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Examining The Concept of Industry 4.0 Studies Using Text Mining and Scientific Mapping Method
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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 498–507
3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE) 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)
Examining The Concept of Industry 4.0 Studies Using Text Mining Examining The Concept of Industry 4.0 Studies Using Text Mining and Scientific Mapping Method and Scientific Mapping Method Tayfun Yıldız* Tayfun Yıldız*
Ardahan University, Ardahan, 75000, Turkey Ardahan University, Ardahan, 75000, Turkey
Abstract Abstract This paper aims to examine the progress of Industry 4.0 studies worldwide from 2012 to present. The study investigates how these This paper aims to examine the progress of Industry 4.0 studies from toare present. The study how these studies progress using text mining and science mapping analysisworldwide method and the 2012 results interpreted. Textinvestigates mining, also referred studies progress using text mining and science mapping analysis method andofthe results high-quality are interpreted. Text mining, referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, is the process deriving information fromalso text. Highquality information is typically derived through devising of patterns andderiving trends high-quality through means such as statistical to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text the analytics, is the process of information from text.pattern Highquality typically through scientific the devising of patterns and throughresults meansaresuch as statistical pattern learning.information Using firstlyistext miningderived ,after secondly mapping methods andtrends the obtained interpreted. Text mining learning. Using firstly text method mining enables ,after secondly scientific mapping methods thescientific obtainedpublications results are interpreted. Textcountry, mining with bibliometric analysis a statistical analysis of various data and about including their author(s), cooperation among authors, citations, references, institutions, date, and publications puts forwardincluding the general aspect of a with bibliometric analysis method enables a statistical analysis of variouspublication data about scientific their country, author(s), cooperation authors, citations, references, publication date, and puts forward the general aspect of a certain discipline in theamong light of obtained statistical results. institutions, In other words, the purpose of scientific mapping is to demonstrate certain discipline in theaspects light ofofobtained statistical results. In other words,how the purpose of scientific mapping is were to demonstrate structural and dynamic a scientific research. This study introduces many indusrty 4.0 related papers published between the 2012-2018 regarding SCOPUS data base andintroduces their distributions areindusrty established with respect thepublished scope of structural andperiod dynamic aspects of a scientific research. This study how many 4.0 related papers to were between the period 2012-2018 regarding SCOPUS data with base Science and theirMapping distributions are established with(SciMAT). respect toThis the scope of journals and keywords using scientific mapping analysis Analysis Software Tool package journals keywords using scientific analysis with Science Mapping Analysis distinctive Software Tool (SciMAT). package program and provides a comprehensive datamapping sorting and opportunity to succeed single-handed analyis methodsThis for scientific mapping.provides Moreover, VOSviewer program is also used to put forward citation patterns among authors. Thus,methods differences between program a comprehensive data sorting and opportunity to succeed single-handed distinctive analyis for scientific mapping. Moreover, VOSviewer is also used to put forward citation among authors.4.0 Thus, between subjects that may have an impact program on the revolution of studies concentrated on patterns the concept of industry on differences SCOPUS data base, subjects that may have an impact on the revolution of studies concentrated on the concept of industry 4.0 on SCOPUS data base, can be examined. can be examined. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 2019 The Published Elsevier B.V. © The Authors. Author(s). Publishedbyby Elsevier B.V. committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Keywords: Industry 4.0, innovation, text mining, scinece mapping Keywords: Industry 4.0, innovation, text mining, scinece mapping
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +904782117528; fax: +904782117529 address:author. [email protected] * E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +904782117528; fax: +904782117529 E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review of the scientific of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1877-0509 ©under 2019responsibility The Author(s). Published bycommittee Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.081
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1. Introduction The main purpose of this study is to examine the scientific publications which are produced in the world between 2012-2018 and which contain the concept of industry 4.0 in Scopus database by using text mining and bibliometric analysis method with scinece mapping. As a result of these investigations, the use of different techniques (text mining, bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping) and the main headings in the SCOPUS database, which are related to Industry 4.0, are tried to be predicted. Despite the fact that there are theoretical and practical studies on the concept of industry 4.0 in the literature, no text mining or bibliometric analysis study on the development of industry 4.0 studies in the post-2012 period has been found. The questions asked to clarify the subject are as follows; a. In the period 2012-2018 in the Global Industry 4.0 Scopus database and published several articles b. What is the distribution of these published articles on the basis of the keywords? c. Are there any differences in these disciplines? d. What are the themes that arise when divided into periods? To find answers to the questions mentioned above; The articles published in the Scopus database using the "industry 4.0" keyword in the Scopus database during the period of 2012-2018 will be determined and the themes discussed by these articles in terms of periods will be revealed. The analysis, visualization and interpretation of the data will be done by using SciMAT program which is one of the science mapping tools. This research was carried out by bibliometric analysis method which is increasingly used in different disciplines day by day. Bibliometric analyzes are made with a variety of purposes in relation to scientific publications, such as making comparisons between countries, identifying prominent topics, seeing how a daily concept changes compared with the past, and finding out how these concepts relate to other concepts [1]. Text mining has become important research vicinity. A very large number of information stored in different places in unstructured structure. Approximately 80% of the world’s data is in unstructured text [2]. Massive amount of new information being created, above 80-90% of all data is held in various unstructured formats. The text mining extracts the useful information from data sources through the explorations and identifications of interesting patterns [3]. Then used the program VosViewer to determine the text mining and density maps of concepts. 