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Exercise and diet improve cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese individuals without weight loss
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Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e106–e128
per year. There was an average annual increase of 8% per year in the major trauma rate (including deaths) across this five-year period (IRR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12) but no increase in the death rate (IRR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.76–1.12). Significant increases were also found for cycling injury rates over the five-year period (IRR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17). Discussion: The frequency of major trauma inclusive of deaths, due to participation in sport and recreation has increased over the past 10 years in Victoria, Australia. The rate of major trauma also increased from 2005/06 to 2009/10, which was largely attributable to cycling. Study findings highlight the need to prioritise investment in the prevention of cycling-related trauma. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.179 250 Injures in Australian female cricketers and their treatment sources: An analysis of self-reported survey data from 2014-15 season N. Panagodage Perera 1,∗ , J. Kemp 1 , C. Joseph 1 , A. Kountouris 2 , C. Finch 1 1 Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Australia 2 Cricket Australia, Australia
Introduction: Cricket is a male dominated sport, however, its popularity among women is increasing. Studies examining injury in cricket include almost exclusively male participants. In other sports, the types of injuries experienced by men and women are known to be different. The aim of this study was to present a first comprehensive profile of injuries among female cricketers and their treatment sources during 2014-15 season. Methods: The cross-sectional Injury Surveillance in Women’s Cricket in Australia Survey was administered online using Survey Monkey from 17 June to 15 July 2015, inclusive. Females who were aged 16 years or older and registered to play cricket at the senior level across Australia participated in this study. Data on injuries and their treatment sources were collected and analysed to construct a sports injury pyramid. Injury rate (IR) for 1000 participants was calculated. Results: The mean age of the 164 survey respondents was 23.7 years (SD ± 7.4), and 43.6% were all-rounders. Of the respondents 109 sustained an injury during 2014–15 season, and 18% (n = 20) sustained ≥3 injuries. The IR was 798.6 injuries per 1,000 participants. Distal lower limb (23%, n = 26) and head, neck and spine (22%, n = 5) were the frequently injured anatomical locations. The nature of the most common injuries presented the following profile: 30.4% (n = 35) muscle injuries; 27.8% (n = 32) joint or ligament injuries and 21.7% (n = 25) gradual onset/overuse injuries. The majority (43%, n = 52) reported receiving treatment from a local allied health professionals such as physiotherapists; 29.2% (n = 35) opted for selftreatment and 12.5% (n = 15) did not seek any treatment for their injury. Discussion: Compared to previous studies of females in sports similar to cricket, the current study reports a higher frequency of injury. In contrast to two previous Australian studies in elite female fast bowlers focused on shoulder and back pain, the most commonly injured anatomical location was the distal lower limb. Of particular concern is the potential relationship between untreated injuries and the perpetuation of gradual onset injuries (possibly representing overuse injuries)–although we cannot draw any conclusions from the current data. There are some limitations to the retrospective self-reported nature of this study however, this study offers a foundation for a prospective injury surveillance study that
would provide more robust data on injuries sustained by female cricketers. In addition, it may inform the development of targeted injury prevention programs for female cricketers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.180 251 Exercise and diet improve cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese individuals without weight loss G. Gaesser Arizona State University, United States Diet and/or exercise are routinely advised as methods for weight loss in overweight/obese individuals, particularly those at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, physical activity and structured exercise programs rarely result in significant loss of body weight or body fat, and weightloss diets have extraordinarily high recidivism rates. Despite only modest effects on body weight, exercise and ad libitum nutrientdense diets for overweight/obese individuals have many health benefits, including skeletal muscle adaptations that improve fat and glucose metabolism and insulin action; enhanced endothelial function; have favorable changes in blood lipids, lipoproteins, and hemostatic factors; and reductions in blood pressure, postprandial lipemia and glycemia, and proinflammatory markers. These lifestyle-induced adaptations occur independently of changes in body weight or body fat. Thus, overweight/obese men and women who are at increased risk for CVD and T2D due to sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and excess body weight should be encouraged to engage in regular physical activity and improve their diet, regardless of whether the healthier lifestyle leads to weight loss. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.181 252 High intensity interval training on cognitive and mental health in adolescents S. Costigan 1,∗ , N. Eather 1 , R. Plotnikoff 1 , C. Hillman 2 , D. Lubans 1 1
PRC for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Australia 2 Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois, USA Introduction: Emerging literature suggests that physical activity and fitness may have a positive impact on cognitive and mental health for adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of two high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols for improving cognitive and mental health outcomes (executive function, psychological wellbeing, psychological distress and physical self-concept) in adolescents. Methods: Participants (n = 65; mean age = 15.8 ± 0.6) were randomised to three conditions: aerobic exercise program (AEP; n = 21), resistance and aerobic exercise program (RAP; n = 22) and control (n = 22). HIIT sessions (8-10 min/session) were delivered during physical education lessons and at lunchtime three times/week for 8-weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline and immediate post-intervention to detect changes in executive function (Trail Making Test, TMT), psychological wellbeing, psychological distress and physical self-description, by researchers blinded to treatment allocation. Intervention effects were exam-
