- Email: [email protected]
Evaluation of the use of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with canola meal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics
©2012 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
Evaluation of the use of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with canola meal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics B. Jung,*1 R. D. Mitchell,† and A. B. Batal*2 *Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2772; and †Perdue Farms Inc., PO Box 1537, Salisbury, MD 21801 Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Quality Control Personnel SUMMARY Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an acceptable feed ingredient used as an alternative to corn or soybean meal in poultry diets. However, the unbalanced or low digestibility of amino acids in DDGS has been an issue and may be preventing its use at high levels. Canola meal (CM) contains high protein with well-balanced amino acids and can commonly be used as an economical alternative ingredient to soybean meal in poultry diets. Thus, the use of DDGS and CM together may improve the amino acid balance, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, and 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Chicks (8 replicate pens, each with 40 chicks) were fed experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and to meet the digestible amino acid requirements of the birds. Performance was evaluated at 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and carcass characteristics were measured at 49 d of age. Overall (0 to 48 d of age), the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain or feed intake, but it did negatively affect FE. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet did not significantly affect broiler performance; however, the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance as compared with the control diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet of broilers negatively affected the carcass yield but positively affected the leg yield, regardless of the inclusion of DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet of broilers increased the wing yield as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. No interaction of DDGS and CM was observed in the carcass parameters measured, except for leg and wing yields. Thus, care should be taken when DDGS and CM are fed because negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be observed. Key words: broiler, canola meal, carcass characteristic, distillers dried grains with solubles 2012 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21:776–787 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00471 1 2
Present address: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Corresponding author: [email protected]
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product that is produced during the production of corn-based ethanol [1]. The expansion of the ethanol industry has resulted in the availability of large quantities of DDGS. Many studies have demonstrated that DDGS is an acceptable ingredient for broiler diets. For example, Lumpkins et al. [2] concluded that 6% DDGS in the starter period and 12 to 15% DDGS in the grower and finisher periods could be used in broiler diets without negatively affecting growth. Wang et al. [3] also noted that 15% DDGS could be fed to broilers without adversely affecting growth and carcass composition when diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Although high inclusion levels of DDGS in poultry diets had no adverse effects on performance in these university studies, using high levels in a commercial setting is still not common because of the issues with nutrient digestibility. Batal and Dale [4] and Fastinger et al. [5] noted that the digestibility of several amino acids in DDGS, especially lysine and threonine, is relatively poor. Wang et al. [3] suggested that this reduced amino acid digestibility may require limiting the usage of high levels of DDGS in broiler diets. Canola meal (CM) is a good source of protein with well-balanced amino acids and is particularly rich in sulfur-containing amino acids [6]. This ingredient has been used as an economical alternative to soybean meal in poultry diets and has benefits for pellet quality and mill throughput [6]. It has been reported that the inclusion of high levels of CM in poultry diets has no negative effects on performance and carcass characteristics. For example, Perez-Maldonado et al. [7] reported that up to 20% of solvent-extracted or extruded CM can be used during the starter phase (0 to 21 d of age), and up to 30% CM can be used during the finisher phase (21 to 43 d of age) in broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Ahmad et al. [8] and Mushtaq et al. [9] also reported that the addition of 20% CM to diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis had no effect on broiler performance at any age or on carcass characteristics. However, CM may reduce the feed intake
777
and growth rate of broilers. This may be due to number of antinutritive factors, including indigestible nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) [10], glucosinolates that impairs thyroid function, and a high phytic acid content [11]. Bell [12] reported that CM contains 16.1% NSP, of which 1.4% are soluble NSP and 14.7% are insoluble NSP. This insoluble NSP tends to increase the digesta viscosity and decreased nitrogen digestion and absorption, consequently resulting in adverse growth performance [13]. Along with corn and soybean meal, both DDGS and CM have been used in poultry diets for many years. However, only a few studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of the combination of DDGS and CM in poultry diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of DDGS and CM, or their combination, in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds and Dietary Treatments All experiments were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Georgia. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, or 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Six experimental crumbled (0 to 21 d) and pelleted (22 to 48 d) corn and soybean meal diets were formulated to meet or excess the birds’ digestible amino acid recommendations [14]. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric by manipulating the levels of corn and poultry fat (Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4). Chicks (8 replicate pens/diet, 40 chicks/pen) were fed the experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The birds were housed in floor pens equipped with hanging tube feeders, nipple drinkers, and pine wood shavings. The pen size was 10.2 × 4 ft (3.109 × 1.219 m), with a stocking density of 40 chicks/pen and 1.02 ft2/ bird (0.0948 m2/bird). Chicks were maintained on a 24-h lighting schedule for the first 3 d and then a 23-h lighting schedule (1 h of darkness) in
JAPR: Research Report
778 a thermostatically controlled room. Chicks had ad libitum access to feed and water. Measurements Samples of all diets were sent to 2 commercial laboratories for complete proximate analysis [15] and amino acid quantification analysis [16]. Body weight gain and feed intake were measured on 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and FE (G:F) was calculated. At the occurrence of mortality, feed intake was adjusted based on bird days on feed. At 49 d of age, 6 birds (3 females and 3 males) from each pen and 48 birds/treatment, for a total of 288 birds, were randomly selected, weighed individually, slaughtered, and then defeathered to determine the carcass responses to the dietary treatments. Hot carcass weight was measured after removal of the feet, head, and viscera. The carcasses were placed in ice water for approximately 2 h (chilling) to reduce their temperature and were then kept in a refrigerator until deboning (approximately 12 h postmortem). The chilled carcasses were weighed and dissected into the following portions: skinless breast, tenders, legs, wings, and fat pad. The fat pad was composed of leaf fat surrounding the cloaca and abdominal muscles. The skinless breast, tender, leg, wing, and fat pad yields were calculated. Statistical Analysis All data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA procedure for a completely randomized design [17] by using the GLM procedure (PROC GLM) of SAS software [18]. Statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using Duncan’s new multiple range test. All data were also analyzed by ANOVA to determine the significance of the main effects (DDGS and CM) and interactions (DDGS × CM). A probability level of P < 0.05 was used to determine the statistical significance of differences among the treatments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The performance results of broilers fed diets containing DDGS, CM, or their combination are
presented in Table 5. The inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain and feed intake at any of the periods measured. However, feeding 12% DDGS negatively affected (P < 0.05) FE (G:F) over the entire period (0 to 48 d of age) as compared with birds fed the control or 6% DDGS diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet not supplemented with DDGS had no effect on BW gain, feed intake, or FE (G:F) in any period except for BW gain from 15 to 21 d of age, as compared with the control diet not supplemented with DDGS and CM. However, the inclusion of 7.5% CM to the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS had adverse effects on BW gain, feed intake, and FE in various periods. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the performance effects of feeding either DDGS or CM to poultry. Lumpkins et al. [2] reported that the inclusion of 18% DDGS from modern ethanol plants significantly decreased BW gain and FE (G:F) of birds during the starter period (0 to 16 d of age). Those authors noted that the reason for this negative effect on performance at the 18% inclusion level may have been due to an overestimation of lysine in the DDGS, resulting in a marginal deficiency of this amino acid. Wang et al. [3] reported that the inclusion of up to 15% DDGS in the diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis had no negative effect on growth rate and FE from 0 to 14 d of age. However, the inclusion of 15% DDGS did negatively affect FE from 0 to 35 d and 0 to 42 d of age. Similarly, in the current study birds fed the diet containing 12% DDGS had poorer (P < 0.05) FE compared with birds fed the control or 6% DDGS diet. The adverse effect on FE of the inclusion of 12% DDGS may be associated with variability in the lysine digestibility of the DDGS as compared with that of the control diet. Lysine is a limiting amino acid in DDGS [19]. When lysine levels were adjusted in turkey diets, the inclusion of up to 20% DDGS had no negative effect on growth rate as compared with the diet not supplemented with DDGS [20]. When dietary energy was held constant, up to 25% DDGS from beverage alcohol production could be used effectively in boilers diets. However, if the dietary energy levels were declining as the levels of DDGS were in-
59.4 33.1 — — 3.00 1.84 0.84 0.60 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
Corn Soybean meal CM DDGS Proplus3 Poultry fat Defluorinated phosphorus Limestone Salt Methionine, 99% Vitamin premix4 Lysine Trace minerals5 Coban 906 l-Threonine TBCC7 Ronozyme8 Total
55.8 30.5 — 6.00 3.00 2.02 0.72 0.73 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS1 52.3 27.8 — 12.00 3.00 2.19 0.60 0.85 0.29 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 55.5 28.1 7.50 — 3.00 3.20 0.78 0.70 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM2 52.0 25.4 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.35 0.61 0.84 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 48.4 22.8 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.52 0.48 0.96 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM 63.3 29.4 — — 3.00 1.98 0.64 0.54 0.34 0.27 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
Control 59.7 26.7 — 6.00 3.00 2.15 0.52 0.66 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS 56.1 24.1 — 12.00 3.00 2.32 0.39 0.78 0.31 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 59.4 24.3 7.50 — 3.00 3.33 0.57 0.63 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM
Grower I, 15 to 21 d
55.8 21.7 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.50 0.45 0.76 0.34 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
52.2 19.1 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.67 0.33 0.88 0.32 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Proplus 60 (H. J. Baker & Bros. Inc., Atlanta, GA). 4 Vitamin mix provided the following (per kg of diet): thiamine mononitrate, 2.4 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; d-calcium pantothenate, 12 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 12.0 µg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4.7 mg; d-biotin, 0.11 mg; folic acid, 5.5 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate complex, 3.34 mg; choline chloride, 220 mg; cholecalciferol, 27.5 µg; trans-retinyl acetate, 1,892 µg; all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate, 11 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg. 5 Trace mineral mix provided the following (per kg of diet): manganese (MnSO4·H2O), 60 mg; iron (FeSO4·7H2O), 30 mg; zinc (ZnO), 50 mg; copper (CuSO4·5H2O), 5 mg; iodine (ethylene diamine dihydroiodide), 0.15 mg; selenium (NaSeO3), 0.3mg. 6 Elanco Animal Health (Greenfield, IN). 7 TBCC = tribasic copper chloride (Micronutrients, Heritage Technologies LLC, Indianapolis, IN). 8 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland).