2. Industry 4.0 Concept and Development Process In order to survive throughout history, human beings have needed various tools and used different techniques for the development of these tools. Mankind has lived as a hunter and a recruiter until the 10.000 BC or the Neolithic. People who do not add anything to nature, only the nature of what they give and consuming people with the development of more hand-held tools to make more equipment and began to protect themselves from wild animals. However, with the transition to the resident society, they started farming for the first time and domesticated the animals and used it in their own service. A great step for humanity, who first met with production, was laid in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen in England with the first steam engine. However, the real revolution was carried out in 1781 by James Watt, who used the steam engine for the first time in the industry[4] Then, the industrialization age (Industrial Revolution) started with the use of the steam engine, especially in textile and other sectors. This increase in production made it necessary to open up new markets and as a result, the income and welfare of Western countries increased. The Industrial Revolution, which caused many changes in socio-cultural terms, followed the second and third industrial revolutions, respectively. The concept of industry 4.0 represents a process that will enable the industry to gain a new dimension, change the production systems all over the world, and overcome the era. Concept of Industry 4.0; It refers to a production process where in people are not present productive, where computers organize the production process in a co-ordinated manner
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with robots, instead of mass production, products for personalized customer demand are produced, with the Internet of Things concept (IoT), where machines produce in a dark environment without the need for light. Here, the muscle strength of man is replaced by the human brain power. One of the main components of Industry 4.0, which brings together information technologies and industrial activities; New Generation Software and Hardware, which means low-cost, space-consuming, low-energy, low-heat, but high-reliability hardware, unlike today's classic hardware, and operating and software systems that will run these hardware, will be more frugal in terms of resource and memory usage. The second and perhaps the most important component is the Device-Based Internet (Internet), which is used for the exchange of information and data with each other on the world. This system can also be called Cyber-Physical Systems [4]. The Industry 4.0 topic emerges as a long term strategy of the German government, which was adopted as part of the High Tech Strategy 2020 Action Plan in 2011 to ensure the competitiveness of its industry. Since then, the German government has institutionalized its commitment to industry in creating a platform led by Ministries of Economics and business, science and trade representatives [5]. The modern manufacturing systems must be flexible/agile, reactive, integrated and cost-effective simultaneously to enable industrial companies to stay competitive in an international competition. To develop and run such complex systems, manufacturing enterprises need to design and engineer their production processes appropriately and in a systematic way following structured approaches based on sound principles and supported by efficient tools and methods [6]. In the literature, the relocation of manufacturing and businesses back to Europe and the USA has become a subject of interest for both academia and policy[7,8,9]. In the process starting from the first industrial revolution, Europe and the US became the central countries of production then joined the process in Japan. The fact that these countries are the production base has also led to the gathering of these countries in their capital and a welfare increase has emerged in time. However, this increase in welfare brought about changes in some socio-cultural dimensions and triggered different social events such as social problems, workers' rights and increased crime rates in cities [4]. The main problem for enterprises is the necessity of shifting the production to different regions as a result of factors such as the increase of labor costs and costs, environmental pollution and reactions to this issue and workers' rights. China, India, Malaysia, Singapore etc. which is an attraction region with cheap craftsmanship countries also have the appetite of enterprises due to the fact that they are new markets. In addition, workers' rights, which are not available in these regions, were an invaluable opportunity for global businesses. However, recent studies have reported that these markets have reached saturation points in certain sectors and that the cost advantage between producing in the USA or Europe and production in Eastern countries has decreased to 10% [10]. Today, we are in the process of transition to the fourth industrial revolution, which came to the agenda at the Hannover Fair in 2011, which was prepared by the Working Group created by the German Government in 2012 and presented with the final report presented in 2013. These stages; [11] • Integrated security strategies integrating architecture and standards • Identifying the security identities of products, processes and machines, • Preparation of the strategy of transition from industry 3.0 to 4.0 • User-friendly safety and security solutions, • To take safety and security measures in the dimension of enterprise management, • Protection of product copyrights and piracy, • Provision of common protocols and legislation for the protection of collective data, • Efficient use of resources Why is an industrial revolution still needed in a world where we use systems like computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) and do mass production in a very good way? In order to answer this question, it is
