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Evidence for nitroaromatics as direct-acting mutagens of airborne particulates
Chemosphere Vol. 9, pP 85 - 87 © P e r g a m o n Press Ltd. 1980. Printed in Great Britain
0045-6535/80/020]-0083~D2.00/0
EVIDENCE FOR NITROAROMATICS AS DIRECT-ACTING MUTAGEN5 OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATES Ching Yung Wang*, Mei-Sie Lee*, Charles M. King*, and Peter O. Warner+ *Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit, Michigan 48201, +Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 and Wayne County Health Department, Air Pollution Control Division, Detroit, Michigan 48207
INTRODUCTION The organic matter in atmospheric particulates has been known to be carcinogenic in experimental animals. This carcinogenicity has generally been attributed to the presence of benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as their azaheterocyclic analogs. Recent studies have now detected the presence of another type of component which, unlike the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains in the absence of a mammalian metabolic activation system. These "direct-acting mutagens" have been detected in urban air (I,2), in the exhaust of gasoline (3) and diesel engines (4), in emissions from hot water boilers fired with oil, peat, and wood chips (5), and in fly ash from coal-fired power plants (6,7). These mutagenic chemicals have been suggested to be nitroaromatics (3,5), since both benzo[aJpyrene and perylene have been shown to be converted to directly mutagenic nitro derivatives in a simulated atmosphere containing traces of nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid (8), While the biological implication of direct-acting mutagens in the environment has not been established, nitroaromatics are of concern because they may be converted to aromatic amines that induce bladder cancer in man (9). Wayne county, which includes the city of Detroit, is a highly urbanized area that contains more than 35,000 small and large industries. The Air Pollution Control Division of the Wayne County Health Department has air-sampling stations throughout the county; some are located in close proximity to operating coke ovens in high employment areas, some are in densely populated residential areas, and others are in rural, low-density residential areas, The present study investigated the direct-acting mutagenicity and benzo[alpyrene content in airborne particulates collected in several sampling stations in the Wayne county area. Bacterial strains of differing sensitivity to nitroaromatics were employed. The results showed that the direct-acting mutagenicity was not related to the level of organic matter nor that of benzo[a]pyrene and implicated the presence of nitroaromatics in the airborne particulates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals. 2-Nitrofluorene, 2-nitronaphthalene and 4-nitrobiphenyl were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; quercetin from the Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri; N - [ 4 - ( 5 - n i t r o - 2 - f u r y l ) - 2 - t h i a z o l y l ] formamide (FANFT) from the Sabre Laboratories, Morton Grove, Illinois. 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) was a gift from Dr. T. Matsushima, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide from Dr. A. Tannenbaum, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. N-2-Flu orenylhydroxylamine (10), 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) (11), 2-naphthohydroxamic acid (12), and I-nitropyrene (13) were synthesized according to published procedures. Air Sampling and Determination of Benzo[a|pyrene. Twenty-four-hour sampling of airborne particulates was clone once a week with a high volume air sampler (Research Appliance Corp.) operated at 50 cfrn using a Gelman spectro grade Type A glass fiber filter. Elapsed time and sample flow pressure differential were determined by metering equipment placed in series with the sampler motor. Composite samples consisting of portions of the filters from each calendar quarter were extracted with benzene for eight hours in a Soxhlet extractor. The dry weight of the extractable organic was measured. The benzo[a]pyrene content was determined using the TLC and fluorometry method as described previously (14). Det~rmination of Mutagenicity. Salmonella typhimurium TAD8 has been shown to be responsive to the mutagenicity of organic matter in airborne particulates (I) as well as in auto exhaust (3) and was thus used in the present study. A nitroreductase-deficient mutant derived from TAD8, TA98nr, was also used. This strain was isolated according to the procedure described by McCalla and Voutsinos (15) and Rosenkranz and Speck (16). In brief, TA98 was inoculated into a nutrient broth supplemented with 0 . 5 ~ g / m l ANFT and incubated in a 37°C shaking water bath for six hours. A portion of the culture, 0.1 ml, was added to 2 ml of nutrient broth containing 51jg/ml ANFT and incubated further for
