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Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites S. Dinesh a, C. Elanchezhian b, B. Vijayaramnath b, K. Sathiyanarayanan a, A. Adinarayanan c a
Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai 601301, India Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai 600044, India c AMET University, Chennai 603112, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 May 2019 Received in revised form 10 June 2019 Accepted 18 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybrid composites Hand layup Mechanical behaviors SEM Marine applications
a b s t r a c t This investigation is carried out by making a new hybrid natural composite material used Kevlar fabrics, Banana bract fibers and palm fibers. In this research, the samples prepared by hand lay method and tested for its Tensile behaviors. The fractured surfaces are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The leakages and quality of the specimen are checked by Water Absorption test. As a result, the banana bract and Kevlar composite sample shows optimum tensile strength compared to other samples and less water absorption which is useful in the application of Marine Engineering. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In the recent years the industries are focused and forced to reduce the dependency on products that pollute the environment. The industries are looking for new materials to overcome the above and also it looks for the materials with required Mechanical properties and thermal properties also less manufacturing cost. Naresh Kumar et al., Investigated the 15 wt% of Banana fiber reinforced composite shows optimum mechanical properties. From his research, he concluded that the multilayer samples possess high strength rather than the single layer samples. The natural fibers with multilayer samples results in the increased polymer-fiber interaction and bonding. Multilayer natural composites shows its potential as a construction material and a good alternative to save the environmentally existing costlier materials [1]. Santhosh et al. investigated two samples namely treated and untreated banana fibers were prepared. The banana fibers are treated with sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. Both treated and untreated fibers are used as reinforcing material for epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. The result shows that the treated fibers possessed good mechanical properties both in case of epoxy and Vinyl ester composites [2]. Marwan Mustafa et al. fabricated greencompressed earth blocks (GCEB) consist of ordinary CEB ingredients plus banana fibers. The deflection at the mid span of the blocks were calculated using linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The
results show that the GCEB matrices prevented sudden failure when compared to CEB matrices during MOR test [3]. K. Mythili et al. found Banana fibers possess various properties like weather proof, UV protection, moisture absorption, anti-oxidant and bio-degradable, but only 10% of its pseudo stem is being used for making the product and remaining is used as fertilizer [4]. T.P. Mohan et al. fabricated banana fiber reinforced natural composited by Nano particle technique method .the banana fibers were treated with alkaline (NaOH) and infused with Nano–clay particles has resulted in 17% at 2 times and 43% improved compressive yield stress and strength when compared with untreated banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite cylinder [5]. A. Alavudeen et al. fabricated hybrid polyester composite, it was observed enhanced mechanical properties in the case of 10% SLS treated Woven banana/kenaf composited produced excellent result than the combination of other natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites [6]. The main aim of this investigation is to prove that fabricated Kevlar and banana bract fiber, palm fiber reinforced polymer produced by hand layup technique enhanced better mechanical properties than others.
2. Materials The Banana bract fiber and palm fiber was collected from college Campus (Dhaanish Ahmed college of Engineering, Chennai,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
2
S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2.2. Banana bract fiber
Tamilnadu, India). Kevlar 29 fiber was purchased from Go green products, Chennai-87, Tamilnadu, India. LY556 epoxy resin and HY951 hardener were purchased from hereby Instruments and engineers, Chennai-53, India.
Banana Bract fiber contains cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Banana fiber is widely appreciated for its characteristics such as high strength, strong moisture absorption, good luster, light weight, fast moisture absorption and release, small elongation, easy degradation. Banana fiber is exceptionally durable and low maintenance with minimal wear and tear.
2.1. Kevlar 29 fiber Kevlar is a para aramid synthetic fiber also called heat resistant and strong synthetic fiber. It was enhanced with high tensile strength and flexural properties improved for Kevlar fiber oriented with synthetic fiber (Glass, Carbon) and Ceramic fiber (Graphite, Particulates), Natural fiber (Kneaf, Jute, hemp). When used as a woven materials is suitable for mooring lines and other under water Application (see Figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
2.3. King palm fiber (Archonto phoenix alexandrae) The king palm fibers extracted from the branches of the palm tree is an essential resource for making new light weight composite materials and very good for making packaging materials. Palm fiber is naturally available, bio-degradable and free of cost. Palm fiber possess very low density and high tensile and impact strength. The palm fiber is fabricated with dimensions of bidirectional Rectangular mat (30 cm 30 cm) and have 1.2 mm thickness. 2.4. Chemical process Alkaline treatment of Banana bract was considered to remove dust, impurities and unwanted aging particulate, also to enhance the interface adhesion between fiber and matrix. The fiber fabricated rectangular mat was dried at sunlight for 48 h. The Fig. 2.3(b) and (c) shows the before and After chemical process of Banana bract fiber. The palm fiber is processed from king palm tree (Archonto phoenix alexandrae) in the form of rectangular mat (see Fig. 2.4).