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important to evaluate several factors. There are some reasons for the transition to a new industrial revolution. When the literature is examined, the number of academic studies is very few. 2.1. The Reasons For The Transition To Industry 4.0 It is possible to collect these reasons under five headings, where everyone has an opinion. First of all, Eastern countries (China, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.) in the cheap production of Western-origin factories as a result of attracting their own country to the production shifted to the East, many factories in the West began to close, and as a natural consequence of this, unemployment in the West began to increase [4]. The second factor is that, in parallel with the increasing level of welfare in the world, customers are more oriented to personalized products and mass production plants are not a strong competitive advantage factor. Now there is a need for factories that can make flexible production [12]. A third factor is the need for technologies that can be judged by computers, the manufacturing process is involved in artificial intelligence applications and the time to market (shorten time to market) will be shortened. Here, it is planned to provide a production system that will reduce innovation cycles and respond to customers' demands simultaneously. A fourth factor is the issue of efficiency. With Industry 4.0, the factories have a process that consumes very little energy that can operate in the dark [13]. This results in less pollution of the environment and less energy demand, and also reduces costs dramatically. The fifth and last factor is the operation of robots in the workforce, communicating with each other, and producing products that are close to zero errors thanks to flexible production. In this case, the human factor that will be removed from production and both cost will be reduced and work accidents and production errors will be prevented [14]. This can be seen as the most cruel side of Industry 4.0, but it is obvious that we cannot resist change [15]. 2.2. Components of Industry 4.0 In today's world, the cyber world and the physical worlds are composed of interconnected intricate structures that cannot be separated. This complex structure is built on two pillars. The first is the talking smart systems by connecting to each other via the Internet, and the second is the virtual environment that emerges with real-world simulation of objects and behaviors in the real world. By means of the Internet of Things (IoT-Internet of Things), systems connected to cybernetic networks are transformed into autonomous systems that make their own decisions through artificial intelligence applications [16]. In addition, the simulation tools used in today's cyber environment to be produced without a product problems are seen. In addition, production process can be designed in the most optimum way by using cyber-physical systems in the design of a factory [17]. With Industry 4.0, robots will be transformed into intelligent robots that can go to each other to make themselves more efficient in manufacturing within the factory, which can make their own decisions and update their own software for different production lines. To give an example to this, a robot working in a painting factory in a car manufacturing factory can go to the bir robot friends robot in the assembly work by deciding and updating the software itself when the work is done [4, 18]. As the number of devices connected to the Internet increased, the amount of data recorded by these devices started to increase. From computers or smartphones, even the refrigerator, oven, air conditioner and combi devices we use at home are increasingly increasing the need to store and interpret data [4]. The automation systems that are connected with cyber physical systems in the factories produce a large amount of data. In addition, data related to customers, sector reports, market trends as well as data needs to be safely stored and
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analyzed [19, 20]. Nowadays, it has the capability to store, manage and analyze the high variety, high volume, high velocity sets of data. [21, 22]. As mentioned above, storing large data and accessing this data from anywhere is a must for this process. Thanks to the devices connected with the Internet of things, access to a continuous internet and the storage of the data on the internet cause both advantages and disadvantages. Nowadays, businesses do not store these data on their own systems but on cloud service companies. This not only provides serious cost advantage to companies, but also makes it easy for them to access company data from anywhere in the world. One of the advantages of cloud computing is the possibility of reaching data from anywhere, editing and sharing data. In addition, data can be accessed from all over the world through virtual organizations and it is possible to collaborate on these data [23]. Under the highly globalized and competitive world economy conditions, science-technology and innovation oriented competitiveness strategy is the most important factor for countries not only to strengthen their global competitiveness but also to achieve sustainable long run growth [24]. 3. Data and Methodology First, bibliometric analysis will be applied in the research. For this, the "SCOPUS" database will be scanned using the keyword "Industry 4.0". The analysis, visualization and interpretation of the data will be carried out using the SciMAT program, one of the science mapping tools [1]. After VosViewer is a Java-based program, designed primarily for use in the analysis of bibliometric networks, focuses on the formal representation of maps. The zoom function is suitable for large maps. Private labeling algorithms and text mining techniques are used in the program. VOSViewer can generate maps of words in networks by using maps or authors 'or magazines' maps of authors or magazines based on co-citation networks [25]. Bibliometric analysis is generally a tool for measuring international scientific activities. Science mapping, on the other hand, has widely been accepted as a new developing field in a short time. Science mapping analysis is a method that evaluates the structure and change of information and facilitates access to information. [1]. Science mapping or bibliometric mapping is an important research topic in the field of bibliometry. This method, called scientific mapping or bibliometric mapping, constitutes an important research topic in bibliometry. It is an analysis of how disciplines, fields, expertise and individual documents or authors relate to each other. In essence, this analysis focuses on monitoring the area and determining research boundaries to determine the cognitive structure and evolution of the field. In other words, science mapping aims to show the structural and dynamic aspects of scientific research [26, 27, 28]. Bibliometrics is also an important tool for analyzing and evaluating the progress of academic research in countries, universities, research centers, research groups and journals [1]. Web-based online bibliographic databases ISI, Web of Science, Scopus, CiteSeer, Google Scholar or NLM and MEDLINE or others, bibliometric common sources of data for research. 4. Analysis and Findings According to the results of the query made in the Scopus database according to the headings and keywords of the scientific publications, in the relevant literature in the world, a total of 4.029 publications related to the industry were made in 2012-2018 period. The distribution of these publications by years is shown in Figure-1 and the distribution by countries is shown in Figure-2.