1
Control
Ingredient, %
Starter, 0 to 14 d
Table 1. Composition of the dietary treatments (from 0 to 21 d, as-fed basis)
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 779
67.4 25.6 — — 3.00 1.91 0.27 0.61 0.38 0.26 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
Corn Soybean meal CM DDGS Proplus3 Poultry fat Defluorinated phosphorus Limestone Salt Methionine, 99% Vitamin premix4 Lysine Trace mineral5 Coban 906 l-Threonine TBCC7 Ronozyme8 Total
63.8 22.9 — 6.00 3.00 2.08 0.15 0.73 0.37 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS1 60.2 20.3 — 12.00 3.00 2.25 0.02 0.86 0.36 0.24 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 63.2 20.8 7.50 — 3.00 3.29 0.20 0.71 0.39 0.23 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM2 59.4 18.5 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.49 0.08 0.83 0.38 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 55.2 16.4 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.73 — 0.91 0.36 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM 72.7 20.8 — — 3.00 1.65 — 0.61 0.42 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
Control 68.8 18.4 — 6.00 3.00 1.86 — 0.63 0.39 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS 64.6 16.4 — 12.00 3.00 2.10 — 0.64 0.36 0.18 0.25 0.26 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 67.8 16.7 7.50 — 3.00 3.11 — 0.65 0.42 0.17 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM
Finisher, 36 to 48 d
64.0 14.3 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.30 — 0.64 0.39 0.16 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
59.51 12.56 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.57 — 0.66 0.36 0.14 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.00
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Proplus 60 (H. J. Baker & Bros. Inc., Atlanta, GA). 4 Vitamin mix provided the following (per kg of diet): thiamine mononitrate, 2.4 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; d-calcium pantothenate, 12 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 12.0 µg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4.7 mg; d-biotin, 0.11 mg; folic acid, 5.5 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate complex, 3.34 mg; choline chloride, 220 mg; cholecalciferol, 27.5 µg; trans-retinyl acetate, 1,892 µg; all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate, 11 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg. 5 Trace mineral mix provided the following (per kg of diet): manganese (MnSO4·H2O), 60 mg; iron (FeSO4·7H2O), 30 mg; zinc (ZnO), 50 mg; copper (CuSO4·5H2O), 5 mg; iodine (ethylene diamine dihydroiodide), 0.15 mg; selenium (NaSeO3), 0.3 mg. 6 Elanco Animal Health (Greenfield, IN). 7 TBCC = tribasic copper chloride (Micronutrients, Heritage Technologies LLS, Indianapolis, IN). 8 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland).
1
Control
Ingredient, %
Grower II, 22 to 35 d
Table 2. Composition of the dietary treatments (from 22 to 48 d, as-fed basis)
780
JAPR: Research Report
Control
10.1 24.2 6.71 2.80 5.05 1.49 1.40 0.61 1.00 0.26 1.88 0.88 1.17
1.52 1.42 0.62 1.00 0.27 1.87 0.89 1.17
3,064
12% DDGS
10.2 23.4 6.38 3.20 5.05
3,064
6% DDGS1
1.51 1.42 0.64 1.05 0.29 1.84 0.88 1.20
10.3 23.6 6.86 2.80 5.20
3,064
7.5% CM2
1.52 1.43 0.68 1.10 0.26 1.87 0.91 1.19
10.3 24.1 7.01 2.90 5.05
3,064
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.43 1.40 0.65 1.06 0.24 1.80 0.89 1.16
10.0 23.6 8.15 3.50 5.29
3,064
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.36 1.23 0.60 0.95 0.25 1.82 0.81 0.99
12.7 21.2 5.84 2.00 4.79
3,109
Control
1.33 1.23 0.60 0.96 0.24 1.77 0.81 1.00
12.6 21.6 6.18 2.2 4.81
3,109
6% DDGS
1.30 1.23 0.60 0.96 0.23 1.71 0.82 1.00
12.5 22.2 6.45 2.20 4.56
3,109
12% DDGS
1.34 1.24 0.59 0.96 0.25 1.87 0.82 1.00
12.5 22.4 6.72 2.70 4.08
3,109
7.5% CM
Grower I, 15 to 21 d
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for proximate composition analysis (Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm). 4 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for amino acid quantification (Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia). 5 TSAA = methionine + cystine.
1
Calculated ME, kcal/kg 3,064 Analyzed content,3 % Moisture 10.5 CP 24.4 Crude fat 5.32 CF 2.10 Ash 4.74 Analyzed total amino acid content,4 % Arginine 1.62 Lysine 1.46 Methionine 0.60 TSAA5 0.99 Tryptophan 0.31 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 1.95 Threonine 0.91 Valine 1.21
Item
Starter, 0 to 14 d
Table 3. Nutrient composition of the dietary treatments (from 0 to 21 d, as-fed basis)
1.31 1.24 0.59 0.97 0.24 1.83 0.83 1.01
12.4 22.4 6.66 2.90 4.46
3,109
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.27 1.25 0.59 0.97 0.23 1.78 0.83 1.01
12.6 22.0 7.57 2.90 4.77
3,109
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 781
1.18 1.15 0.57 0.91 0.21 1.60 0.77 0.93
11.6 19.9 6.60 2.30 4.22
3,142
12% DDGS
1.23 1.16 0.55 0.91 0.22 1.78 0.77 0.94
11.8 21.5 6.41 2.20 4.08
3,142
7.5% CM2
1.20 1.17 0.55 0.91 0.22 1.73 0.78 0.95
11.8 20.1 7.41 2.70 4.61
3,142
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.19 1.17 0.55 0.92 0.22 1.70 0.79 0.96
11.4 21.1 8.02 2.70 4.60
3,142
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.15 1.10 0.43 0.74 0.22 1.43 0.69 0.89
12.5 18.4 4.98 2.00 3.70
3,175
Control
1.14 1.09 0.47 0.79 0.20 1.44 0.72 0.85
12.1 18.2 5.96 2.00 3.78
3,175
6% DDGS
1.17 1.14 0.46 0.80 0.21 1.49 0.74 0.94
12.3 18.9 6.23 2.30 3.67
3,175
12% DDGS
1.15 1.11 0.46 0.81 0.21 1.40 0.72 0.88
12.5 18.4 6.62 2.30 3.98
3,175
7.5% CM
Finisher, 36 to 48 d
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for proximate composition analysis (Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm, MN). 4 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for amino acid quantification (Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO). 5 TSAA = methionine + cystine.