85
84
No. 2
18 hours. The culture was streaked on a nutrient agar plate and a nitroreductase-deficient mutant was obtained. This strain was able to grow in 5 ~g/ml ANFT in nutrient broth, whereas TA98 was able to grow in 0.5 ~g/ml ANFT, but not at the h|gher concentration. TA98nr was sensitive to UV light and crystal violet, was insensitive to ampicilin, and required histidine for growth indicating that this strain retained the characteristics of TA98. The test samples were dissolved in DMSO and the mutagenicity was determined using a pour-plate method, w i t h o u t the addition of mammalian enzymes, as previously described (17). The data presented are from experiments in which the number of revertants observed were proportional to the amount of compound added. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Quercetin (18), 2-naphthohydroxamic acid (12) and various nitroaromatics and nitroheterocyclics have been shown to be direct-acting mutagens to TA98 and were used to compare the responsiveness of TA98nr. As shown in Table I, both TA98 and TA98nr responded equally well to quercetin and 2-naphthohydroxamic acid. Importantly, N-2-fluorenylhydroxylamine, the putative mutagen formed on reduction of 2-nitrofluorene, was equally active in both strains. With the exception of 4-nitroquinoline _.N-oxide, the other nitro compounds were better mutagens for TA98 than TA98nr. The difference in responsiveness varied with regard to the nature of aromatic moieties. TA98 was approximately ten times as responsive as TA98nr to 2-nitrofluorene, 2-nitronaphthalene, and 4-nitrobiphenyl; three times as responsive to nitrofurans and twice as responsive to I-nitropyrene. Attempts to isolate a mutant which could grow at 20 ~g/ml ANFT, i . e . , a mutant having less nitroreductase activity than TA98nr, were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, a mixture which is more mutagenic for TA98 than for TA98nr is likely to have contained nitroaromatics. The mutagenicity of the organic matter of filters collected from the air-sampling stations in Wayne county areas is shown in Table I I . The mutagenicity of the organic matter varied from one collecting area to another as well as from season to season within the same area. Without ~xception, the samples were more mutagenic to TA98 than to TA98nr suggesting the presence of nitroaromatics or nitroheterocyclics in zhe test samples. This observation is consistent with the previous suggestion that nitroaromatics may be present in air samples and combustion emissions (3,5). The extractable organic, benzo[a]pyrene, and mutagenic contents of the particulate matter, as expressed in terms of the volume of air sampled, are shown in Table I I I . The descriptions of the sampling sites are listed in Table IV. In general, there was more organic matter in the air filters collected in the fourth quarter of the year than in other quarters. Furthermore, samples from stations 5 and 32, which are in close proximity to operating coke ovens, had more organic matter than from the other stations. Although the benzo[a]pyrene contents paralleled the levels of organic matter, mutagenicity was not related to the content of benzo[a]pyrene or organic matter. It is noteworthy that samples from stations 2 and II collected in the fourth quarter of the year were more mutagenic than samples from other stations. Since station 2 is located in a high density residential area and station II is located in a rural area, it is unlikely that the high mutagenicity of air samples collected in these two areas is due to industrial pollutants. The chemical nature and sources of the direct-acting mutagens are under investigation. CONCLUDING REMARKS Organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene contents and the direct-~cting mutagenicity of airborne particulate in Wayne county areas were determined. The levels of organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene were related. However, the direct-acting mutagenicity was independent of the levels of organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene. Indirect evidence that the mutagenic activity may com~" from nitroaromatics or nitroheterocyclics was suggested by the decreased activities of extracts of airborne particulates in a bacterial strain that is less responsive to these compounds. The occurrence of nitroaromatics as atmospheric contaminants could have adverse health effects because of their environmental or metabolic conversion to aromatic amines, a class of carcinogen known to induce bladder cancer in man (9). ACKNOWt.E~NTS We are indebted to the assistance of Dr. F'lfriede M. Linsmaier-Bednar with the mutagenicity assays and Miss Sandra M. Angeline for manuscript preparation. This study has been supported in part by NIH grant CA23800 and CA23386, and an institutional grant from the United Foundation of Detroit.
