- Email: [email protected]
Expectancy effects and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption
Abstracts / Appetite 107 (2016) 677e694
foods by older adults is predicted by liking, convenience, perishability, and value for money. In comparison to other protein-rich foods, eggs are easy to cook, of long shelf-life and relatively low cost, and thus may help in a food-based approach to improve or maintain protein status. This study aimed to explore the reasons for consuming and not consuming eggs in people over 55 years old using qualitative methods. A total of 42 participants took part in one of eight focus groups or two interviews. Age ranged from 56 to 96 years, 22 participants were female, and 38 were independently living individuals. Conversations were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis by two researchers independently. The 69 reasons that were identified are related to the following themes: hedonics, properties of the food, preparation style, convenience, variety, physical health/ability, nutrition and health knowledge, food safety, social environment, morality, emotions, and habit. This wide range of different reasons for egg consumption presents the opportunity for further examination using quantitative methods. The relative importance of each reason in relation to habitual egg and protein intake will be assessed in a large national sample. A better understanding of the determinants of egg intakes will inform strategies to increase dietary protein intake and improve protein status in this target population. USING FMRI TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF MANDOLEAN TRAINING ON THE NEURAL CONTROL OF OBESITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE
683
completed questionnaires which investigated whether they use rewards to encourage their children’s consumption of vegetables, whether they believed these rewards to be effective or not, and their child’s vegetable consumption. Results indicate caregivers’ use of rewards was associated with lower consumption of vegetables among their children. Only a small proportion of caregivers reported using rewards to encourage consumption of vegetables, but the vast majority of these caregivers believed that they were effective for increasing consumption. These findings are discussed, including explanation of why these apparent conflicts might arise. Future research should seek to identify causality in the association between use of rewards and vegetable consumption, as well as why rewards may be effective in some cases and not in others. WHEY PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE REDUCES SUBSEQUENT ENERGY INTAKE Lewis James 1, Penny Rumbold 2, Emma Stevenson 3, Jack Newey 1, Liam Nicholas Corrigan 1, Ellen Stringer 1, Alistair Jackson 1, Monteyne 1. 1 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; 2 Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 3 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (L. James).
E.C. Hinton, L. Birch, J. Barton, J.P.H. Shield. Bristol Nutrition BRU and CRICBristol, 60 St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DX, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (E.C. Hinton).
Evidence for interventions to treat childhood obesity is limited. The Mandolean is a weighing scale that measures rate of eating and satiety and provides feedback to help change eating behaviours. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the physiological basis of the Mandolean intervention by using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). In these preliminary data, we predict that the brain response to food cues will differ between obese and control participants after an over-night fast, and may differ after six months weight change. Twentythree obese adolescents (age 11e18 years) were randomly allocated to receive either: a six-month weight-management programme, or the programme plus Mandolean. Obese participants underwent neuroimaging sessions at baseline and after the programme. A normal-weight control group underwent one neuroimaging session. Food pictures were presented during fMRI to assess changes in food cue-reactivity. Changes in BMI standard deviation score between Mandolean and standard care groups at six months were compared. A greater response to food images was found in the insula and orbitofrontal (OFC) cortices in obese participants compared to healthy-weight controls, as well as some evidence for differential response in the OFC pre and post weight-management programme in the obese group. Preliminary results show that standard care may be as effective as Mandolean training for paediatric weight management. The greater activity in appetite-related brain regions in response to food cues supports previous evidence that obese participants have a heightened sensitivity to food in their environments. EXAMINING CAREGIVERS' USE OF REWARDS CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES: DO THEY WORK?