1
1.21 1.15 0.57 0.90 0.22 1.65 0.77 0.93
1.25 1.15 0.57 0.90 0.22 1.70 0.76 0.92
3,142
12.0 20.3 5.98 2.10 4.35
3,142
Calculated ME, kcal/kg Analyzed content,3 % Moisture CP Crude fat CF Ash Analyzed total AA content,4 % Arginine Lysine Methionine TSAA5 Tryptophan Phenylalanine + tyrosine Threonine Valine
6% DDGS1
11.8 20.3 5.32 2.10 4.33
Control
Item
Grower II, 22 to 35 d
Table 4. Nutrient composition of the dietary treatments (from 22 to 48 d, as-fed basis)
1.13 1.14 0.46 0.83 0.20 1.42 0.73 0.92
12.1 18.4 6.94 2.60 3.85
3,175
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.09 1.10 0.43 0.79 0.20 1.41 0.72 0.89
11.7 18.8 7.84 2.80 3.98
3,175
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
782
JAPR: Research Report
451a
452a
4.5
445b 455a 455a 3.2
457a 446b 2.6
302b
317ab
5.7
320 316 319 4.0
325a 311b 3.3
0.063 0.009 0.242
1,157 1,140 1,138 8.0
436b
316ab
0.729 0.006 0.091
11.3
457a
320a
0.174 0.042 0.591
1,155a 1,136b 6.5
1,129ab
1,124b
1,153ab
1,147ab
1,156ab
458a
330a
1,162a
22 to 35 d
455a
15 to 21 d
325a
0 to 14 d
0.468 0.010 0.642
1,204a 1,164b 10.5
1,196 1,182 1,175 12.8
18.2
1,155
1,153
1,184
1,193
1,211
1,208
36 to 48
0.331 0.001 0.341
3,140a 3,058b 13.8
3,119 3,093 3,087 16.9
23.9
3,052bc
3,031c
3,089abc
3,117ab
3,155a
3,149a
0 to 48 d
0.915 0.222 0.657
421 412 5.0
415 419 417 6.1
8.6
415
410
412
418
428
418
0 to 14 d
0.417 0.616 0.641
480 477 4.1
474 480 484 5.0
7.1
478
481
473
488
478
475
15 to 21 d
1
0.084 0.004 0.775
P-value
1,978a 1,940b 8.4
1,959ab 1,943b 1,978a 10.3
14.6
1,964ab
1,920c
1,940bc
1,990a
1,966ab
1,978ab
22 to 35 d
0.598 0.002 0.607
2,471a 2,380b 18.8
2,437 2,407 2,437 23.0
32.6
2,392ab
2,344b
2,406ab
2,476a
2,470a
2,468a
36 to 48d
Feed intake, g/chick
Means within a column and section without a common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). Means represent 8 replicates with 40 birds per replicate and 320 birds per treatment.
a–c
Source of variation DDGS CM DDGS × CM
Treatment 0% DDGS + 0% CM 6% DDGS + 0% CM 12% DDGS + 0% CM 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM Pooled SEM DDGS, % 0 6 12 Pooled SEM CM, % 0 7.5 Pooled SEM
Item
BW gain, g/chick
0.292 0.001 0.556
5,351a 5,211b 22.6
5,286 5,249 5,315 27.6
39.1
5,250bc
5,155c
5,232bc
5,372a
5,342ab
5,339ab
0 to 48 d
Table 5. Effects on performance of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or canola meal (CM) to broilers1
0.044 0.007 0.076
771a 755b 3.9
772a 754b 765ab 4.7
6.7
762a
738b
767a
767a
771a
776a
0 to 14d
0.859 0.225 0.388
952 935 9.1
940 949 942 11.2
15.8
947
938
923
938
959
958
15 to 21 d
0.007 0.814 0.528
584 585 2.7
591a 587a 576b 3.3
4.6
575b
586ab
594a
577b
588ab
587ab
22 to 35d
G:F, g/kg
0.079 0.592 0.974
487 489 2.6
491 492 482 3.2
4.5
483
493
492
482
490
489
36 to 48 d
0.001 0.874 0.745
587 587 1.5
590a 589a 581b 1.8
2.5
581bc
588ab
590a
580c
591a
590a
0 to 48 d
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 783
784 creased, the performance would decrease if the level of DDGS was 15% or more [21]. Thus, it would appear that with the adjustment for energy and limiting amino acids, a high level of DDGS could be added to poultry diets without adverse effects on growth rate. Canola meal may be viewed as an economical alternative to soybean meal in poultry diets because of its high protein level. In many studies and in the results of the current study, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of CM to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet does not have a negative effect on performance as compared with a corn- and soybean meal-based diet not supplemented with CM. Shires et al. [22] and Baloch et al. [23] reported that feeding diets containing up to 20% extracted dehulled canola rapeseed did not have a negative effect on the performance of chicks. Min et al. [24] also reported that the dietary inclusion of up to 10% CM in a corn- and soybean meal-based diet did not negatively affect broiler performance during the starter period (from 0 to 18 d of age). In addition, Nassar and Arscott [25] noted that the inclusion of 19.2 and 16.3% CM in the starter and finisher diets, respectively, which resulted in replacing up to 50% of the soybean meal, had no adverse effect on performance. It would appear, based on these reports, that high levels of CM could be added to cornand soybean meal-based poultry diets without negatively affecting performance. On the other hand, in the current study the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS had negative effects on performance from 0 to 48 d of age. The interaction between DDGS and CM may be the major reason for the adverse performance because the treatments containing the DDGS and CM combinations were lower in the digestibility of some amino acids, especially lysine, as compared with the control diet that did not contain DDGS and CM. The results of carcass characteristics of birds fed diets containing DDGS, CM, or their combination are summarized in Table 6. No significant differences in hot or chilled carcass weight, as well as hot carcass, breast, tender, leg, and fat pad yields were observed due to the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diets. However, the hot carcass yield was significantly reduced with the inclusion of 6 and 12% DDGS as compared
JAPR: Research Report with the control diet that did not contain DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet significantly decreased chilled carcass yield but increased wing yield as compared with the control diet not supplemented with DDGS. Similarly, Wang et al. [3] found no significant differences in broiler carcass, breast, or leg quarter yields because of the inclusion of up to 15% DDGS in diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. The authors also noted that the wing yield was significantly increased because of the inclusion of 30% DDGS to the diets. The change in wing yield may be associated with the great variability in lysine and the use of other amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, tryptophan, and isoleucine, in diets with 12% DDGS inclusion, as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. Wang et al. [3] noted that a diet with 30% DDGS may have been marginally deficient in tryptophan, isoleucine, and arginine. In the current study, the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diets of broilers negatively affected hot and chilled carcass yields but increased leg yield as compared with the diets not supplemented with CM. The birds fed the nonsupplemented control diet had 23.3% breast meat yield, whereas those fed the 7.5% CM diet had 22.7% breast meat yield. The birds fed the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS had 22.6 and 22.5% breast meat yields, respectively. Noll [6] reported that the breast meat yields of market turkeys fed diets containing CM or a combination of DDGS and CM were, respectively, 0.14 and 0.81% (P < 0.05) lower than those of turkeys fed a nonsupplemented diet. The author suggested that diets containing a combination of CM and DDGS were limiting in tryptophan and possibly arginine. Thus, breast meat yield (as a proportion of chilled carcass weight) may be sensitive to amino acid quality, as reflected in the depressed yield when the combined diet of CM and DDGS was fed. Combinations of alternative ingredients or the use of products with a poor amino acid balance may lead to decreased breast meat yield [6]. In particular, lysine is the first-limiting amino acid in a CM- and DDGS-based diet, and lysine supplementation increases breast weight [9]. Mushtaq et al. [9] suggested that the increased breast yield with lysine supplementation may be because lysine requirements are higher
0.194 0.172 0.839
0.173 0.067 0.697
2,368 2,325 16.5
3,150 3,111 20.0
74.6b
2,310b
3,103
2,377 2,326 2,337 20.3
74.9b
2,319ab
3,095
3,164 3,102 3,126 24.5
74.6b
2,347ab
3,141
0.159 0.032 0.682
2,386a 2,336b 16.4
75.1a 74.7b 0.12
0.214 0.010 0.100
2,392 2,342 2,348 20.1
28.3
2,318b
2,332b
2,358ab
2,377ab
2,353ab
2,424a
Chilled carcass weight, g
75.1 74.9 74.7 0.14
0.20
74.9b
2,363ab
3,154
28.6
75.0b
2,334ab
3,119
33.9
75.6a
2,405a
3,180
BW, g
Hot carcass yield,2 %
1
P-value 0.060 0.001 0.115
0.123 0.346 0.326
22.8 22.6 0.16
23.0 22.6 22.5 0.20
75.6a 75.5ab 75.1b 0.15 75.7a 75.1b 0.13
0.28
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.5
22.6
23.3
Breast yield,3 %
0.22
74.8c
75.3bc
75.0c
75.3bc
75.7ab
76.2a
Chilled carcass yield,2 %
Means within a column and section without a common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). Means of 48 samples per treatment (6 birds/replicate, total of 288 birds). 2 Percentage of BW. 3 Percentage of chilled weight.