No.2
85
TABLE Io RESPONSIVENESS OF TA98 AND TA98nr TO VARIOUS DIRECT MUTAGENS
Revertants/Plate (M_+S.D. I nmole/plate
Chemicals
TA98
n=3)
TA98nr
2-Nitrofluorene
I0.0
719+15
50-+9
N-2-Fluorenylhydr oxylamine
0.5
296+19
293+18
I000.0
974+21
95+16
I00.0
123+10
15+5
I-Nitropyrene
0.5
1303_+35
748+31
AF-2
0.2
366_+13
106_+29
FA NFT
0.2
83+14
30_+30
4-Nitroquin oline N-oxide
2.0
271+11
250"/'_13
2-Naphthohydroxamic acid
5.0
446-+39
499+53
Quercetin
0.2
487-+10
523_+15
2-Nitronaphthalene 4-Nitr obip henyl
TABLE I I .
MUTAGENICITY OF ORGANIC MAI il:.K FROM AIR FILTERS
Revertants/Plate Quarter
Station No.
~g/plate
TA98
Ist
2 5 II
300 300 300
748 406 260
410 252 I00
2nd
2 4 5 II
300 300 300 300
655 397 381 109
244 179 206 61
3rd
2 4 5 I1 32
300 300 300 300 300
912 1227 311 478 186
352 951 133 215 118
4th
2 4 5 II 32
150 300 300 75 300
1048 232 158 2481 246
426 106 68 1665 140
12
20
Control
.
.
.
.
TA98nr
86
No.2
TABLE I I I . ORGANIC MATTI~ BENZO[a|P~, AND MUTAC4ENICITY OF AIR FILTERS COLLECTED IN 1978 IN WAYNE COUNTY AREA5
Quarter
Station No.
Organic (ijg/m 3)
Benzo[a]p~yrene (ng/m a)
Ist
2 5 II
5.13 7,80 5.77
2.32 4.86 0.95
12.6 10.2 4.8
2nd
2 4 5 II
4.66 4.15 6.92 2.23
1.30 1.40 6.76 0.39
10.0 5.3 8.5 0.7
3rd
2 4 5 II 32
6.33 8.26 9,07 3.78 15,50
0.49 0.47 4.10 0.58 6.95
19,0 33.5 9.0 5.9 9.6
4th
2 4 5 II 32
9.12 7.42 14.25 5.40 17.23
0.88 0.98 10.60 0.70 11.90
62.4 5.4 6.5 177.1 13.4
TABLE I V .
Mutagenicity (Rev./m 3) TA98
DESCRIPTION OF WAYNE COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROl. DIVISION AIR SAMPLING SITES
Station No,
2
Located in a residential area containing scattered light commercial industry. The site is approximately one mile down prevailing wind from a large auto assembly plant and approximately four miles from the edge of the city of Detroit central business district. Located in a residential area at the fringe of the business district near the intersection of two major freeways, not affected by any major stationary source of air contaminants. Located on the service property of a large urban high school in a residential and light commercial area approximately four miles down prevailing wind from a heavy industrial coking, petroleum and steel manufacturing complex. Located in a rural setting upwind constructed freeway (1978).
32
of urban stationary industrial
sources, but adjacent to recently
Located in a highly industrial residential area and adjacent to a large coke plant.
87
No.2
REFERENCES I.
R. Talcott and E. T. Wei.
J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977) 449--451.
2.
J. N. Pitts, Jr., D. Grosjean, T. M. Mischke, V. F. Simmon and D. Poole.
Tox. Lett. I (1977) 65-70.
3.
Y.Y. Wang, S. M. Rappaport, R. F. Savoyer, R. E. Talcott and E. T. Wei.