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Looking at Figure-1, it is seen that the scientific publications made in the field of Industry 4.0 tend to increase. Looking at the years; it is seen that the most publications were made in 2018 (2071 publication).
Fig. 1. Industry 4.0 Documents per Year.
When looking at Figure-2, it is seen that Germany is the main country of the concept, and then Italy, China and America respectively.
Fig. 2. Industry 4.0 Documents by Country.
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As a result of the analysis made with SciMAT, strategic diagrams were examined by periods. "Centrality" on the horizontal axis in the strategic diagram refers to the degree of strength of the related theme's relation with other themes or thematic areas. The relation strength increases towards the right direction on the horizontal axis while it decreases towards the left direction. The "density" on the vertical axis in the strategic diagram expresses the abundance of the number of scientific publications. The intensity of the theme, i.e. the frequency of work, increases upwards on the vertical axis while it decreases downwards. The themes in the upper left part of the diagram are the themes that have strong bonds in research field but have weak bonds with other thematic fields. The themes in this field, which have been studied hard and in which the specialization increased much, remained weak in establishing relations with other themes. The themes in the bottom left part of the diagram are either new emerging or disappearing themes. These themes are both poorly studied and weakly related to other thematic fields. The themes in the lower right part are the ones that are important for the development of the research field but have not been studied adequately. Finally, the themes in the upper right part of the diagram are the advanced themes in the center of the field with high concentration and high centralization [1]. As a result of increasing number of publications and increasing the popularity of the concept of industry 4.0 every year, the diagram analyzes of 2012-2018 are given in below. As a result of increasing number of publications and increasing the popularity of the concept of industry 4.0 every year, the diagram analyzes and evolution map of 20122018 are given in Figure 3 below. The evolution map created for the purpose of seeing the conceptual and structural evolution of Industry 4.0 studies during the review period is given in Figure 3. †
Fig. 3. Thematic Evolution Map of the Industry 4.0 Field (2012-2018)
While industrial research was the only theme in 2012, 6 themes came to the forefront in 2013 (Industry 4.0, IoT, Manufacture, Information Management, Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, Automotive Industry). In 2014, 7 themes emerged these themes are (Industry 4.0, Manufacture, IoT, Industrial Revolutions, Information Management, Engineering and Automotion). Although 6 themes emerged in 2015, (Industry 4.0, IoT, Manufacture, Engineering, Production Control and Disturbuted Computer Systems) 3 themes emerged in 2016 (Industry 4.0,Industrial Revolutions, Information Management). In 2017 and 2018, a total of 5 themes emerged. In 2017 (Engineering, Manufacture, IoT). In 2018 (Industry 4.0 and Industrial Revolations). After bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping, the results of the text analysis with Vosviewer program are given in Figures 4 respectively.
† Evolution map is based on “h-index” value. Evolution map, periods and over SciMAT it is also possible to create by themes or number of citations.
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4. Term maps of the field of Industry 4.0
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4. Conclusion In this study, the concept of industry 4.0 by making scientific mapping analysis The conceptual structure and development of the 2012-2018 period were tried to be captured. The study was conducted using scientific publications for the industry 4.0 keyword in the Scopus database. In the analysis, it was tried to identify the prominent concepts and fields of study in all disciplines through the keywords of scientific publications. Scientific mapping analysis was performed with SciMAT program and the themes that were prominent according to these keywords were determined during the review period. then, VosViewer program was used for text mining to support scientific mapping. Using the scientific mapping technique, it has been seen that the concept of industry 4.0 has been working on IoT, production, industrial revolutions, engineering, small and medium enterprises. A more in-depth analysis has been made with the text mining technique and it is seen that concepts such as physical production systems, integration, semiconductor materials, super learning, field data, intelligent materials and competitive advantage have emerged.The concept of Industry 4.0, which is a life-and-death battle for the countries that want to exist in the future, needs to be well understood especially for developing countries. Countries that invest in phenomena that will change the production systems of the future such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, robots and cyber physical systems will carry the concept of innovation to a higher level. For the rest of the countries, it will not be possible for many scientists to reach this upper league. in other words, although a country that cannot capture the 3rd industrial revolution seizes this revolution in time, it will not be possible for the 4th industrial revolution. In the publications produced, it is shown that in the number of publications that Germany is far ahead, Italy, China and the United States are investing rapidly in these issues.