a–c
Source of variation DDGS CM DDGS × CM
Treatment 0% DDGS + 0% CM 6% DDGS + 0% CM 12% DDGS + 0% CM 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM Pooled SEM DDGS, % 0 6 12 Pooled SEM CM, % 0 7.5 Pooled SEM
Item
Hot carcass weight, g
0.352 0.057 0.642
4.44 4.56 0.045
4.46 4.49 4.57 0.055
0.078
4.65
4.56
4.48
4.48
4.41
4.45
Tender yield,3 %
0.094 0.002 0.065
29.4b 29.9a 0.12
29.8 29.4 29.8 0.15
0.21
29.9ab
29.6bc
30.3a
29.8abc
29.2c
29.2bc
Leg yield,3 %
Table 6. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or canola meal (CM) to broilers on carcass characteristics at 49 d of age1
0.010 0.861 0.048
10.5 10.4 0.06
10.3b 10.4ab 10.6a 0.07
0.10
10.5ab
10.4b
10.4b
10.8a
10.4b
10.2b
Wing yield,3 %
0.797 0.106 0.199
0.78 0.66 0.051
0.69 0.74 0.74 0.062
0.088
0.61
0.77
0.61
0.86
0.71
0.78
Fat pad yield,3 %
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 785
JAPR: Research Report
786 for carcass characteristics. In the current study, the levels of arginine, lysine, and tryptophan in the diets with 12% DDGS alone or combined with 7.5% CM were lower than those in the diet not supplemented with CM or DDGS from 0 to 14 d of age. Numerous researchers have reported the successful use of high levels of either DDGS or CM alone in broiler diets. However, in the current study, the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance from 0 to 48 d of age and reduced the carcass yield of birds. The interaction between DDGS and CM may be the major reason for this adverse performance because the diets containing both DDGS and CM were limiting in arginine, lysine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. Noll [6] also suggested that diets containing a combination of CM and DDGS were limiting in tryptophan and possibly arginine. Thus, when DDGS and CM are fed, care should be taken to prevent the negative effects on performance and carcass yield that were observed in the current study.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Up to 6% DDGS could be incorporated into male broiler diets as long as the diet met the digestible amino acid requirements of the bird. 2. Careful consideration should be given when DDGS and CM are fed to broilers because of their possible negative effects on performance and carcass yield. 3. The negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be due to a deficiency of some amino acids that are not typically considered in diet formulation.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Rosentrater, K. A. 2006. Physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Paper No. 006164. Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng. Annu. Int. Meet., Portland, OR. Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng., St. Joseph, MI. 2. Lumpkins, B. S., A. B. Batal, and N. M. Dale. 2004. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci. 83:1891–1896. 3. Wang, Z., S. Cerrate, C. Coto, F. Yan, and P. W. Waldroup. 2007. Effect of rapid and multiple changes in level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets
on performance and carcass characteristics. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6:725–731. 4. Batal, A. B., and N. M. Dale. 2006. True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:89–93. 5. Fastinger, N. D., J. D. Latshaw, and D. C. Mahan. 2006. Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters. Poult. Sci. 85:1212–1216. 6. Noll, S. L. 2002. Feeding for live performance and breast meat yield. Presented at Multi-State Poult. Mtg., Indianapolis, IN. 7. Perez-Maldonado, R. A., K. M. Barram, and D. N. Singh. 2003. How much canola or cottonseed meals can be used for commercial chicken meat production. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 12(Suppl.):S41. 8. Ahmad, G., T. Mushtaq, M. A. Mirza, and Z. Ahmed. 2007. Comparative bioefficacy of lysine from l-lysine hydrochloride or l-lysine sulfate in basal diets containing graded levels of canola meal for female broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86:525–530. 9. Mushtaq, T., M. Sarwar, G. Ahmad, M. A. Mirza, H. Nawaz, M. M. Mushtaq, and U. Noreen. 2007. Influence of canola meal-based diets supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance, digestibility, carcass, and immunity responses of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86:2144–2151. 10. Slominski, B. A., and L. D. Campbell. 1990. Nonstarch polysaccharides of canola meal: Quantification, digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 53:175–184. 11. Summers, J. D., B. D. Lee, and S. Leeson. 1983. Sodium, potassium and phosphorus in canola and soybean meal. Nutr. Rep. Int. 28:955–963. 12. Bell, J. M. 1993. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:679– 697. 13. Annison, G. 1991. Relationship between the levels of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides and the apparent metabolizable energy of wheat assayed in boiler chickens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:1252–1256. 14. Baker, D. H. 1997. Ideal amino acid profiles for swine and poultry and their applications in feed formulation. Biokyowa Tech. Rev. 9. Nutri-Quest Inc., Chesterfield, MO. 15. Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm, MN. 16. Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia. Amino acids were determined using an HPLC procedure with a Beckman 6300 analyzer with an ion exchange column (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA). 17. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 18. SAS Institute. 2005. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1.3 ed., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 19. Parsons, C. M., D. H. Baker, and J. M. Harter. 1983. Distillers dried grains with soluble as a protein source for the chick. Poult. Sci. 62:2445–2451. 20. Potter, L. M. 1966. Studies with distillers feed in turkey rations. Pages 47–51 in Proc. Distillers Feed Res. Counc. Conf. Vol. 21. Distillers Feed Res. Counc., Cincinnati, OH.
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 21. Waldroup, P. W., J. A. Owen, B. E. Ramsey, and D. L. Whelchel. 1981. The use of high levels of distillers dried grains plus solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 60:1479– 1484. 22. Shires, A., J. M. Bell, R. Blair, J. A. Blake, P. Fedec, and D. I. McGregor. 1981. Nutritional value of unextracted and extracted dehulled canola rapeseed for broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 61:989–998. 23. Baloch, G. M., A. A. Solangi, M. O. Wagan, and M. Tahira. 2003. Efficiency of canola meal in broiler ration. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2:138–142.
787
24. Min, Y. N., A. Hancock, F. Yan, C. Lu, C. Coto, A. Karimi, J. H. Park, F. Z. Liu, and P. W. Waldroup. 2009. Use of combinations of canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler starter diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:725–733. 25. Nassar, A. R., and G. H. Arscott. 1986. Canola meal for broilers and the effect of a dietary supplement of iodinated casein on performance and thyroid status. Nutr. Rep. Int. 34:791–799.