TO
ENCOURAGE
Consumption of protein after resistance exercise acutely potentiates muscle protein synthesis, and increases hypertrophy with chronic training; however, its impact on appetite and energy intake remains unexplored. Therefore, this study examined the effect of drinks consumed after resistance exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake. After familiarisation with all experimental procedures, 15 resistance trained males completed 2 trials in randomised, double-blind order, consisting of a bout of lower-body resistance exercise, immediately followed by the consumption of a whey protein (PRO) or carbohydrate (CHO) drink over 5 min. An ad-libitum pasta meal was served 60 min after drink ingestion and subjective appetite was measured throughout. Post-exercise drinks were flavour, energy- and volume-matched, and served in opaque bottles. The PRO drink provided 0.3 g/kg protein. Ad-libitum energy intake (PRO: 3742 ± 994 kJ; CHO: 4172 ± 1132 kJ; P ¼ 0.007) and mean eating rate (PRO: 339 ± 102 kJ/min; CHO: 405 ± 154 kJ/min; P ¼ 0.009) were lower during PRO, with the change in eating rate associated with the change in energy intake (R ¼ 0.661, P ¼ 0.007). There were no interaction effects for subjective appetite measures, but the PRO drink was perceived as more creamy and thick, and less pleasant, sweet and refreshing than the CHO drink (P<0.05). These results suggest whey protein ingestion after resistance exercise reduces subsequent energy intake, possibly via a reduction in eating rate. Whilst this reduced energy intake is unlikely to impair hypertrophy, it may be of value in supporting an energy deficit for weight loss purposes. EXPECTANCY EFFECTS CONSUMPTION
AND
SUGAR-SWEETENED
BEVERAGE
E.J. Jennings, C.A. Hardman, J.A. Harrold, J.C.G. Halford, P. Christiansen. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
Clare E. Holley 1, Claire V. Farrow 2, Emma Haycraft 1. 1 Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; 2 Aston University, Aston, B4 7ET, UK
E-mail address: [email protected] (E.J. Jennings).
E-mail address: [email protected] (C.E. Holley).
Obesity is a significant public health challenge in the UK. One of the major contributors to obesity is the consumption of foods with high energy content and little nutritional value. In particular, much debate has centred on the unhealthy effects of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Currently, little is known about the underlying decision making processes that drives consumption of these highly calorific beverages. One possible cognitive factor that is likely to play a central role in influencing SSB consumption are the expectations that individuals have regarding the short-term effects of these drinks. Previous research suggests that anticipated consequences (e.g. changes in mood, alertness, sugar-craving) of consuming certain foods influence food choice. In addition, alcohol expectancies - that is, what people expect to happen when they drink (e.g. increased sociability) - have been found to be
A body of research has garnered mixed findings on the efficacy of rewards as a method for increasing children’s consumption of vegetables. Some studies have found rewards to be effective components of interventions, while others have found that rewards are either ineffective or that any benefits are not maintained. Furthermore, there is a lack of research into how often caregivers use rewards to encourage children’s food consumption or if caregivers think that rewards are a successful practice to employ. The aim of this study was to investigate caregivers’ use of rewards to encourage children’s consumption of vegetables, as well as the association of the use of rewards with children’s consumption of vegetables. Caregivers (n ¼ 293) of a 2e4-year-old child
684
Abstracts / Appetite 107 (2016) 677e694
strong predictors of drinking behaviour. The current study aims to create a scale that measures specific outcome-expectancies that people have regarding the short-term effects of SSB consumption. Previous findings suggest a large pool of potential positive and negative expectancies for SSB consumption, such as changes in mood, physical endurance, hydration, cognition and craving. Data will be collected via an online survey using adult participants. Participants will complete several questionnaires regarding their SSB consumption (Diet Questionnaire and weekly amount of SSB’s consumed) and will also complete the initial SSB expectancies scale. Psychometric properties and subscales of the scale will be established. We hypothesise that more positive anticipated effects of consuming SSBs will be associated with greater consumption of these beverages. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) AND DISORDERED EATING P. Kaisari 1, C.T. Dourish 2, S. Higgs. 1. 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; 2 P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Kaisari).
Evidence suggests that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be associated with eating disorders and/or disordered eating behaviours. However, whether any of the core symptoms of ADHD are specifically associated with eating disorders and/or disordered eating behaviours remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between ADHD symptomatology and eating pathology and to assess the role of specific ADHD symptoms in any association. Individuals aged 18e60 years old were invited to take part in an online survey examining the eating patterns and psychological characteristics of healthy individuals and individuals with ADHD. Symptoms of ADHD were assessed using the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale SelfReport Screening Version. The Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT26) were used to assess eating pathology. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Controlling for age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), depression and ADHD medication, inattentive but not hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD predicted disordered eating. In particular, inattentive symptoms were associated with bulimic and binge eating behaviours but not restrictive eating behaviours. This preliminary analysis supports a specific contribution of ADHD inattentiveness symptoms to the development of disordered eating. Further work is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying this relationship. AWARENESS AND PORTION SIZE: INDIVIDUALS APPEAR TO BE MORE AWARE OF THE INFLUENCE OF LARGER PORTIONS THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT G.S. Keenan, C.A. Hardman, E. Robinson. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (G.S. Keenan).