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Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 498–507
3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE) 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)
Examining The Concept of Industry 4.0 Studies Using Text Mining Examining The Concept of Industry 4.0 Studies Using Text Mining and Scientific Mapping Method and Scientific Mapping Method Tayfun Yıldız* Tayfun Yıldız*
Ardahan University, Ardahan, 75000, Turkey Ardahan University, Ardahan, 75000, Turkey
Abstract Abstract This paper aims to examine the progress of Industry 4.0 studies worldwide from 2012 to present. The study investigates how these This paper aims to examine the progress of Industry 4.0 studies from toare present. The study how these studies progress using text mining and science mapping analysisworldwide method and the 2012 results interpreted. Textinvestigates mining, also referred studies progress using text mining and science mapping analysis method andofthe results high-quality are interpreted. Text mining, referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, is the process deriving information fromalso text. Highquality information is typically derived through devising of patterns andderiving trends high-quality through means such as statistical to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text the analytics, is the process of information from text.pattern Highquality typically through scientific the devising of patterns and throughresults meansaresuch as statistical pattern learning.information Using firstlyistext miningderived ,after secondly mapping methods andtrends the obtained interpreted. Text mining learning. Using firstly text method mining enables ,after secondly scientific mapping methods thescientific obtainedpublications results are interpreted. Textcountry, mining with bibliometric analysis a statistical analysis of various data and about including their author(s), cooperation among authors, citations, references, institutions, date, and publications puts forwardincluding the general aspect of a with bibliometric analysis method enables a statistical analysis of variouspublication data about scientific their country, author(s), cooperation authors, citations, references, publication date, and puts forward the general aspect of a certain discipline in theamong light of obtained statistical results. institutions, In other words, the purpose of scientific mapping is to demonstrate certain discipline in theaspects light ofofobtained statistical results. In other words,how the purpose of scientific mapping is were to demonstrate structural and dynamic a scientific research. This study introduces many indusrty 4.0 related papers published between the 2012-2018 regarding SCOPUS data base andintroduces their distributions areindusrty established with respect thepublished scope of structural andperiod dynamic aspects of a scientific research. This study how many 4.0 related papers to were between the period 2012-2018 regarding SCOPUS data with base Science and theirMapping distributions are established with(SciMAT). respect toThis the scope of journals and keywords using scientific mapping analysis Analysis Software Tool package journals keywords using scientific analysis with Science Mapping Analysis distinctive Software Tool (SciMAT). package program and provides a comprehensive datamapping sorting and opportunity to succeed single-handed analyis methodsThis for scientific mapping.provides Moreover, VOSviewer program is also used to put forward citation patterns among authors. Thus,methods differences between program a comprehensive data sorting and opportunity to succeed single-handed distinctive analyis for scientific mapping. Moreover, VOSviewer is also used to put forward citation among authors.4.0 Thus, between subjects that may have an impact program on the revolution of studies concentrated on patterns the concept of industry on differences SCOPUS data base, subjects that may have an impact on the revolution of studies concentrated on the concept of industry 4.0 on SCOPUS data base, can be examined. can be examined. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 2019 The Published Elsevier B.V. © The Authors. Author(s). Publishedbyby Elsevier B.V. committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Keywords: Industry 4.0, innovation, text mining, scinece mapping Keywords: Industry 4.0, innovation, text mining, scinece mapping
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +904782117528; fax: +904782117529 address:author. [email protected] * E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +904782117528; fax: +904782117529 E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review of the scientific of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1877-0509 ©under 2019responsibility The Author(s). Published bycommittee Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.081
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1. Introduction The main purpose of this study is to examine the scientific publications which are produced in the world between 2012-2018 and which contain the concept of industry 4.0 in Scopus database by using text mining and bibliometric analysis method with scinece mapping. As a result of these investigations, the use of different techniques (text mining, bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping) and the main headings in the SCOPUS database, which are related to Industry 4.0, are tried to be predicted. Despite the fact that there are theoretical and practical studies on the concept of industry 4.0 in the literature, no text mining or bibliometric analysis study on the development of industry 4.0 studies in the post-2012 period has been found. The questions asked to clarify the subject are as follows; a. In the period 2012-2018 in the Global Industry 4.0 Scopus database and published several articles b. What is the distribution of these published articles on the basis of the keywords? c. Are there any differences in these disciplines? d. What are the themes that arise when divided into periods? To find answers to the questions mentioned above; The articles published in the Scopus database using the "industry 4.0" keyword in the Scopus database during the period of 2012-2018 will be determined and the themes discussed by these articles in terms of periods will be revealed. The analysis, visualization and interpretation of the data will be done by using SciMAT program which is one of the science mapping tools. This research was carried out by bibliometric analysis method which is increasingly used in different disciplines day by day. Bibliometric analyzes are made with a variety of purposes in relation to scientific publications, such as making comparisons between countries, identifying prominent topics, seeing how a daily concept changes compared with the past, and finding out how these concepts relate to other concepts [1]. Text mining has become important research vicinity. A very large number of information stored in different places in unstructured structure. Approximately 80% of the world’s data is in unstructured text [2]. Massive amount of new information being created, above 80-90% of all data is held in various unstructured formats. The text mining extracts the useful information from data sources through the explorations and identifications of interesting patterns [3]. Then used the program VosViewer to determine the text mining and density maps of concepts. 