Fig. 2.1. Kevlar fiber 29 (Foam).
3. Fabrications of the hybrid composite using hand layup method Had layup technique is followed for fabrication of composite. Kevlar 29 of areal density 220 gsm and Epoxy resin LY556 premixed and homogenized with hardener HY951 in the ratio 10:1 by volume was used matrix. In this investigation the hybrid composite samples were fabricated by four layers. There were Fig. 2.2. Kevlar fiber 29 (woven).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2.3. Fabrication Process of Banana bract fiber. (a) Banana bract, (b) After 48 Hours at sun light. (c) Processed Banana Bract fiber mat (30 cm 30 cm).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2.4. (a) show the king palm tree, (b) Branch of palm tree, (c) Fabricated palm fiber Rectangular mat.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
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S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
three samples prepared in different layer arrangement, Sample1 (K + B + B + K), Sample 2 (K + P + P + K), Sample 3 (K + B + P + B + K).(K- Kevlar woven fiber, B-Banana Bract fiber bidirectional woven, P- Palm fiber mat. The samples are fabricated as per procedure handy lay technique and applied constant load 24 h at standard atmosphere condition (sun light) for Dried out of the samples. All the samples are prepared 30 cm 30 cm dimensions and below 6 mm thickness.
face plate with wax are placed over the material and over the tile the load is applied. Then after 24 h of drying of samples in the room temperature, the prepared samples are taken away from the base tile then its surface cleaned and dried for testing the strength of the samples. The Fig. 3.1 shows in the Kevlar arrangement and Figs. 3.2, 3.3 show the layer arrangement of Banana Bract fiber, palm fiber respectively. Figs. 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 shows the fabricated samples layer arrangements (see Figs. 3.4 and 3.8).
3.1. Layer arrangement of hybrid composite The samples are prepared layer by layer arrangement, the resin and composite taken ratio 40% and 60% respectively (10% synthetic fiber and 50% Natural fiber). First the base tiles are cleaned and dried and then applied the Greece or wax in it for better adhesiveness of Kevlar with the tile. Then spread the Kevlar on the wax and then the resin is applied over after mixing the epoxy with the hardener in 10:1 ratio. According to the samples the layer by layer arrangement of the materials are made to increase the strength of the sample material. After the layer by layer arrangement of material with resin the sur-
Fig. 3.4. Constant load above on the sample.
SAMPLE 1
Arrangement of Banana bract hybrid composite 1
Kevlar
Banana(B)2
Banana(B)
Kevlar (k)
Fig. 3.1. Fabrication of Kevlar fiber. Fig. 3.5. Layer Arrangement of sample 1.
SAMPLE 2
Arrangement of palm fiber composites 2
Kevlar2 (K) Palm Fiber (P)
Palm fiber (P)2 kevlar (K)
Fig. 3.6. Layer Arrangement of Sample 2.
Fig. 3.2. Fabrication of Banana bract.
SAMPLE 3
Arrangement of kevlar hybrid composites 3
Kevlar (K) Banana (B) Fig. 3.3. Fabrication of palm fiber.
Banana (B)2 Kevlar(K)
Palm (P)
Fig. 3.7. Layer Arrangements of Sample 3.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
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Microscope). The Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 shows specimen holder and SEM analysis set up.
Invesgaon Weight of the samples
Weight (g)
400
310
275
300
4.3. Water absorption test
200
200
The water absorption tests of Kevlar composites was carried out as per ASTM 570 standard by immersion in distilled water at room temperature. All of the specimens were dried in an oven at 50 °C for 24 h and stored in a desicator. The samples were taken out periodically and after wiping out the water from the surface of the sample weighted immediately using a precise balance machine to find out the content of water absorbed. The specimens were weighed regularly at 24 h. The water absorption is calculated by the weight difference.