Evaluation of the use of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with canola meal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics B. Jung,*1 R. D. Mitchell,† and A. B. Batal*2 *Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2772; and †Perdue Farms Inc., PO Box 1537, Salisbury, MD 21801 Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Quality Control Personnel SUMMARY Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an acceptable feed ingredient used as an alternative to corn or soybean meal in poultry diets. However, the unbalanced or low digestibility of amino acids in DDGS has been an issue and may be preventing its use at high levels. Canola meal (CM) contains high protein with well-balanced amino acids and can commonly be used as an economical alternative ingredient to soybean meal in poultry diets. Thus, the use of DDGS and CM together may improve the amino acid balance, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, and 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Chicks (8 replicate pens, each with 40 chicks) were fed experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and to meet the digestible amino acid requirements of the birds. Performance was evaluated at 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and carcass characteristics were measured at 49 d of age. Overall (0 to 48 d of age), the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain or feed intake, but it did negatively affect FE. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet did not significantly affect broiler performance; however, the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance as compared with the control diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet of broilers negatively affected the carcass yield but positively affected the leg yield, regardless of the inclusion of DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet of broilers increased the wing yield as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. No interaction of DDGS and CM was observed in the carcass parameters measured, except for leg and wing yields. Thus, care should be taken when DDGS and CM are fed because negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be observed. Key words: broiler, canola meal, carcass characteristic, distillers dried grains with solubles 2012 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21:776–787 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00471 1 2
Present address: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Corresponding author: [email protected]
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product that is produced during the production of corn-based ethanol [1]. The expansion of the ethanol industry has resulted in the availability of large quantities of DDGS. Many studies have demonstrated that DDGS is an acceptable ingredient for broiler diets. For example, Lumpkins et al. [2] concluded that 6% DDGS in the starter period and 12 to 15% DDGS in the grower and finisher periods could be used in broiler diets without negatively affecting growth. Wang et al. [3] also noted that 15% DDGS could be fed to broilers without adversely affecting growth and carcass composition when diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Although high inclusion levels of DDGS in poultry diets had no adverse effects on performance in these university studies, using high levels in a commercial setting is still not common because of the issues with nutrient digestibility. Batal and Dale [4] and Fastinger et al. [5] noted that the digestibility of several amino acids in DDGS, especially lysine and threonine, is relatively poor. Wang et al. [3] suggested that this reduced amino acid digestibility may require limiting the usage of high levels of DDGS in broiler diets. Canola meal (CM) is a good source of protein with well-balanced amino acids and is particularly rich in sulfur-containing amino acids [6]. This ingredient has been used as an economical alternative to soybean meal in poultry diets and has benefits for pellet quality and mill throughput [6]. It has been reported that the inclusion of high levels of CM in poultry diets has no negative effects on performance and carcass characteristics. For example, Perez-Maldonado et al. [7] reported that up to 20% of solvent-extracted or extruded CM can be used during the starter phase (0 to 21 d of age), and up to 30% CM can be used during the finisher phase (21 to 43 d of age) in broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Ahmad et al. [8] and Mushtaq et al. [9] also reported that the addition of 20% CM to diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis had no effect on broiler performance at any age or on carcass characteristics. However, CM may reduce the feed intake
777
and growth rate of broilers. This may be due to number of antinutritive factors, including indigestible nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) [10], glucosinolates that impairs thyroid function, and a high phytic acid content [11]. Bell [12] reported that CM contains 16.1% NSP, of which 1.4% are soluble NSP and 14.7% are insoluble NSP. This insoluble NSP tends to increase the digesta viscosity and decreased nitrogen digestion and absorption, consequently resulting in adverse growth performance [13]. Along with corn and soybean meal, both DDGS and CM have been used in poultry diets for many years. However, only a few studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of the combination of DDGS and CM in poultry diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of DDGS and CM, or their combination, in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds and Dietary Treatments All experiments were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Georgia. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, or 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Six experimental crumbled (0 to 21 d) and pelleted (22 to 48 d) corn and soybean meal diets were formulated to meet or excess the birds’ digestible amino acid recommendations [14]. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric by manipulating the levels of corn and poultry fat (Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4). Chicks (8 replicate pens/diet, 40 chicks/pen) were fed the experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The birds were housed in floor pens equipped with hanging tube feeders, nipple drinkers, and pine wood shavings. The pen size was 10.2 × 4 ft (3.109 × 1.219 m), with a stocking density of 40 chicks/pen and 1.02 ft2/ bird (0.0948 m2/bird). Chicks were maintained on a 24-h lighting schedule for the first 3 d and then a 23-h lighting schedule (1 h of darkness) in
JAPR: Research Report
778 a thermostatically controlled room. Chicks had ad libitum access to feed and water. Measurements Samples of all diets were sent to 2 commercial laboratories for complete proximate analysis [15] and amino acid quantification analysis [16]. Body weight gain and feed intake were measured on 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and FE (G:F) was calculated. At the occurrence of mortality, feed intake was adjusted based on bird days on feed. At 49 d of age, 6 birds (3 females and 3 males) from each pen and 48 birds/treatment, for a total of 288 birds, were randomly selected, weighed individually, slaughtered, and then defeathered to determine the carcass responses to the dietary treatments. Hot carcass weight was measured after removal of the feet, head, and viscera. The carcasses were placed in ice water for approximately 2 h (chilling) to reduce their temperature and were then kept in a refrigerator until deboning (approximately 12 h postmortem). The chilled carcasses were weighed and dissected into the following portions: skinless breast, tenders, legs, wings, and fat pad. The fat pad was composed of leaf fat surrounding the cloaca and abdominal muscles. The skinless breast, tender, leg, wing, and fat pad yields were calculated. Statistical Analysis All data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA procedure for a completely randomized design [17] by using the GLM procedure (PROC GLM) of SAS software [18]. Statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using Duncan’s new multiple range test. All data were also analyzed by ANOVA to determine the significance of the main effects (DDGS and CM) and interactions (DDGS × CM). A probability level of P < 0.05 was used to determine the statistical significance of differences among the treatments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The performance results of broilers fed diets containing DDGS, CM, or their combination are
presented in Table 5. The inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain and feed intake at any of the periods measured. However, feeding 12% DDGS negatively affected (P < 0.05) FE (G:F) over the entire period (0 to 48 d of age) as compared with birds fed the control or 6% DDGS diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet not supplemented with DDGS had no effect on BW gain, feed intake, or FE (G:F) in any period except for BW gain from 15 to 21 d of age, as compared with the control diet not supplemented with DDGS and CM. However, the inclusion of 7.5% CM to the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS had adverse effects on BW gain, feed intake, and FE in various periods. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the performance effects of feeding either DDGS or CM to poultry. Lumpkins et al. [2] reported that the inclusion of 18% DDGS from modern ethanol plants significantly decreased BW gain and FE (G:F) of birds during the starter period (0 to 16 d of age). Those authors noted that the reason for this negative effect on performance at the 18% inclusion level may have been due to an overestimation of lysine in the DDGS, resulting in a marginal deficiency of this amino acid. Wang et al. [3] reported that the inclusion of up to 15% DDGS in the diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis had no negative effect on growth rate and FE from 0 to 14 d of age. However, the inclusion of 15% DDGS did negatively affect FE from 0 to 35 d and 0 to 42 d of age. Similarly, in the current study birds fed the diet containing 12% DDGS had poorer (P < 0.05) FE compared with birds fed the control or 6% DDGS diet. The adverse effect on FE of the inclusion of 12% DDGS may be associated with variability in the lysine digestibility of the DDGS as compared with that of the control diet. Lysine is a limiting amino acid in DDGS [19]. When lysine levels were adjusted in turkey diets, the inclusion of up to 20% DDGS had no negative effect on growth rate as compared with the diet not supplemented with DDGS [20]. When dietary energy was held constant, up to 25% DDGS from beverage alcohol production could be used effectively in boilers diets. However, if the dietary energy levels were declining as the levels of DDGS were in-
59.4 33.1 — — 3.00 1.84 0.84 0.60 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
Corn Soybean meal CM DDGS Proplus3 Poultry fat Defluorinated phosphorus Limestone Salt Methionine, 99% Vitamin premix4 Lysine Trace minerals5 Coban 906 l-Threonine TBCC7 Ronozyme8 Total
55.8 30.5 — 6.00 3.00 2.02 0.72 0.73 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS1 52.3 27.8 — 12.00 3.00 2.19 0.60 0.85 0.29 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 55.5 28.1 7.50 — 3.00 3.20 0.78 0.70 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM2 52.0 25.4 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.35 0.61 0.84 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 48.4 22.8 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.52 0.48 0.96 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM 63.3 29.4 — — 3.00 1.98 0.64 0.54 0.34 0.27 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
Control 59.7 26.7 — 6.00 3.00 2.15 0.52 0.66 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS 56.1 24.1 — 12.00 3.00 2.32 0.39 0.78 0.31 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 59.4 24.3 7.50 — 3.00 3.33 0.57 0.63 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM
Grower I, 15 to 21 d
55.8 21.7 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.50 0.45 0.76 0.34 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
52.2 19.1 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.67 0.33 0.88 0.32 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Proplus 60 (H. J. Baker & Bros. Inc., Atlanta, GA). 4 Vitamin mix provided the following (per kg of diet): thiamine mononitrate, 2.4 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; d-calcium pantothenate, 12 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 12.0 µg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4.7 mg; d-biotin, 0.11 mg; folic acid, 5.5 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate complex, 3.34 mg; choline chloride, 220 mg; cholecalciferol, 27.5 µg; trans-retinyl acetate, 1,892 µg; all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate, 11 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg. 5 Trace mineral mix provided the following (per kg of diet): manganese (MnSO4·H2O), 60 mg; iron (FeSO4·7H2O), 30 mg; zinc (ZnO), 50 mg; copper (CuSO4·5H2O), 5 mg; iodine (ethylene diamine dihydroiodide), 0.15 mg; selenium (NaSeO3), 0.3mg. 6 Elanco Animal Health (Greenfield, IN). 7 TBCC = tribasic copper chloride (Micronutrients, Heritage Technologies LLC, Indianapolis, IN). 8 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland).