2. Industry 4.0 Concept and Development Process In order to survive throughout history, human beings have needed various tools and used different techniques for the development of these tools. Mankind has lived as a hunter and a recruiter until the 10.000 BC or the Neolithic. People who do not add anything to nature, only the nature of what they give and consuming people with the development of more hand-held tools to make more equipment and began to protect themselves from wild animals. However, with the transition to the resident society, they started farming for the first time and domesticated the animals and used it in their own service. A great step for humanity, who first met with production, was laid in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen in England with the first steam engine. However, the real revolution was carried out in 1781 by James Watt, who used the steam engine for the first time in the industry[4] Then, the industrialization age (Industrial Revolution) started with the use of the steam engine, especially in textile and other sectors. This increase in production made it necessary to open up new markets and as a result, the income and welfare of Western countries increased. The Industrial Revolution, which caused many changes in socio-cultural terms, followed the second and third industrial revolutions, respectively. The concept of industry 4.0 represents a process that will enable the industry to gain a new dimension, change the production systems all over the world, and overcome the era. Concept of Industry 4.0; It refers to a production process where in people are not present productive, where computers organize the production process in a co-ordinated manner
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with robots, instead of mass production, products for personalized customer demand are produced, with the Internet of Things concept (IoT), where machines produce in a dark environment without the need for light. Here, the muscle strength of man is replaced by the human brain power. One of the main components of Industry 4.0, which brings together information technologies and industrial activities; New Generation Software and Hardware, which means low-cost, space-consuming, low-energy, low-heat, but high-reliability hardware, unlike today's classic hardware, and operating and software systems that will run these hardware, will be more frugal in terms of resource and memory usage. The second and perhaps the most important component is the Device-Based Internet (Internet), which is used for the exchange of information and data with each other on the world. This system can also be called Cyber-Physical Systems [4]. The Industry 4.0 topic emerges as a long term strategy of the German government, which was adopted as part of the High Tech Strategy 2020 Action Plan in 2011 to ensure the competitiveness of its industry. Since then, the German government has institutionalized its commitment to industry in creating a platform led by Ministries of Economics and business, science and trade representatives [5]. The modern manufacturing systems must be flexible/agile, reactive, integrated and cost-effective simultaneously to enable industrial companies to stay competitive in an international competition. To develop and run such complex systems, manufacturing enterprises need to design and engineer their production processes appropriately and in a systematic way following structured approaches based on sound principles and supported by efficient tools and methods [6]. In the literature, the relocation of manufacturing and businesses back to Europe and the USA has become a subject of interest for both academia and policy[7,8,9]. In the process starting from the first industrial revolution, Europe and the US became the central countries of production then joined the process in Japan. The fact that these countries are the production base has also led to the gathering of these countries in their capital and a welfare increase has emerged in time. However, this increase in welfare brought about changes in some socio-cultural dimensions and triggered different social events such as social problems, workers' rights and increased crime rates in cities [4]. The main problem for enterprises is the necessity of shifting the production to different regions as a result of factors such as the increase of labor costs and costs, environmental pollution and reactions to this issue and workers' rights. China, India, Malaysia, Singapore etc. which is an attraction region with cheap craftsmanship countries also have the appetite of enterprises due to the fact that they are new markets. In addition, workers' rights, which are not available in these regions, were an invaluable opportunity for global businesses. However, recent studies have reported that these markets have reached saturation points in certain sectors and that the cost advantage between producing in the USA or Europe and production in Eastern countries has decreased to 10% [10]. Today, we are in the process of transition to the fourth industrial revolution, which came to the agenda at the Hannover Fair in 2011, which was prepared by the Working Group created by the German Government in 2012 and presented with the final report presented in 2013. These stages; [11] • Integrated security strategies integrating architecture and standards • Identifying the security identities of products, processes and machines, • Preparation of the strategy of transition from industry 3.0 to 4.0 • User-friendly safety and security solutions, • To take safety and security measures in the dimension of enterprise management, • Protection of product copyrights and piracy, • Provision of common protocols and legislation for the protection of collective data, • Efficient use of resources Why is an industrial revolution still needed in a world where we use systems like computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) and do mass production in a very good way? In order to answer this question, it is