There is reliable evidence that larger portions lead to increased energy intake. It has been suggested that individuals are unaware of the influence that large portion sizes have on the amount of food they consume. The current study sought to determine whether individuals are able to identify the influence that larger portions have on their food intake. Participants (n ¼ 40) were provided with a fixed-sized lunch and then a large portion of ice-cream. They rated how much they intended to consume of the ice-cream before eating as much of the portion as desired. After the meal, participants reported to what extent they believed they had been influenced by the size of the portion and reasons why they felt they had or had not been influenced. The majority of participants (65.7%) believed that they had been influenced by the size of the portion they received. Critically, these beliefs also appeared to reflect behaviour, as participants who believed they had been influenced by portion size tended to have eaten more ice cream. These findings suggest that consumers may be more aware of external influences on their food intake than previously assumed.
IT IS NOT ONLY A QUESTION OF SELF-CONTROL: LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF OVEREATING STYLES, DIET QUALITY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON RESTRAINED EATERS' PERCEIVED DIET SUCCESS €tstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Carmen Keller. ETH Zurich, Universita E-mail address: [email protected]
Despite the goal to diet, many restrained eaters fail, and only some succeed in the long run, suggesting that diet success is a long-term phenomenon. A self-controlled personality has been suggested as an explanation. Given this, it is unclear whether overeating and health-promoting behaviours are relevant long-term predictors that may be easier to target in interventions. A longitudinal study between T1 (2010) and T2 (2014) was conducted in a random sample from the Swiss general population (N ¼ 2781, 46% males). Controlling for dispositional self-control, the longitudinal associations between overeating styles, diet quality, physical activity, and BMI histories with the likelihood of being a successful (n ¼ 408) or unsuccessful (n ¼ 527) restrained eater were analysed. Results of a hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that although dispositional self-control was the main predictor of restrained eaters’ diet success in T2, overeating styles (emotional eating, ambivalence toward eating, overeating) in T1 and its increases since T1 were significant negative predictors, whereas diet quality in T1, its improvement since T1, and regular physical activity were significant positive predictors. High levels of BMI in T1 and increase of BMI since T1 decreased the likelihood of being a successful restrained eater. Results suggest that restrained eaters’ diet success and failure is a longterm phenomenon that is partly, but not fully explained by dispositional self-control. Long-term patterns of overeating due to emotional eating and food temptation explain restrained eaters’ diet failure, whereas successful restrained eating is associated with high diet quality and regular physical activity. THE EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT FASTING ON ABDOMINAL OBESITY IN THE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE Yuna Kim, Michael Patterson. Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Patterson).
An alternative approach to traditional calorie restriction diets is intermittent fasting (IF). Recently this approach has become increasingly popular; however, there are multiple forms of the diet and limited human studies assessing abdominal obesity. Therefore, we investigated whether a modified form of the 5:2 IF diet can improve markers of abdominal obesity. Ten overweight and obese volunteers (male ¼ 3, female ¼ 7) were instructed to follow a modified 5:2 IF regime which consists of five days of ad-libitum food intake and two days eating half their recommended daily energy requirement. Anthropometric measurements and adiponectin levels were assessed at baseline and after 6-weeks. There was a significant reduction (6 weeks versus baseline) in body weight (P<0.01), waist circumference (P<0.01), and waist to hip circumference ratio (P<0.01), but no significant change in levels of adiponectin. This study provides novel data suggesting eating half your recommended dietary requirement for two days per week can effectively improve anthropometric measurements of abdominal adiposity. However, the study was unable to detect a change in adiponectin, an adipokine that negatively correlates with abdominal obesity and suppresses many of the metabolic effects linked to visceral obesity. GOAL-DIRECTED VISUAL ATTENTION DRIVES HEALTH GOAL PRIMING: AN EYE-TRACKING EXPERIMENT L.N. van der Laan, E.K. Papies, I.T.C. Hooge, P.A.M. Smeets. University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Q02.4.45, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (L.N. van der Laan).