Cancer Lett. 5 (1978) 39-47.
4.
J. Yergey. The sampling, chemical characterization and biological assay of diesel exhaust particulate matter from a light duty diesel engine. Presented at the Spring Meeting, Central State Section, The Cgmhustion Institutes, Columbus, Ohio. April 9-10, 1979.
5.
G. Lofroth,
6.
G . L . Fisher, C. E. Chrisp and O. G, Raabe. Science 204 (1979) 879-881,
7.
C, E. Chrisp, G, L. Fisher and J, E. Camert.
8,
J, N, Pitts, Jr., K, A. Van Cauwenberghe, D. Grosjean, J. P. Schmid, D. R. Fitz, W. L. Belser, Jr., G. B, Knudson and P. M. Hynds. Science 202 (1978) 515-519.
9.
D, B. Clayson and R. C, Garner. Carcinogenic aromatic amines and related compounds. Society, Washington, D,C. 1976; 366-461 pp.
Chemosphere 17 (1978) 791-798,
Science 199 (1978) 73-75.
10.
J. D. Scribner and N. K. Naimy.
II,
S. M, Cohen, G, M. Lower, Jr., E, Erturk and G. T. Bryan,
12.
C . Y . Wang. Mutation Res. 56 (1977) 7-12.
13.
P . M . G, Bavin and M. J. S, Dwar,
14.
P, O. Warner.
15.
O . R . McCalla and D. Voutsinos.
16.
H, S, Rosenkranz and W. T, Speck,
17.
B, N. Ames, J. McCann andE. Yamasaki. Mutation Res. 31 (1975) 347-364,
18.
C, Y. Wang, A, M. Pamukcu and G, T. Bryan, Med. Biol, Environ, 4 (1976) 565-572,
(Received
Cancer Res, 33 (1973) 1159-1164.
J, Chem. Soc, (1956) 164-169.
Analysis of air pollutants.
in The Netherlands
Cancer Res, 33 (1973) 1593-1597.
John Wiley and Sons, New York 1976; 77-80 pp.
Mutation Res. 26 (1974) 3-16. Biochem, Pharm. 25 (1976) 1555-1556,
8 January
1980)
American Chemical
0045-6535/80/020]-0083~D2.00/0
EVIDENCE FOR NITROAROMATICS AS DIRECT-ACTING MUTAGEN5 OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATES Ching Yung Wang*, Mei-Sie Lee*, Charles M. King*, and Peter O. Warner+ *Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit, Michigan 48201, +Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 and Wayne County Health Department, Air Pollution Control Division, Detroit, Michigan 48207
INTRODUCTION The organic matter in atmospheric particulates has been known to be carcinogenic in experimental animals. This carcinogenicity has generally been attributed to the presence of benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as their azaheterocyclic analogs. Recent studies have now detected the presence of another type of component which, unlike the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains in the absence of a mammalian metabolic activation system. These "direct-acting mutagens" have been detected in urban air (I,2), in the exhaust of gasoline (3) and diesel engines (4), in emissions from hot water boilers fired with oil, peat, and wood chips (5), and in fly ash from coal-fired power plants (6,7). These mutagenic chemicals have been suggested to be nitroaromatics (3,5), since both benzo[aJpyrene and perylene have been shown to be converted to directly mutagenic nitro derivatives in a simulated atmosphere containing traces of nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid (8), While the biological implication of direct-acting mutagens in the environment has not been established, nitroaromatics are of concern because they may be converted to aromatic amines that induce bladder cancer in man (9). Wayne county, which includes the city of Detroit, is a highly urbanized area that contains more than 35,000 small and large industries. The Air Pollution Control Division of the Wayne County Health Department has air-sampling stations throughout the county; some are located in close proximity to operating coke ovens in high employment areas, some are in densely populated residential areas, and others are in rural, low-density residential areas, The present study investigated the direct-acting mutagenicity and benzo[alpyrene content in airborne particulates collected in several sampling stations in the Wayne county area. Bacterial strains of differing sensitivity to nitroaromatics were employed. The results showed that the direct-acting mutagenicity was not related to the level of organic matter nor that of benzo[a]pyrene and implicated the presence of nitroaromatics in the airborne particulates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals. 2-Nitrofluorene, 2-nitronaphthalene and 4-nitrobiphenyl were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; quercetin from the Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri; N - [ 4 - ( 5 - n i t r o - 2 - f u r y l ) - 2 - t h i a z o l y l ] formamide (FANFT) from the Sabre Laboratories, Morton Grove, Illinois. 