100 0 Weight of the samples (Gram)
Samples Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Water absorption ð%Þ ¼ ðW2 W1=W1Þ 100
Fig. 3.8. Weight of the various hybrid samples.
where W1- Wet weight W2- Dry weight 4. Experimental procedure
5. Result and discussion
4.1. Tensile testing
5.1. Tensile behavior
The tensile test of composites was conducted by universal testing machine at specified load and cross head speed, range. The experiment conducted and measured according to ASTM D638 standard, each specimen has area 187.20 mm2 and width 12.62 mm, Gauge length 50 mm. The experimental setup and after tension the specimen shown in Fig. 4.1. Fig. 4.1 Image show the tensile test conducted Kevlar hybrid composite specimen on Universal Testing Machine Before and after tension on specimen.
The Table 5.1 shows the various sample layer sequence and tensile strength of the Kevlar hybrid composite. Fig. 5.1 shows the tensile specimen on UTM (Universal testing machine) The Table 5.1 shows the optimum tensile strength of the samples. The Fig. 5.4 shows the yield strength of the sample 1 and Fig. 5.5, Fig. 5.6 shows Tensile strength of sample 2 and sample 3 respectively.
4.2. Morphology analysis The morphologies of NaOH treated fiber and mechanical fractured surface of composite were analyzed using Scanning Electron microscopy at Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The composite was cleaned thoroughly, air dried and were coated with platinum to provide enhanced conductivity and observed in SEM (Scanning Electron
5.2. Water absorption test The Fig. 5.7 shows the percentage of water absorption various time for Kevlar hybrid natural composite. Sample 1 have very less water absorption than others. When added palm fiber in the composite Sample2 then its increase with weight and
Fig. 5.1. Tensile specimen before Test.
Fig. 4.1. Tensile test setup specimen on UTM.
Fig. 5.2. Tensile specimen after Test.
Table 5.1 Tensile behaviors of Kevlar hybrid composite. Sl. No
Specimen Name
Sequences of Layer Arrangement
Tensile modulus (GPa)
Tensile strength (GPa)
Force (KN)
Thickness (mm)
1 2 3
T1 (SKBB) T2 (SKPP) T3 (SKBP)
(K + B + B + K) (K + P + P + K) (K + B + P + B + K)
60.3 42.65 35.42
53.3 40 33.5
4.74 4.02 3.8
5 5 5
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
5
53.3
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Tensile strength of sample 3
40
40 33.5 30 2
Stress (N/mm )
Stress MPa
S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Sample 1
sample2
20
10
Sample 3
Tensile Strength of kevlar hybrid composites
0
Fig. 5.3. Tensile Strength of Kevlar hybrid.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain Fig. 5.6. Tensile strength for sample 3.
60
Tensile strength of sample 1 Water absorpons (%)
Stress (N/mm2)
50 40
30
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Times (days)
20 Sample 2
10
Sample1
Sample 3
Fig. 5.7. Water Absorption percentage of Kevlar hybrid composites.
0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Strain Fig. 5.4. Tensile strength of Sample 1.
35
Tensile Strength of Sample 2
25
7. Conclusion
2
Stress (N/mm )
30
surface of Banana Bract fibers are presented in Fig. 5.8(a) and (b). Fig. 5.8(c) the SEM image of sample 2 with magnification of 500 mm in that epoxy resin, palm fiber, Kevlar fiber are identified. The de-bonding is present in this material. The Fig. 5.8(d) of SEM image of magnification 500 mm, in that matrix layer and fiber pull out are viewed. The Fig. 5.8(e) and (f) are with magnification of 500 mm in that the epoxy resin with Banana bract, Palm fiber, Kevlar fiber are identified and fiber pull out are due to the tension act in that area of materials because of tensile stress. In Fig. 5.8(f) the image with magnification of 500 mm in that the air bubble are identified it affects the strength of the material.
20
The combination of natural and synthetic fiber provided enhanced mechanical properties. The composite has been fabricated by the hand layup Technique. This shows the significant results in tensile properties. The following conclusion has been made as follows:
15 10 5 0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain Fig. 5.5. Tensile strength for Sample 2.
increase water absorption. The sample 3 have less absorption compared to sample 2.