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important to evaluate several factors. There are some reasons for the transition to a new industrial revolution. When the literature is examined, the number of academic studies is very few. 2.1. The Reasons For The Transition To Industry 4.0 It is possible to collect these reasons under five headings, where everyone has an opinion. First of all, Eastern countries (China, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.) in the cheap production of Western-origin factories as a result of attracting their own country to the production shifted to the East, many factories in the West began to close, and as a natural consequence of this, unemployment in the West began to increase [4]. The second factor is that, in parallel with the increasing level of welfare in the world, customers are more oriented to personalized products and mass production plants are not a strong competitive advantage factor. Now there is a need for factories that can make flexible production [12]. A third factor is the need for technologies that can be judged by computers, the manufacturing process is involved in artificial intelligence applications and the time to market (shorten time to market) will be shortened. Here, it is planned to provide a production system that will reduce innovation cycles and respond to customers' demands simultaneously. A fourth factor is the issue of efficiency. With Industry 4.0, the factories have a process that consumes very little energy that can operate in the dark [13]. This results in less pollution of the environment and less energy demand, and also reduces costs dramatically. The fifth and last factor is the operation of robots in the workforce, communicating with each other, and producing products that are close to zero errors thanks to flexible production. In this case, the human factor that will be removed from production and both cost will be reduced and work accidents and production errors will be prevented [14]. This can be seen as the most cruel side of Industry 4.0, but it is obvious that we cannot resist change [15]. 2.2. Components of Industry 4.0 In today's world, the cyber world and the physical worlds are composed of interconnected intricate structures that cannot be separated. This complex structure is built on two pillars. The first is the talking smart systems by connecting to each other via the Internet, and the second is the virtual environment that emerges with real-world simulation of objects and behaviors in the real world. By means of the Internet of Things (IoT-Internet of Things), systems connected to cybernetic networks are transformed into autonomous systems that make their own decisions through artificial intelligence applications [16]. In addition, the simulation tools used in today's cyber environment to be produced without a product problems are seen. In addition, production process can be designed in the most optimum way by using cyber-physical systems in the design of a factory [17]. With Industry 4.0, robots will be transformed into intelligent robots that can go to each other to make themselves more efficient in manufacturing within the factory, which can make their own decisions and update their own software for different production lines. To give an example to this, a robot working in a painting factory in a car manufacturing factory can go to the bir robot friends robot in the assembly work by deciding and updating the software itself when the work is done [4, 18]. As the number of devices connected to the Internet increased, the amount of data recorded by these devices started to increase. From computers or smartphones, even the refrigerator, oven, air conditioner and combi devices we use at home are increasingly increasing the need to store and interpret data [4]. The automation systems that are connected with cyber physical systems in the factories produce a large amount of data. In addition, data related to customers, sector reports, market trends as well as data needs to be safely stored and
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analyzed [19, 20]. Nowadays, it has the capability to store, manage and analyze the high variety, high volume, high velocity sets of data. [21, 22]. As mentioned above, storing large data and accessing this data from anywhere is a must for this process. Thanks to the devices connected with the Internet of things, access to a continuous internet and the storage of the data on the internet cause both advantages and disadvantages. Nowadays, businesses do not store these data on their own systems but on cloud service companies. This not only provides serious cost advantage to companies, but also makes it easy for them to access company data from anywhere in the world. One of the advantages of cloud computing is the possibility of reaching data from anywhere, editing and sharing data. In addition, data can be accessed from all over the world through virtual organizations and it is possible to collaborate on these data [23]. Under the highly globalized and competitive world economy conditions, science-technology and innovation oriented competitiveness strategy is the most important factor for countries not only to strengthen their global competitiveness but also to achieve sustainable long run growth [24]. 3. Data and Methodology First, bibliometric analysis will be applied in the research. For this, the "SCOPUS" database will be scanned using the keyword "Industry 4.0". The analysis, visualization and interpretation of the data will be carried out using the SciMAT program, one of the science mapping tools [1]. After VosViewer is a Java-based program, designed primarily for use in the analysis of bibliometric networks, focuses on the formal representation of maps. The zoom function is suitable for large maps. Private labeling algorithms and text mining techniques are used in the program. VOSViewer can generate maps of words in networks by using maps or authors 'or magazines' maps of authors or magazines based on co-citation networks [25]. Bibliometric analysis is generally a tool for measuring international scientific activities. Science mapping, on the other hand, has widely been accepted as a new developing field in a short time. Science mapping analysis is a method that evaluates the structure and change of information and facilitates access to information. [1]. Science mapping or bibliometric mapping is an important research topic in the field of bibliometry. This method, called scientific mapping or bibliometric mapping, constitutes an important research topic in bibliometry. It is an analysis of how disciplines, fields, expertise and individual documents or authors relate to each other. In essence, this analysis focuses on monitoring the area and determining research boundaries to determine the cognitive structure and evolution of the field. In other words, science mapping aims to show the structural and dynamic aspects of scientific research [26, 27, 28]. Bibliometrics is also an important tool for analyzing and evaluating the progress of academic research in countries, universities, research centers, research groups and journals [1]. Web-based online bibliographic databases ISI, Web of Science, Scopus, CiteSeer, Google Scholar or NLM and MEDLINE or others, bibliometric common sources of data for research. 4. Analysis and Findings According to the results of the query made in the Scopus database according to the headings and keywords of the scientific publications, in the relevant literature in the world, a total of 4.029 publications related to the industry were made in 2012-2018 period. The distribution of these publications by years is shown in Figure-1 and the distribution by countries is shown in Figure-2.