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) was a gift from Dr. T. Matsushima, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide from Dr. A. Tannenbaum, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. N-2-Flu orenylhydroxylamine (10), 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) (11), 2-naphthohydroxamic acid (12), and I-nitropyrene (13) were synthesized according to published procedures. Air Sampling and Determination of Benzo[a|pyrene. Twenty-four-hour sampling of airborne particulates was clone once a week with a high volume air sampler (Research Appliance Corp.) operated at 50 cfrn using a Gelman spectro grade Type A glass fiber filter. Elapsed time and sample flow pressure differential were determined by metering equipment placed in series with the sampler motor. Composite samples consisting of portions of the filters from each calendar quarter were extracted with benzene for eight hours in a Soxhlet extractor. The dry weight of the extractable organic was measured. The benzo[a]pyrene content was determined using the TLC and fluorometry method as described previously (14). Det~rmination of Mutagenicity. Salmonella typhimurium TAD8 has been shown to be responsive to the mutagenicity of organic matter in airborne particulates (I) as well as in auto exhaust (3) and was thus used in the present study. A nitroreductase-deficient mutant derived from TAD8, TA98nr, was also used. This strain was isolated according to the procedure described by McCalla and Voutsinos (15) and Rosenkranz and Speck (16). In brief, TA98 was inoculated into a nutrient broth supplemented with 0 . 5 ~ g / m l ANFT and incubated in a 37°C shaking water bath for six hours. A portion of the culture, 0.1 ml, was added to 2 ml of nutrient broth containing 51jg/ml ANFT and incubated further for
85
84
No. 2
18 hours. The culture was streaked on a nutrient agar plate and a nitroreductase-deficient mutant was obtained. This strain was able to grow in 5 ~g/ml ANFT in nutrient broth, whereas TA98 was able to grow in 0.5 ~g/ml ANFT, but not at the h|gher concentration. TA98nr was sensitive to UV light and crystal violet, was insensitive to ampicilin, and required histidine for growth indicating that this strain retained the characteristics of TA98. The test samples were dissolved in DMSO and the mutagenicity was determined using a pour-plate method, w i t h o u t the addition of mammalian enzymes, as previously described (17). The data presented are from experiments in which the number of revertants observed were proportional to the amount of compound added. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Quercetin (18), 2-naphthohydroxamic acid (12) and various nitroaromatics and nitroheterocyclics have been shown to be direct-acting mutagens to TA98 and were used to compare the responsiveness of TA98nr. As shown in Table I, both TA98 and TA98nr responded equally well to quercetin and 2-naphthohydroxamic acid. Importantly, N-2-fluorenylhydroxylamine, the putative mutagen formed on reduction of 2-nitrofluorene, was equally active in both strains. With the exception of 4-nitroquinoline _.N-oxide, the other nitro compounds were better mutagens for TA98 than TA98nr. The difference in responsiveness varied with regard to the nature of aromatic moieties. TA98 was approximately ten times as responsive as TA98nr to 2-nitrofluorene, 2-nitronaphthalene, and 4-nitrobiphenyl; three times as responsive to nitrofurans and twice as responsive to I-nitropyrene. Attempts to isolate a mutant which could grow at 20 ~g/ml ANFT, i . e . , a mutant having less nitroreductase activity than