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e106–e128
per year. There was an average annual increase of 8% per year in the major trauma rate (including deaths) across this five-year period (IRR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12) but no increase in the death rate (IRR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.76–1.12). Significant increases were also found for cycling injury rates over the five-year period (IRR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17). Discussion: The frequency of major trauma inclusive of deaths, due to participation in sport and recreation has increased over the past 10 years in Victoria, Australia. The rate of major trauma also increased from 2005/06 to 2009/10, which was largely attributable to cycling. Study findings highlight the need to prioritise investment in the prevention of cycling-related trauma. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.179 250 Injures in Australian female cricketers and their treatment sources: An analysis of self-reported survey data from 2014-15 season N. Panagodage Perera 1,∗ , J. Kemp 1 , C. Joseph 1 , A. Kountouris 2 , C. Finch 1 1 Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Australia 2 Cricket Australia, Australia
Introduction: Cricket is a male dominated sport, however, its popularity among women is increasing. Studies examining injury in cricket include almost exclusively male participants. In other sports, the types of injuries experienced by men and women are known to be different. The aim of this study was to present a first comprehensive profile of injuries among female cricketers and their treatment sources during 2014-15 season. Methods: The cross-sectional Injury Surveillance in Women’s Cricket in Australia Survey was administered online using Survey Monkey from 17 June to 15 July 2015, inclusive. Females who were aged 16 years or older and registered to play cricket at the senior level across Australia participated in this study. Data on injuries and their treatment sources were collected and analysed to construct a sports injury pyramid. Injury rate (IR) for 1000 participants was calculated. Results: The mean age of the 164 survey respondents was 23.7 years (SD ± 7.4), and 43.6% were all-rounders. Of the respondents 109 sustained an injury during 2014–15 season, and 18% (n = 20) sustained ≥3 injuries. The IR was 798.6 injuries per 1,000 participants. Distal lower limb (23%, n = 26) and head, neck and spine (22%, n = 5) were the frequently injured anatomical locations. The nature of the most common injuries presented the following profile: 30.4% (n = 35) muscle injuries; 27.8% (n = 32) joint or ligament injuries and 21.7% (n = 25) gradual onset/overuse injuries. The majority (43%, n = 52) reported receiving treatment from a local allied health professionals such as physiotherapists; 29.2% (n = 35) opted for selftreatment and 12.5% (n = 15) did not seek any treatment for their injury. Discussion: Compared to previous studies of females in sports similar to cricket, the current study reports a higher frequency of injury. In contrast to two previous Australian studies in elite female fast bowlers focused on shoulder and back pain, the most commonly injured anatomical location was the distal lower limb. Of particular concern is the potential relationship between untreated injuries and the perpetuation of gradual onset injuries (possibly representing overuse injuries)–although we cannot draw any conclusions from the current data. There are some limitations to the retrospective self-reported nature of this study however, this study offers a foundation for a prospective injury surveillance study that
would provide more robust data on injuries sustained by female cricketers. In addition, it may inform the development of targeted injury prevention programs for female cricketers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.180 251 Exercise and diet improve cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese individuals without weight loss G. Gaesser Arizona State University, United States Diet and/or exercise are routinely advised as methods for weight loss in overweight/obese individuals, particularly those at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, physical activity and structured exercise programs rarely result in significant loss of body weight or body fat, and weightloss diets have extraordinarily high recidivism rates. Despite only modest effects on body weight, exercise and ad libitum nutrientdense diets for overweight/obese individuals have many health benefits, including skeletal muscle adaptations that improve fat and glucose metabolism and insulin action; enhanced endothelial function; have favorable changes in blood lipids, lipoproteins, and hemostatic factors; and reductions in blood pressure, postprandial lipemia and glycemia, and proinflammatory markers. These lifestyle-induced adaptations occur independently of changes in body weight or body fat. Thus, overweight/obese men and women who are at increased risk for CVD and T2D due to sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and excess body weight should be encouraged to engage in regular physical activity and improve their diet, regardless of whether the healthier lifestyle leads to weight loss. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.181 252 High intensity interval training on cognitive and mental health in adolescents S. Costigan 1,∗ , N. Eather 1 , R. Plotnikoff 1 , C. Hillman 2 , D. Lubans 1 1
PRC for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Australia 2 Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois, USA Introduction: Emerging literature suggests that physical activity and fitness may have a positive impact on cognitive and mental health for adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of two high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols for improving cognitive and mental health outcomes (executive function, psychological wellbeing, psychological distress and physical self-concept) in adolescents. Methods: Participants (n = 65; mean age = 15.8 ± 0.6) were randomised to three conditions: aerobic exercise program (AEP; n = 21), resistance and aerobic exercise program (RAP; n = 22) and control (n = 22). HIIT sessions (8-10 min/session) were delivered during physical education lessons and at lunchtime three times/week for 8-weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline and immediate post-intervention to detect changes in executive function (Trail Making Test, TMT), psychological wellbeing, psychological distress and physical self-description, by researchers blinded to treatment allocation. Intervention effects were exam-