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Looking at Figure-1, it is seen that the scientific publications made in the field of Industry 4.0 tend to increase. Looking at the years; it is seen that the most publications were made in 2018 (2071 publication).
Fig. 1. Industry 4.0 Documents per Year.
When looking at Figure-2, it is seen that Germany is the main country of the concept, and then Italy, China and America respectively.
Fig. 2. Industry 4.0 Documents by Country.
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As a result of the analysis made with SciMAT, strategic diagrams were examined by periods. "Centrality" on the horizontal axis in the strategic diagram refers to the degree of strength of the related theme's relation with other themes or thematic areas. The relation strength increases towards the right direction on the horizontal axis while it decreases towards the left direction. The "density" on the vertical axis in the strategic diagram expresses the abundance of the number of scientific publications. The intensity of the theme, i.e. the frequency of work, increases upwards on the vertical axis while it decreases downwards. The themes in the upper left part of the diagram are the themes that have strong bonds in research field but have weak bonds with other thematic fields. The themes in this field, which have been studied hard and in which the specialization increased much, remained weak in establishing relations with other themes. The themes in the bottom left part of the diagram are either new emerging or disappearing themes. These themes are both poorly studied and weakly related to other thematic fields. The themes in the lower right part are the ones that are important for the development of the research field but have not been studied adequately. Finally, the themes in the upper right part of the diagram are the advanced themes in the center of the field with high concentration and high centralization [1]. As a result of increasing number of publications and increasing the popularity of the concept of industry 4.0 every year, the diagram analyzes of 2012-2018 are given in below. As a result of increasing number of publications and increasing the popularity of the concept of industry 4.0 every year, the diagram analyzes and evolution map of 20122018 are given in Figure 3 below. The evolution map created for the purpose of seeing the conceptual and structural evolution of Industry 4.0 studies during the review period is given in Figure 3. †
Fig. 3. Thematic Evolution Map of the Industry 4.0 Field (2012-2018)
While industrial research was the only theme in 2012, 6 themes came to the forefront in 2013 (Industry 4.0, IoT, Manufacture, Information Management, Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, Automotive Industry). In 2014, 7 themes emerged these themes are (Industry 4.0, Manufacture, IoT, Industrial Revolutions, Information Management, Engineering and Automotion). Although 6 themes emerged in 2015, (Industry 4.0, IoT, Manufacture, Engineering, Production Control and Disturbuted Computer Systems) 3 themes emerged in 2016 (Industry 4.0,Industrial Revolutions, Information Management). In 2017 and 2018, a total of 5 themes emerged. In 2017 (Engineering, Manufacture, IoT). In 2018 (Industry 4.0 and Industrial Revolations). After bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping, the results of the text analysis with Vosviewer program are given in Figures 4 respectively.
† Evolution map is based on “h-index” value. Evolution map, periods and over SciMAT it is also possible to create by themes or number of citations.
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4. Term maps of the field of Industry 4.0
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4. Conclusion In this study, the concept of industry 4.0 by making scientific mapping analysis The conceptual structure and development of the 2012-2018 period were tried to be captured. The study was conducted using scientific publications for the industry 4.0 keyword in the Scopus database. In the analysis, it was tried to identify the prominent concepts and fields of study in all disciplines through the keywords of scientific publications. Scientific mapping analysis was performed with SciMAT program and the themes that were prominent according to these keywords were determined during the review period. then, VosViewer program was used for text mining to support scientific mapping. Using the scientific mapping technique, it has been seen that the concept of industry 4.0 has been working on IoT, production, industrial revolutions, engineering, small and medium enterprises. A more in-depth analysis has been made with the text mining technique and it is seen that concepts such as physical production systems, integration, semiconductor materials, super learning, field data, intelligent materials and competitive advantage have emerged.The concept of Industry 4.0, which is a life-and-death battle for the countries that want to exist in the future, needs to be well understood especially for developing countries. Countries that invest in phenomena that will change the production systems of the future such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, robots and cyber physical systems will carry the concept of innovation to a higher level. For the rest of the countries, it will not be possible for many scientists to reach this upper league. in other words, although a country that cannot capture the 3rd industrial revolution seizes this revolution in time, it will not be possible for the 4th industrial revolution. In the publications produced, it is shown that in the number of publications that Germany is far ahead, Italy, China and the United States are investing rapidly in these issues.
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