TA98nr, were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, a mixture which is more mutagenic for TA98 than for TA98nr is likely to have contained nitroaromatics. The mutagenicity of the organic matter of filters collected from the air-sampling stations in Wayne county areas is shown in Table I I . The mutagenicity of the organic matter varied from one collecting area to another as well as from season to season within the same area. Without ~xception, the samples were more mutagenic to TA98 than to TA98nr suggesting the presence of nitroaromatics or nitroheterocyclics in zhe test samples. This observation is consistent with the previous suggestion that nitroaromatics may be present in air samples and combustion emissions (3,5). The extractable organic, benzo[a]pyrene, and mutagenic contents of the particulate matter, as expressed in terms of the volume of air sampled, are shown in Table I I I . The descriptions of the sampling sites are listed in Table IV. In general, there was more organic matter in the air filters collected in the fourth quarter of the year than in other quarters. Furthermore, samples from stations 5 and 32, which are in close proximity to operating coke ovens, had more organic matter than from the other stations. Although the benzo[a]pyrene contents paralleled the levels of organic matter, mutagenicity was not related to the content of benzo[a]pyrene or organic matter. It is noteworthy that samples from stations 2 and II collected in the fourth quarter of the year were more mutagenic than samples from other stations. Since station 2 is located in a high density residential area and station II is located in a rural area, it is unlikely that the high mutagenicity of air samples collected in these two areas is due to industrial pollutants. The chemical nature and sources of the direct-acting mutagens are under investigation. CONCLUDING REMARKS Organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene contents and the direct-~cting mutagenicity of airborne particulate in Wayne county areas were determined. The levels of organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene were related. However, the direct-acting mutagenicity was independent of the levels of organic matter and benzo[a]pyrene. Indirect evidence that the mutagenic activity may com~" from nitroaromatics or nitroheterocyclics was suggested by the decreased activities of extracts of airborne particulates in a bacterial strain that is less responsive to these compounds. The occurrence of nitroaromatics as atmospheric contaminants could have adverse health effects because of their environmental or metabolic conversion to aromatic amines, a class of carcinogen known to induce bladder cancer in man (9). ACKNOWt.E~NTS We are indebted to the assistance of Dr. F'lfriede M. Linsmaier-Bednar with the mutagenicity assays and Miss Sandra M. Angeline for manuscript preparation. This study has been supported in part by NIH grant CA23800 and CA23386, and an institutional grant from the United Foundation of Detroit.
No.2
85
TABLE Io RESPONSIVENESS OF TA98 AND TA98nr TO VARIOUS DIRECT MUTAGENS
Revertants/Plate (M_+S.D. I nmole/plate
Chemicals
TA98
n=3)
TA98nr
2-Nitrofluorene
I0.0
719+15
50-+9
N-2-Fluorenylhydr oxylamine
0.5
296+19
293+18
I000.0
974+21
95+16
I00.0
123+10
15+5
I-Nitropyrene
0.5
1303_+35
748+31
AF-2
0.2
366_+13
106_+29
FA NFT
0.2
83+14
30_+30
4-Nitroquin oline N-oxide
2.0
271+11
250"/'_13
2-Naphthohydroxamic acid
5.0
446-+39
499+53
Quercetin
0.2
487-+10
523_+15
2-Nitronaphthalene 4-Nitr obip henyl
TABLE I I .
MUTAGENICITY OF ORGANIC MAI il:.K FROM AIR FILTERS
Revertants/Plate Quarter
Station No.
~g/plate
TA98
Ist
2 5 II
300 300 300
748 406 260
410 252 I00
2nd
2 4 5 II
300 300 300 300
655 397 381 109
244 179 206 61
3rd
2 4 5 I1 32
300 300 300 300 300
912 1227 311 478 186
352 951 133 215 118
4th
2 4 5 II 32
150 300 300 75 300
1048 232 158 2481 246
426 106 68 1665 140
12
20
Control
.
.
.
.
TA98nr
86
No.2
TABLE I I I . ORGANIC MATTI~ BENZO[a|P~, AND MUTAC4ENICITY OF AIR FILTERS COLLECTED IN 1978 IN WAYNE COUNTY AREA5
Quarter
Station No.