6. Micro structural evaluation SEM is an excellent technique for examining the surface morphology of Natural and synthetic fiber. The Sample 1 cross section
The sample 1 Kevlar and Banana Bract reinforced polymer composite has optimum result tensile strength 53.3 MPa at 4.74 kN, less water absorption (0.008%), fabricated sample dimension 30 cm 30 cm rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 200 g. The sample 2 Kevlar and Palm fiber reinforced polymer composite enhanced tensile strength 40 MPa at 4.02 kN, Water absorption 0.15% percentages of 60 days. Fabricated sample dimension 30 cm 30 rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 275 g. The sample 3 hybridization of Kevlar, Banana bract, king palm fiber reinforced polymer composite developed 30 cm 30 cm rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 310 g, Tensile strength 33.25 MPa at 3.85 kN.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
6
S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Banana bract fiber
Kevlar
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Kevlar fib Banana bract Epoxy
(e)
(f)
Fig. 5.8. SEM Micrograph of tensile Fracture surface of Kevlar hybrid composites. (a) & (b) Fracture surface of sample 1, (c) & (d) Fracture and de-bonding layer of Sample 2. (e) and (f) fracture surface and air bubbles formation of sample 3.
Finally, the investigation concluded sample 1 produced optimum result and higher mechanical properties than others. Very less water absorption, Very less Weight, Sample 1 suitable for marine applications and submarine environment used for external sheet, lining materials, Composite wall.
[5] T.P. Mohan, K. Kannay, Compressive characteristics of unmodified and Nano clay treated Banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite cylinders, Compos. Part B (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.071. [6] A. Alavudeen, N. Rajini, S. Karthikeyan, M. Thiruchitrambalam, N. Venkateshwaran, Mechanical properties of banana/kenaf fiber –reinforced hybrid polyester composite, Mater. Des. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matdes.2014.10.067.
Acknowledgment
Further reading
The author wish to thank and acknowledge the continuous support by Anna University, Department of Manufacturing, Guindy, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India for Tensile test and SEM Analysis.
[7] A. Atiqah, M. Jawaid, S.M. Sapuan, M.R. Ishak, Othman Y. Alothman, Thermal properties of sugar palm/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid composites, Compos. Struct. 202 (2018) 954–958. https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822318302976, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2018.05.009. [8] Bashar Dan-Asabe, Thermo-mechanical characterization of banana particulate reinforced PVC composite as piping material, J. King Saud Univ. – Eng. Sci. JKSUES 223 (2016). [9] Saurab Dhakal, B.S. Keerthi Gowda, An experimental study on mechanical properties of banana polyester composite, Mater. Today: Proc. 4 (2017) 7592– 7598. [10] C. Elanchezhian, B. VijayaRamnath, G. Ramakrishnan, M. Rajendrakumar, V. Naveenkumar, K. Saravanakumar, Review on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 1785–1790. [11] S.A.S. Goulart, T.A. Oliveira, A. Teixeira, P.C. Mileo, D.R. Mulinari, Mechanical behaviour of polypropylene reinforced palm fibers composites, Proc. Eng. 10 (2011) 2034–2039.
References [1] Naresh Kumar Sharma, V. Kumar, Study on properties of banana fiber reinforced green composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. (JRPC) 32 (8) (2014). [2] J. Santhosh, R. Chandrasekhar, Study of Properties of Banana Fiber Polymer Composites, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. (IJRET) 03 (11) (2014). [3] Marwan Mostafa, Nasim Uddin, Effect of banana fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of compressed earth blocks, Buildings (2015), ISSN 20755309. [4] C. Vigneshwaran, K. Mythili, Scope and value added product development of banana fibre, J. Text. App. Technol. Manage. 09 (02) (2015).
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [12] Amaresh Gunge, Praveennath G. Koppad, M. Nagamadhu, S.B. Kivade, K.V. Shivananda, Murthy Study on mechanical properties of alkali treated plain woven banana fabric reinforced biodegradable composites, Compos. Commun. 13 (2019) 47–51. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S2452213918302377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.02.006. [13] K. Harini, K. Ramya, M. Sukumar, Extraction of nano cellulose fibers from the banana peel and bract for production of acetyl and lauroyl cellulose, Carbohydr. Polym. 201 (2018) 329–339. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0144861718309901, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.081. [14] William Jordana, Patrick chestera improving the properties of banana fiber reinforced polymeric composites by treating the fibers, Proc. Eng. 200 (2017) 283–2891877. [15] M. Ramesha, T. Sri Ananda Atreyaa, U.S. Aswina, H. Eashwara, C. Deepab, Processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites, Proc. Eng. 97 (2014) 563–572. [16] V.S. Srinivasan, S. Rajendra Boopathy, D. Sangeetha, B. Vijaya Ramnath, Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of banana–flax based natural fibre composite, Mater. Des. 60 (2014) 620–627. https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261306914002003, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matdes.2014.03.014. [17] S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayramnath, R. Ramadhass, Experimental investigation of composite materials for marine application –a review, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Math. 7 (4) (2018) (special issue NCIME), ISSN: 2320-0294.