1
Control
Ingredient, %
Starter, 0 to 14 d
Table 1. Composition of the dietary treatments (from 0 to 21 d, as-fed basis)
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 779
67.4 25.6 — — 3.00 1.91 0.27 0.61 0.38 0.26 0.25 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
Corn Soybean meal CM DDGS Proplus3 Poultry fat Defluorinated phosphorus Limestone Salt Methionine, 99% Vitamin premix4 Lysine Trace mineral5 Coban 906 l-Threonine TBCC7 Ronozyme8 Total
63.8 22.9 — 6.00 3.00 2.08 0.15 0.73 0.37 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS1 60.2 20.3 — 12.00 3.00 2.25 0.02 0.86 0.36 0.24 0.25 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 63.2 20.8 7.50 — 3.00 3.29 0.20 0.71 0.39 0.23 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM2 59.4 18.5 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.49 0.08 0.83 0.38 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 55.2 16.4 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.73 — 0.91 0.36 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM 72.7 20.8 — — 3.00 1.65 — 0.61 0.42 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 100.0
Control 68.8 18.4 — 6.00 3.00 1.86 — 0.63 0.39 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS 64.6 16.4 — 12.00 3.00 2.10 — 0.64 0.36 0.18 0.25 0.26 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 100.0
12% DDGS 67.8 16.7 7.50 — 3.00 3.11 — 0.65 0.42 0.17 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
7.5% CM
Finisher, 36 to 48 d
64.0 14.3 7.50 6.00 3.00 3.30 — 0.64 0.39 0.16 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 100.0
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
59.51 12.56 7.50 12.00 3.00 3.57 — 0.66 0.36 0.14 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 100.00
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Proplus 60 (H. J. Baker & Bros. Inc., Atlanta, GA). 4 Vitamin mix provided the following (per kg of diet): thiamine mononitrate, 2.4 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; d-calcium pantothenate, 12 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 12.0 µg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 4.7 mg; d-biotin, 0.11 mg; folic acid, 5.5 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate complex, 3.34 mg; choline chloride, 220 mg; cholecalciferol, 27.5 µg; trans-retinyl acetate, 1,892 µg; all-rac α-tocopheryl acetate, 11 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg. 5 Trace mineral mix provided the following (per kg of diet): manganese (MnSO4·H2O), 60 mg; iron (FeSO4·7H2O), 30 mg; zinc (ZnO), 50 mg; copper (CuSO4·5H2O), 5 mg; iodine (ethylene diamine dihydroiodide), 0.15 mg; selenium (NaSeO3), 0.3 mg. 6 Elanco Animal Health (Greenfield, IN). 7 TBCC = tribasic copper chloride (Micronutrients, Heritage Technologies LLS, Indianapolis, IN). 8 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland).
1
Control
Ingredient, %
Grower II, 22 to 35 d
Table 2. Composition of the dietary treatments (from 22 to 48 d, as-fed basis)
780
JAPR: Research Report
Control
10.1 24.2 6.71 2.80 5.05 1.49 1.40 0.61 1.00 0.26 1.88 0.88 1.17
1.52 1.42 0.62 1.00 0.27 1.87 0.89 1.17
3,064
12% DDGS
10.2 23.4 6.38 3.20 5.05
3,064
6% DDGS1
1.51 1.42 0.64 1.05 0.29 1.84 0.88 1.20
10.3 23.6 6.86 2.80 5.20
3,064
7.5% CM2
1.52 1.43 0.68 1.10 0.26 1.87 0.91 1.19
10.3 24.1 7.01 2.90 5.05
3,064
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.43 1.40 0.65 1.06 0.24 1.80 0.89 1.16
10.0 23.6 8.15 3.50 5.29
3,064
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.36 1.23 0.60 0.95 0.25 1.82 0.81 0.99
12.7 21.2 5.84 2.00 4.79
3,109
Control
1.33 1.23 0.60 0.96 0.24 1.77 0.81 1.00
12.6 21.6 6.18 2.2 4.81
3,109
6% DDGS
1.30 1.23 0.60 0.96 0.23 1.71 0.82 1.00
12.5 22.2 6.45 2.20 4.56
3,109
12% DDGS
1.34 1.24 0.59 0.96 0.25 1.87 0.82 1.00
12.5 22.4 6.72 2.70 4.08
3,109
7.5% CM
Grower I, 15 to 21 d
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for proximate composition analysis (Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm). 4 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for amino acid quantification (Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia). 5 TSAA = methionine + cystine.
1
Calculated ME, kcal/kg 3,064 Analyzed content,3 % Moisture 10.5 CP 24.4 Crude fat 5.32 CF 2.10 Ash 4.74 Analyzed total amino acid content,4 % Arginine 1.62 Lysine 1.46 Methionine 0.60 TSAA5 0.99 Tryptophan 0.31 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 1.95 Threonine 0.91 Valine 1.21
Item
Starter, 0 to 14 d
Table 3. Nutrient composition of the dietary treatments (from 0 to 21 d, as-fed basis)
1.31 1.24 0.59 0.97 0.24 1.83 0.83 1.01
12.4 22.4 6.66 2.90 4.46
3,109
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.27 1.25 0.59 0.97 0.23 1.78 0.83 1.01
12.6 22.0 7.57 2.90 4.77
3,109
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 781
1.18 1.15 0.57 0.91 0.21 1.60 0.77 0.93
11.6 19.9 6.60 2.30 4.22
3,142
12% DDGS
1.23 1.16 0.55 0.91 0.22 1.78 0.77 0.94
11.8 21.5 6.41 2.20 4.08
3,142
7.5% CM2
1.20 1.17 0.55 0.91 0.22 1.73 0.78 0.95
11.8 20.1 7.41 2.70 4.61
3,142
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.19 1.17 0.55 0.92 0.22 1.70 0.79 0.96
11.4 21.1 8.02 2.70 4.60
3,142
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.15 1.10 0.43 0.74 0.22 1.43 0.69 0.89
12.5 18.4 4.98 2.00 3.70
3,175
Control
1.14 1.09 0.47 0.79 0.20 1.44 0.72 0.85
12.1 18.2 5.96 2.00 3.78
3,175
6% DDGS
1.17 1.14 0.46 0.80 0.21 1.49 0.74 0.94
12.3 18.9 6.23 2.30 3.67
3,175
12% DDGS
1.15 1.11 0.46 0.81 0.21 1.40 0.72 0.88
12.5 18.4 6.62 2.30 3.98
3,175
7.5% CM
Finisher, 36 to 48 d
2
DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. CM = canola meal. 3 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for proximate composition analysis (Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm, MN). 4 Diet samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for amino acid quantification (Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO). 5 TSAA = methionine + cystine.