Organic (ijg/m 3)
Benzo[a]p~yrene (ng/m a)
Ist
2 5 II
5.13 7,80 5.77
2.32 4.86 0.95
12.6 10.2 4.8
2nd
2 4 5 II
4.66 4.15 6.92 2.23
1.30 1.40 6.76 0.39
10.0 5.3 8.5 0.7
3rd
2 4 5 II 32
6.33 8.26 9,07 3.78 15,50
0.49 0.47 4.10 0.58 6.95
19,0 33.5 9.0 5.9 9.6
4th
2 4 5 II 32
9.12 7.42 14.25 5.40 17.23
0.88 0.98 10.60 0.70 11.90
62.4 5.4 6.5 177.1 13.4
TABLE I V .
Mutagenicity (Rev./m 3) TA98
DESCRIPTION OF WAYNE COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROl. DIVISION AIR SAMPLING SITES
Station No,
2
Located in a residential area containing scattered light commercial industry. The site is approximately one mile down prevailing wind from a large auto assembly plant and approximately four miles from the edge of the city of Detroit central business district. Located in a residential area at the fringe of the business district near the intersection of two major freeways, not affected by any major stationary source of air contaminants. Located on the service property of a large urban high school in a residential and light commercial area approximately four miles down prevailing wind from a heavy industrial coking, petroleum and steel manufacturing complex. Located in a rural setting upwind constructed freeway (1978).
32
of urban stationary industrial
sources, but adjacent to recently
Located in a highly industrial residential area and adjacent to a large coke plant.
87
No.2
REFERENCES I.
R. Talcott and E. T. Wei.
J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977) 449--451.
2.
J. N. Pitts, Jr., D. Grosjean, T. M. Mischke, V. F. Simmon and D. Poole.
Tox. Lett. I (1977) 65-70.
3.
Y.Y. Wang, S. M. Rappaport, R. F. Savoyer, R. E. Talcott and E. T. Wei.
Cancer Lett. 5 (1978) 39-47.
4.
J. Yergey. The sampling, chemical characterization and biological assay of diesel exhaust particulate matter from a light duty diesel engine. Presented at the Spring Meeting, Central State Section, The Cgmhustion Institutes, Columbus, Ohio. April 9-10, 1979.
5.
G. Lofroth,
6.
G . L . Fisher, C. E. Chrisp and O. G, Raabe. Science 204 (1979) 879-881,
7.
C, E. Chrisp, G, L. Fisher and J, E. Camert.
8,
J, N, Pitts, Jr., K, A. Van Cauwenberghe, D. Grosjean, J. P. Schmid, D. R. Fitz, W. L. Belser, Jr., G. B, Knudson and P. M. Hynds. Science 202 (1978) 515-519.
9.
D, B. Clayson and R. C, Garner. Carcinogenic aromatic amines and related compounds. Society, Washington, D,C. 1976; 366-461 pp.
Chemosphere 17 (1978) 791-798,
Science 199 (1978) 73-75.
10.
J. D. Scribner and N. K. Naimy.
II,
S. M, Cohen, G, M. Lower, Jr., E, Erturk and G. T. Bryan,
12.
C . Y . Wang. Mutation Res. 56 (1977) 7-12.
13.
P . M . G, Bavin and M. J. S, Dwar,
14.
P, O. Warner.
15.
O . R . McCalla and D. Voutsinos.
16.
H, S, Rosenkranz and W. T, Speck,
17.
B, N. Ames, J. McCann andE. Yamasaki. Mutation Res. 31 (1975) 347-364,
18.
C, Y. Wang, A, M. Pamukcu and G, T. Bryan, Med. Biol, Environ, 4 (1976) 565-572,
(Received
Cancer Res, 33 (1973) 1159-1164.
J, Chem. Soc, (1956) 164-169.
Analysis of air pollutants.
in The Netherlands
Cancer Res, 33 (1973) 1593-1597.
John Wiley and Sons, New York 1976; 77-80 pp.
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