Several lab and field experiments have shown that goal priming interventions can be highly effective in promoting healthy food choices. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms by which goal priming affects
foods by older adults is predicted by liking, convenience, perishability, and value for money. In comparison to other protein-rich foods, eggs are easy to cook, of long shelf-life and relatively low cost, and thus may help in a food-based approach to improve or maintain protein status. This study aimed to explore the reasons for consuming and not consuming eggs in people over 55 years old using qualitative methods. A total of 42 participants took part in one of eight focus groups or two interviews. Age ranged from 56 to 96 years, 22 participants were female, and 38 were independently living individuals. Conversations were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis by two researchers independently. The 69 reasons that were identified are related to the following themes: hedonics, properties of the food, preparation style, convenience, variety, physical health/ability, nutrition and health knowledge, food safety, social environment, morality, emotions, and habit. This wide range of different reasons for egg consumption presents the opportunity for further examination using quantitative methods. The relative importance of each reason in relation to habitual egg and protein intake will be assessed in a large national sample. A better understanding of the determinants of egg intakes will inform strategies to increase dietary protein intake and improve protein status in this target population. USING FMRI TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF MANDOLEAN TRAINING ON THE NEURAL CONTROL OF OBESITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE
683
completed questionnaires which investigated whether they use rewards to encourage their children’s consumption of vegetables, whether they believed these rewards to be effective or not, and their child’s vegetable consumption. Results indicate caregivers’ use of rewards was associated with lower consumption of vegetables among their children. Only a small proportion of caregivers reported using rewards to encourage consumption of vegetables, but the vast majority of these caregivers believed that they were effective for increasing consumption. These findings are discussed, including explanation of why these apparent conflicts might arise. Future research should seek to identify causality in the association between use of rewards and vegetable consumption, as well as why rewards may be effective in some cases and not in others. WHEY PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE REDUCES SUBSEQUENT ENERGY INTAKE Lewis James 1, Penny Rumbold 2, Emma Stevenson 3, Jack Newey 1, Liam Nicholas Corrigan 1, Ellen Stringer 1, Alistair Jackson 1, Monteyne 1. 1 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; 2 Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 3 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (L. James).
E.C. Hinton, L. Birch, J. Barton, J.P.H. Shield. Bristol Nutrition BRU and CRICBristol, 60 St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DX, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (E.C. Hinton).
Evidence for interventions to treat childhood obesity is limited. The Mandolean is a weighing scale that measures rate of eating and satiety and provides feedback to help change eating behaviours. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the physiological basis of the Mandolean intervention by using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). In these preliminary data, we predict that the brain response to food cues will differ between obese and control participants after an over-night fast, and may differ after six months weight change. Twentythree obese adolescents (age 11e18 years) were randomly allocated to receive either: a six-month weight-management programme, or the programme plus Mandolean. Obese participants underwent neuroimaging sessions at baseline and after the programme. A normal-weight control group underwent one neuroimaging session. Food pictures were presented during fMRI to assess changes in food cue-reactivity. Changes in BMI standard deviation score between Mandolean and standard care groups at six months were compared. A greater response to food images was found in the insula and orbitofrontal (OFC) cortices in obese participants compared to healthy-weight controls, as well as some evidence for differential response in the OFC pre and post weight-management programme in the obese group. Preliminary results show that standard care may be as effective as Mandolean training for paediatric weight management. The greater activity in appetite-related brain regions in response to food cues supports previous evidence that obese participants have a heightened sensitivity to food in their environments. EXAMINING CAREGIVERS' USE OF REWARDS CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES: DO THEY WORK?