1
1.21 1.15 0.57 0.90 0.22 1.65 0.77 0.93
1.25 1.15 0.57 0.90 0.22 1.70 0.76 0.92
3,142
12.0 20.3 5.98 2.10 4.35
3,142
Calculated ME, kcal/kg Analyzed content,3 % Moisture CP Crude fat CF Ash Analyzed total AA content,4 % Arginine Lysine Methionine TSAA5 Tryptophan Phenylalanine + tyrosine Threonine Valine
6% DDGS1
11.8 20.3 5.32 2.10 4.33
Control
Item
Grower II, 22 to 35 d
Table 4. Nutrient composition of the dietary treatments (from 22 to 48 d, as-fed basis)
1.13 1.14 0.46 0.83 0.20 1.42 0.73 0.92
12.1 18.4 6.94 2.60 3.85
3,175
6% DDGS + 7.5% CM
1.09 1.10 0.43 0.79 0.20 1.41 0.72 0.89
11.7 18.8 7.84 2.80 3.98
3,175
12% DDGS + 7.5% CM
782
JAPR: Research Report
451a
452a
4.5
445b 455a 455a 3.2
457a 446b 2.6
302b
317ab
5.7
320 316 319 4.0
325a 311b 3.3
0.063 0.009 0.242
1,157 1,140 1,138 8.0
436b
316ab
0.729 0.006 0.091
11.3
457a
320a
0.174 0.042 0.591
1,155a 1,136b 6.5
1,129ab
1,124b
1,153ab
1,147ab
1,156ab
458a
330a
1,162a
22 to 35 d
455a
15 to 21 d
325a
0 to 14 d
0.468 0.010 0.642
1,204a 1,164b 10.5
1,196 1,182 1,175 12.8
18.2
1,155
1,153
1,184
1,193
1,211
1,208
36 to 48
0.331 0.001 0.341
3,140a 3,058b 13.8
3,119 3,093 3,087 16.9
23.9
3,052bc
3,031c
3,089abc
3,117ab
3,155a
3,149a
0 to 48 d
0.915 0.222 0.657
421 412 5.0
415 419 417 6.1
8.6
415
410
412
418
428
418
0 to 14 d
0.417 0.616 0.641
480 477 4.1
474 480 484 5.0
7.1
478
481
473
488
478
475
15 to 21 d
1
0.084 0.004 0.775
P-value
1,978a 1,940b 8.4
1,959ab 1,943b 1,978a 10.3
14.6
1,964ab
1,920c
1,940bc
1,990a
1,966ab
1,978ab
22 to 35 d
0.598 0.002 0.607
2,471a 2,380b 18.8
2,437 2,407 2,437 23.0
32.6
2,392ab
2,344b
2,406ab
2,476a
2,470a
2,468a
36 to 48d
Feed intake, g/chick
Means within a column and section without a common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). Means represent 8 replicates with 40 birds per replicate and 320 birds per treatment.
a–c
Source of variation DDGS CM DDGS × CM
Treatment 0% DDGS + 0% CM 6% DDGS + 0% CM 12% DDGS + 0% CM 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM Pooled SEM DDGS, % 0 6 12 Pooled SEM CM, % 0 7.5 Pooled SEM
Item
BW gain, g/chick
0.292 0.001 0.556
5,351a 5,211b 22.6
5,286 5,249 5,315 27.6
39.1
5,250bc
5,155c
5,232bc
5,372a
5,342ab
5,339ab
0 to 48 d
Table 5. Effects on performance of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or canola meal (CM) to broilers1
0.044 0.007 0.076
771a 755b 3.9
772a 754b 765ab 4.7
6.7
762a
738b
767a
767a
771a
776a
0 to 14d
0.859 0.225 0.388
952 935 9.1
940 949 942 11.2
15.8
947
938
923
938
959
958
15 to 21 d
0.007 0.814 0.528
584 585 2.7
591a 587a 576b 3.3
4.6
575b
586ab
594a
577b
588ab
587ab
22 to 35d
G:F, g/kg
0.079 0.592 0.974
487 489 2.6
491 492 482 3.2
4.5
483
493
492
482
490
489
36 to 48 d
0.001 0.874 0.745
587 587 1.5
590a 589a 581b 1.8
2.5
581bc
588ab
590a
580c
591a
590a
0 to 48 d
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 783
784 creased, the performance would decrease if the level of DDGS was 15% or more [21]. Thus, it would appear that with the adjustment for energy and limiting amino acids, a high level of DDGS could be added to poultry diets without adverse effects on growth rate. Canola meal may be viewed as an economical alternative to soybean meal in poultry diets because of its high protein level. In many studies and in the results of the current study, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of CM to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet does not have a negative effect on performance as compared with a corn- and soybean meal-based diet not supplemented with CM. Shires et al. [22] and Baloch et al. [23] reported that feeding diets containing up to 20% extracted dehulled canola rapeseed did not have a negative effect on the performance of chicks. Min et al. [24] also reported that the dietary inclusion of up to 10% CM in a corn- and soybean meal-based diet did not negatively affect broiler performance during the starter period (from 0 to 18 d of age). In addition, Nassar and Arscott [25] noted that the inclusion of 19.2 and 16.3% CM in the starter and finisher diets, respectively, which resulted in replacing up to 50% of the soybean meal, had no adverse effect on performance. It would appear, based on these reports, that high levels of CM could be added to cornand soybean meal-based poultry diets without negatively affecting performance. On the other hand, in the current study the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS had negative effects on performance from 0 to 48 d of age. The interaction between DDGS and CM may be the major reason for the adverse performance because the treatments containing the DDGS and CM combinations were lower in the digestibility of some amino acids, especially lysine, as compared with the control diet that did not contain DDGS and CM. The results of carcass characteristics of birds fed diets containing DDGS, CM, or their combination are summarized in Table 6. No significant differences in hot or chilled carcass weight, as well as hot carcass, breast, tender, leg, and fat pad yields were observed due to the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diets. However, the hot carcass yield was significantly reduced with the inclusion of 6 and 12% DDGS as compared
JAPR: Research Report with the control diet that did not contain DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet significantly decreased chilled carcass yield but increased wing yield as compared with the control diet not supplemented with DDGS. Similarly, Wang et al. [3] found no significant differences in broiler carcass, breast, or leg quarter yields because of the inclusion of up to 15% DDGS in diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. The authors also noted that the wing yield was significantly increased because of the inclusion of 30% DDGS to the diets. The change in wing yield may be associated with the great variability in lysine and the use of other amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, tryptophan, and isoleucine, in diets with 12% DDGS inclusion, as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. Wang et al. [3] noted that a diet with 30% DDGS may have been marginally deficient in tryptophan, isoleucine, and arginine. In the current study, the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diets of broilers negatively affected hot and chilled carcass yields but increased leg yield as compared with the diets not supplemented with CM. The birds fed the nonsupplemented control diet had 23.3% breast meat yield, whereas those fed the 7.5% CM diet had 22.7% breast meat yield. The birds fed the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS had 22.6 and 22.5% breast meat yields, respectively. Noll [6] reported that the breast meat yields of market turkeys fed diets containing CM or a combination of DDGS and CM were, respectively, 0.14 and 0.81% (P < 0.05) lower than those of turkeys fed a nonsupplemented diet. The author suggested that diets containing a combination of CM and DDGS were limiting in tryptophan and possibly arginine. Thus, breast meat yield (as a proportion of chilled carcass weight) may be sensitive to amino acid quality, as reflected in the depressed yield when the combined diet of CM and DDGS was fed. Combinations of alternative ingredients or the use of products with a poor amino acid balance may lead to decreased breast meat yield [6]. In particular, lysine is the first-limiting amino acid in a CM- and DDGS-based diet, and lysine supplementation increases breast weight [9]. Mushtaq et al. [9] suggested that the increased breast yield with lysine supplementation may be because lysine requirements are higher
0.194 0.172 0.839
0.173 0.067 0.697
2,368 2,325 16.5
3,150 3,111 20.0
74.6b
2,310b
3,103
2,377 2,326 2,337 20.3
74.9b
2,319ab
3,095
3,164 3,102 3,126 24.5
74.6b
2,347ab
3,141
0.159 0.032 0.682
2,386a 2,336b 16.4
75.1a 74.7b 0.12
0.214 0.010 0.100
2,392 2,342 2,348 20.1
28.3
2,318b
2,332b
2,358ab
2,377ab
2,353ab
2,424a
Chilled carcass weight, g
75.1 74.9 74.7 0.14
0.20
74.9b
2,363ab
3,154
28.6
75.0b
2,334ab
3,119
33.9
75.6a
2,405a
3,180
BW, g
Hot carcass yield,2 %
1
P-value 0.060 0.001 0.115
0.123 0.346 0.326
22.8 22.6 0.16
23.0 22.6 22.5 0.20
75.6a 75.5ab 75.1b 0.15 75.7a 75.1b 0.13
0.28
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.5
22.6
23.3
Breast yield,3 %
0.22
74.8c
75.3bc
75.0c
75.3bc
75.7ab
76.2a
Chilled carcass yield,2 %
Means within a column and section without a common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). Means of 48 samples per treatment (6 birds/replicate, total of 288 birds). 2 Percentage of BW. 3 Percentage of chilled weight.
