability - a primary factor in head-up displays
Sperry Rand Engineering Review, 1969, 22.3, 37-43; abstr, in Aerospace Medicine Discussion of optical suitability to the visual requirements of pilots as an important consideration in the design o f head-up displays. Optical parameters in projection displays are examined. A telecentric viewed system is discussed which was developed to permit binocular disparity tests to be accomplished with dynamic head-up display imagery. Applications of the tests to the optical design of two headup display systems are described.
The pamphlet discusses human physiological factors (maximum loads for women and young persons), the .3.1.234(58463) properties of goods and basic handling Johansson, G. and Backlund, F. rules, transportation in containers, use Drivers and road signs of handling facilities, slinging equipErgonomics, 1970, 13.6, 749-759 ment, specifications for transport routes and methods. A list is provided The function of the road sign system of German regulations concerning all as an information channel for car types of transportation work. Proposals drivers was investigated, The data were are made for the improvement of safety, gathered from more than 5000 car based on an analysis of materials drivers stopped after passing a road handling accidents. sign on a Swedish highway. The main results are as follows: (1) The overall probability of a road sign being 3.1.231(58432) noticed on passing is not higher than Delahaye, R.-P., Auffret, R., Gueffier, about 0"5. (2) The different signs G. and Seris, H. studied form a scale of recording Radiography of the spine in the seated probability of perception extending position - significance to aeronautical from a l o w g r o u p with a probability medicine (In French) of being perceived of about 0"25 up to Revue des Corps de Sante des Armees, a group with probabilities between Oct. 1969, 10,571-574; abstr: in 0"60-0"75. The rank order of the signs Aerospace Medicine is consistent between occasions. (3) Examination of spinal statics in the The results verified the outcome of a seated position, including a discussion previous investigation by Johansson of studies of aircraft seats. Radiography and Rumar, 1966. The main conclusion in the seated position, in the particular must be that the road sign system to a problem of aeronautical ergonomics, high degree does not achieve its facilitates understanding of the purpose. appearance of fractures at a certain point and the role of various factors such as seat position, condition of the 3.1.235(58478) spine, and equipment. Riehards, D.L. Loudness rating of telephone speech paths 3.1.232(58459) Proceedings of the Institution of
Auditory displays
Visual displays Baker, C.H.
Designing displays for h u m a n use
Naval Research Reviews, Jan. 1970, 23, 1-9; abstr, in Aerospace Medicine Discussion of displays which will result in an improved target detection
Electrical Engineers, Mar.-Apr. 1971, 118.3-4, 423-436 Telephone engineers rely a great deal on loudness ratings of speech paths for the framing of national transmission plans and for international
recommendations to secure proper co-ordination between national networks. Loudness ratings for such use are, by convention, based on subjective loudness comparisons against a specified high-quality reference system (NOSFER), and the measurements are difficult to reproduce accurately. A great deal of work has already been done to enable such ratings (called 'reference equivalents') to be determined, by calculation from instrumentally measured sensitivities of the telephone sets and local lines. However, little practical use can be made of these results because of a lack of properly specified instrumental measuring methods. The situation may improve when international agreement has been achieved on the characteristics and method of use of artificial mouths and artificial ears for telephony. The paper presents a review of available fundamental information marshalled into a form convenient for use as soon as suitable electroacoustical measuring methods have been defined and accepted. The precision and reliability of loudness ratings can also be improved by replacing the wideband reference system by an 'intermediate reference system' more like commercial telephone equipment to be tested. Particulars suitable for such a system are suggested.
Workspace layout and
equipment design 3.1.236(5848 l) Brookes, M.J.
Changes in employee attitudes and work practices in the office landscape
Human Factors Design and Research Inc., New York, USA, Oct, 1970, 59 pp The attitudes of employees towards work practices and their office environment were studied before and after a move to a modern office landscaped environment. While the modern design was rated more highly in aesthetic value than the conventional open plan office in which the employees has worked, the modern design was perceived as less efficient and utilitarian a place in which to work. The noise level and number of distractions were also seen as having increased. There was no evidence to suggest that the office landscape motivates workers to a higher level of productivity. 3.1.237(58482) Gorlitz, F. The driver's position on railway locomotives as an example of a workplace of particular significance for occupational health in transport (In German)
Arbeitsmedizin-Sozialmedizin-Arbeits-
Applied Ergonomics March 1972
53