TO
ENCOURAGE
Consumption of protein after resistance exercise acutely potentiates muscle protein synthesis, and increases hypertrophy with chronic training; however, its impact on appetite and energy intake remains unexplored. Therefore, this study examined the effect of drinks consumed after resistance exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake. After familiarisation with all experimental procedures, 15 resistance trained males completed 2 trials in randomised, double-blind order, consisting of a bout of lower-body resistance exercise, immediately followed by the consumption of a whey protein (PRO) or carbohydrate (CHO) drink over 5 min. An ad-libitum pasta meal was served 60 min after drink ingestion and subjective appetite was measured throughout. Post-exercise drinks were flavour, energy- and volume-matched, and served in opaque bottles. The PRO drink provided 0.3 g/kg protein. Ad-libitum energy intake (PRO: 3742 ± 994 kJ; CHO: 4172 ± 1132 kJ; P ¼ 0.007) and mean eating rate (PRO: 339 ± 102 kJ/min; CHO: 405 ± 154 kJ/min; P ¼ 0.009) were lower during PRO, with the change in eating rate associated with the change in energy intake (R ¼ 0.661, P ¼ 0.007). There were no interaction effects for subjective appetite measures, but the PRO drink was perceived as more creamy and thick, and less pleasant, sweet and refreshing than the CHO drink (P<0.05). These results suggest whey protein ingestion after resistance exercise reduces subsequent energy intake, possibly via a reduction in eating rate. Whilst this reduced energy intake is unlikely to impair hypertrophy, it may be of value in supporting an energy deficit for weight loss purposes. EXPECTANCY EFFECTS CONSUMPTION
AND
SUGAR-SWEETENED
BEVERAGE
E.J. Jennings, C.A. Hardman, J.A. Harrold, J.C.G. Halford, P. Christiansen. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
Clare E. Holley 1, Claire V. Farrow 2, Emma Haycraft 1. 1 Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; 2 Aston University, Aston, B4 7ET, UK
E-mail address: [email protected] (E.J. Jennings).
E-mail address: [email protected] (C.E. Holley).
Obesity is a significant public health challenge in the UK. One of the major contributors to obesity is the consumption of foods with high energy content and little nutritional value. In particular, much debate has centred on the unhealthy effects of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Currently, little is known about the underlying decision making processes that drives consumption of these highly calorific beverages. One possible cognitive factor that is likely to play a central role in influencing SSB consumption are the expectations that individuals have regarding the short-term effects of these drinks. Previous research suggests that anticipated consequences (e.g. changes in mood, alertness, sugar-craving) of consuming certain foods influence food choice. In addition, alcohol expectancies - that is, what people expect to happen when they drink (e.g. increased sociability) - have been found to be
A body of research has garnered mixed findings on the efficacy of rewards as a method for increasing children’s consumption of vegetables. Some studies have found rewards to be effective components of interventions, while others have found that rewards are either ineffective or that any benefits are not maintained. Furthermore, there is a lack of research into how often caregivers use rewards to encourage children’s food consumption or if caregivers think that rewards are a successful practice to employ. The aim of this study was to investigate caregivers’ use of rewards to encourage children’s consumption of vegetables, as well as the association of the use of rewards with children’s consumption of vegetables. Caregivers (n ¼ 293) of a 2e4-year-old child
684
Abstracts / Appetite 107 (2016) 677e694
strong predictors of drinking behaviour. The current study aims to create a scale that measures specific outcome-expectancies that people have regarding the short-term effects of SSB consumption. Previous findings suggest a large pool of potential positive and negative expectancies for SSB consumption, such as changes in mood, physical endurance, hydration, cognition and craving. Data will be collected via an online survey using adult participants. Participants will complete several questionnaires regarding their SSB consumption (Diet Questionnaire and weekly amount of SSB’s consumed) and will also complete the initial SSB expectancies scale. Psychometric properties and subscales of the scale will be established. We hypothesise that more positive anticipated effects of consuming SSBs will be associated with greater consumption of these beverages. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) AND DISORDERED EATING P. Kaisari 1, C.T. Dourish 2, S. Higgs. 1. 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; 2 P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Kaisari).
Evidence suggests that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be associated with eating disorders and/or disordered eating behaviours. However, whether any of the core symptoms of ADHD are specifically associated with eating disorders and/or disordered eating behaviours remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between ADHD symptomatology and eating pathology and to assess the role of specific ADHD symptoms in any association. Individuals aged 18e60 years old were invited to take part in an online survey examining the eating patterns and psychological characteristics of healthy individuals and individuals with ADHD. Symptoms of ADHD were assessed using the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale SelfReport Screening Version. The Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT26) were used to assess eating pathology. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Controlling for age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), depression and ADHD medication, inattentive but not hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD predicted disordered eating. In particular, inattentive symptoms were associated with bulimic and binge eating behaviours but not restrictive eating behaviours. This preliminary analysis supports a specific contribution of ADHD inattentiveness symptoms to the development of disordered eating. Further work is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying this relationship. AWARENESS AND PORTION SIZE: INDIVIDUALS APPEAR TO BE MORE AWARE OF THE INFLUENCE OF LARGER PORTIONS THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT G.S. Keenan, C.A. Hardman, E. Robinson. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (G.S. Keenan).