a–c
Source of variation DDGS CM DDGS × CM
Treatment 0% DDGS + 0% CM 6% DDGS + 0% CM 12% DDGS + 0% CM 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM Pooled SEM DDGS, % 0 6 12 Pooled SEM CM, % 0 7.5 Pooled SEM
Item
Hot carcass weight, g
0.352 0.057 0.642
4.44 4.56 0.045
4.46 4.49 4.57 0.055
0.078
4.65
4.56
4.48
4.48
4.41
4.45
Tender yield,3 %
0.094 0.002 0.065
29.4b 29.9a 0.12
29.8 29.4 29.8 0.15
0.21
29.9ab
29.6bc
30.3a
29.8abc
29.2c
29.2bc
Leg yield,3 %
Table 6. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or canola meal (CM) to broilers on carcass characteristics at 49 d of age1
0.010 0.861 0.048
10.5 10.4 0.06
10.3b 10.4ab 10.6a 0.07
0.10
10.5ab
10.4b
10.4b
10.8a
10.4b
10.2b
Wing yield,3 %
0.797 0.106 0.199
0.78 0.66 0.051
0.69 0.74 0.74 0.062
0.088
0.61
0.77
0.61
0.86
0.71
0.78
Fat pad yield,3 %
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 785
JAPR: Research Report
786 for carcass characteristics. In the current study, the levels of arginine, lysine, and tryptophan in the diets with 12% DDGS alone or combined with 7.5% CM were lower than those in the diet not supplemented with CM or DDGS from 0 to 14 d of age. Numerous researchers have reported the successful use of high levels of either DDGS or CM alone in broiler diets. However, in the current study, the inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet containing 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance from 0 to 48 d of age and reduced the carcass yield of birds. The interaction between DDGS and CM may be the major reason for this adverse performance because the diets containing both DDGS and CM were limiting in arginine, lysine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. Noll [6] also suggested that diets containing a combination of CM and DDGS were limiting in tryptophan and possibly arginine. Thus, when DDGS and CM are fed, care should be taken to prevent the negative effects on performance and carcass yield that were observed in the current study.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Up to 6% DDGS could be incorporated into male broiler diets as long as the diet met the digestible amino acid requirements of the bird. 2. Careful consideration should be given when DDGS and CM are fed to broilers because of their possible negative effects on performance and carcass yield. 3. The negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be due to a deficiency of some amino acids that are not typically considered in diet formulation.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Rosentrater, K. A. 2006. Physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Paper No. 006164. Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng. Annu. Int. Meet., Portland, OR. Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng., St. Joseph, MI. 2. Lumpkins, B. S., A. B. Batal, and N. M. Dale. 2004. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci. 83:1891–1896. 3. Wang, Z., S. Cerrate, C. Coto, F. Yan, and P. W. Waldroup. 2007. Effect of rapid and multiple changes in level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets
on performance and carcass characteristics. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6:725–731. 4. Batal, A. B., and N. M. Dale. 2006. True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:89–93. 5. Fastinger, N. D., J. D. Latshaw, and D. C. Mahan. 2006. Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters. Poult. Sci. 85:1212–1216. 6. Noll, S. L. 2002. Feeding for live performance and breast meat yield. Presented at Multi-State Poult. Mtg., Indianapolis, IN. 7. Perez-Maldonado, R. A., K. M. Barram, and D. N. Singh. 2003. How much canola or cottonseed meals can be used for commercial chicken meat production. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 12(Suppl.):S41. 8. Ahmad, G., T. Mushtaq, M. A. Mirza, and Z. Ahmed. 2007. Comparative bioefficacy of lysine from l-lysine hydrochloride or l-lysine sulfate in basal diets containing graded levels of canola meal for female broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86:525–530. 9. Mushtaq, T., M. Sarwar, G. Ahmad, M. A. Mirza, H. Nawaz, M. M. Mushtaq, and U. Noreen. 2007. Influence of canola meal-based diets supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance, digestibility, carcass, and immunity responses of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86:2144–2151. 10. Slominski, B. A., and L. D. Campbell. 1990. Nonstarch polysaccharides of canola meal: Quantification, digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 53:175–184. 11. Summers, J. D., B. D. Lee, and S. Leeson. 1983. Sodium, potassium and phosphorus in canola and soybean meal. Nutr. Rep. Int. 28:955–963. 12. Bell, J. M. 1993. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:679– 697. 13. Annison, G. 1991. Relationship between the levels of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides and the apparent metabolizable energy of wheat assayed in boiler chickens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:1252–1256. 14. Baker, D. H. 1997. Ideal amino acid profiles for swine and poultry and their applications in feed formulation. Biokyowa Tech. Rev. 9. Nutri-Quest Inc., Chesterfield, MO. 15. Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, New Ulm, MN. 16. Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia. Amino acids were determined using an HPLC procedure with a Beckman 6300 analyzer with an ion exchange column (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA). 17. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 18. SAS Institute. 2005. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1.3 ed., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 19. Parsons, C. M., D. H. Baker, and J. M. Harter. 1983. Distillers dried grains with soluble as a protein source for the chick. Poult. Sci. 62:2445–2451. 20. Potter, L. M. 1966. Studies with distillers feed in turkey rations. Pages 47–51 in Proc. Distillers Feed Res. Counc. Conf. Vol. 21. Distillers Feed Res. Counc., Cincinnati, OH.
Jung et al.: DDGS AND CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILERS 21. Waldroup, P. W., J. A. Owen, B. E. Ramsey, and D. L. Whelchel. 1981. The use of high levels of distillers dried grains plus solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 60:1479– 1484. 22. Shires, A., J. M. Bell, R. Blair, J. A. Blake, P. Fedec, and D. I. McGregor. 1981. Nutritional value of unextracted and extracted dehulled canola rapeseed for broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 61:989–998. 23. Baloch, G. M., A. A. Solangi, M. O. Wagan, and M. Tahira. 2003. Efficiency of canola meal in broiler ration. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2:138–142.
787
24. Min, Y. N., A. Hancock, F. Yan, C. Lu, C. Coto, A. Karimi, J. H. Park, F. Z. Liu, and P. W. Waldroup. 2009. Use of combinations of canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler starter diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:725–733. 25. Nassar, A. R., and G. H. Arscott. 1986. Canola meal for broilers and the effect of a dietary supplement of iodinated casein on performance and thyroid status. Nutr. Rep. Int. 34:791–799.