There is reliable evidence that larger portions lead to increased energy intake. It has been suggested that individuals are unaware of the influence that large portion sizes have on the amount of food they consume. The current study sought to determine whether individuals are able to identify the influence that larger portions have on their food intake. Participants (n ¼ 40) were provided with a fixed-sized lunch and then a large portion of ice-cream. They rated how much they intended to consume of the ice-cream before eating as much of the portion as desired. After the meal, participants reported to what extent they believed they had been influenced by the size of the portion and reasons why they felt they had or had not been influenced. The majority of participants (65.7%) believed that they had been influenced by the size of the portion they received. Critically, these beliefs also appeared to reflect behaviour, as participants who believed they had been influenced by portion size tended to have eaten more ice cream. These findings suggest that consumers may be more aware of external influences on their food intake than previously assumed.
IT IS NOT ONLY A QUESTION OF SELF-CONTROL: LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF OVEREATING STYLES, DIET QUALITY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON RESTRAINED EATERS' PERCEIVED DIET SUCCESS €tstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Carmen Keller. ETH Zurich, Universita E-mail address: [email protected]
Despite the goal to diet, many restrained eaters fail, and only some succeed in the long run, suggesting that diet success is a long-term phenomenon. A self-controlled personality has been suggested as an explanation. Given this, it is unclear whether overeating and health-promoting behaviours are relevant long-term predictors that may be easier to target in interventions. A longitudinal study between T1 (2010) and T2 (2014) was conducted in a random sample from the Swiss general population (N ¼ 2781, 46% males). Controlling for dispositional self-control, the longitudinal associations between overeating styles, diet quality, physical activity, and BMI histories with the likelihood of being a successful (n ¼ 408) or unsuccessful (n ¼ 527) restrained eater were analysed. Results of a hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that although dispositional self-control was the main predictor of restrained eaters’ diet success in T2, overeating styles (emotional eating, ambivalence toward eating, overeating) in T1 and its increases since T1 were significant negative predictors, whereas diet quality in T1, its improvement since T1, and regular physical activity were significant positive predictors. High levels of BMI in T1 and increase of BMI since T1 decreased the likelihood of being a successful restrained eater. Results suggest that restrained eaters’ diet success and failure is a longterm phenomenon that is partly, but not fully explained by dispositional self-control. Long-term patterns of overeating due to emotional eating and food temptation explain restrained eaters’ diet failure, whereas successful restrained eating is associated with high diet quality and regular physical activity. THE EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT FASTING ON ABDOMINAL OBESITY IN THE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE Yuna Kim, Michael Patterson. Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Patterson).
An alternative approach to traditional calorie restriction diets is intermittent fasting (IF). Recently this approach has become increasingly popular; however, there are multiple forms of the diet and limited human studies assessing abdominal obesity. Therefore, we investigated whether a modified form of the 5:2 IF diet can improve markers of abdominal obesity. Ten overweight and obese volunteers (male ¼ 3, female ¼ 7) were instructed to follow a modified 5:2 IF regime which consists of five days of ad-libitum food intake and two days eating half their recommended daily energy requirement. Anthropometric measurements and adiponectin levels were assessed at baseline and after 6-weeks. There was a significant reduction (6 weeks versus baseline) in body weight (P<0.01), waist circumference (P<0.01), and waist to hip circumference ratio (P<0.01), but no significant change in levels of adiponectin. This study provides novel data suggesting eating half your recommended dietary requirement for two days per week can effectively improve anthropometric measurements of abdominal adiposity. However, the study was unable to detect a change in adiponectin, an adipokine that negatively correlates with abdominal obesity and suppresses many of the metabolic effects linked to visceral obesity. GOAL-DIRECTED VISUAL ATTENTION DRIVES HEALTH GOAL PRIMING: AN EYE-TRACKING EXPERIMENT L.N. van der Laan, E.K. Papies, I.T.C. Hooge, P.A.M. Smeets. University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Q02.4.45, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (L.N. van der Laan).
Several lab and field experiments have shown that goal priming interventions can be highly effective in promoting healthy food choices. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms by which goal priming affects