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[18] Md. Milon Hussain, M.A. Khan, Md. ABubacker siddque, Carbon/Kevlar reinforced hybrid composite: impact matrix variation, (ICMERE-2015)26–29, November, 2015, Chittong, 2015. [19] Sandeep Kumar, Lalta Prasad, Vinay Kumar Patel, Effect of hybridization of glass/Kevlar fiber on mechanical properties of basalt reinforced composite: a review, Am. J. Polym. Sci. Eng. 5 (1) (2017). [20] Mahmood Ahamir, Yu Ma, Correlating structure property relationship of Kevlar by Scattering and birefringence, Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. 5 (9) (2015), ISSN 2250-3153. [21] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. GanavelBabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14252–14257. [22] P. Jayaprakash, V. Prabakaran, A. Devaraju, Experimental and numerical analysis of carbon epoxy composite under bucking load, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14526–14530. [23] P. Saravanan, A. Devaraju, Improving mechanical properties of palm sheath composites using sodium hydroxide [NaOH] treatment, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14355–14361. [24] A. Krishnakumari, A. Deavaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [25] Life Cycle Assessment of Sisal Fiber for Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, Elsevier publication, 2019, pp. 1-11 (Chapter 10552).
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites S. Dinesh a, C. Elanchezhian b, B. Vijayaramnath b, K. Sathiyanarayanan a, A. Adinarayanan c a
Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai 601301, India Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai 600044, India c AMET University, Chennai 603112, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 May 2019 Received in revised form 10 June 2019 Accepted 18 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybrid composites Hand layup Mechanical behaviors SEM Marine applications
a b s t r a c t This investigation is carried out by making a new hybrid natural composite material used Kevlar fabrics, Banana bract fibers and palm fibers. In this research, the samples prepared by hand lay method and tested for its Tensile behaviors. The fractured surfaces are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The leakages and quality of the specimen are checked by Water Absorption test. As a result, the banana bract and Kevlar composite sample shows optimum tensile strength compared to other samples and less water absorption which is useful in the application of Marine Engineering. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In the recent years the industries are focused and forced to reduce the dependency on products that pollute the environment. The industries are looking for new materials to overcome the above and also it looks for the materials with required Mechanical properties and thermal properties also less manufacturing cost. Naresh Kumar et al., Investigated the 15 wt% of Banana fiber reinforced composite shows optimum mechanical properties. From his research, he concluded that the multilayer samples possess high strength rather than the single layer samples. The natural fibers with multilayer samples results in the increased polymer-fiber interaction and bonding. Multilayer natural composites shows its potential as a construction material and a good alternative to save the environmentally existing costlier materials [1]. Santhosh et al. investigated two samples namely treated and untreated banana fibers were prepared. The banana fibers are treated with sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. Both treated and untreated fibers are used as reinforcing material for epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. The result shows that the treated fibers possessed good mechanical properties both in case of epoxy and Vinyl ester composites [2]. Marwan Mustafa et al. fabricated greencompressed earth blocks (GCEB) consist of ordinary CEB ingredients plus banana fibers. The deflection at the mid span of the blocks were calculated using linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The
results show that the GCEB matrices prevented sudden failure when compared to CEB matrices during MOR test [3]. K. Mythili et al. found Banana fibers possess various properties like weather proof, UV protection, moisture absorption, anti-oxidant and bio-degradable, but only 10% of its pseudo stem is being used for making the product and remaining is used as fertilizer [4]. T.P. Mohan et al. fabricated banana fiber reinforced natural composited by Nano particle technique method .the banana fibers were treated with alkaline (NaOH) and infused with Nano–clay particles has resulted in 17% at 2 times and 43% improved compressive yield stress and strength when compared with untreated banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite cylinder [5]. A. Alavudeen et al. fabricated hybrid polyester composite, it was observed enhanced mechanical properties in the case of 10% SLS treated Woven banana/kenaf composited produced excellent result than the combination of other natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites [6]. The main aim of this investigation is to prove that fabricated Kevlar and banana bract fiber, palm fiber reinforced polymer produced by hand layup technique enhanced better mechanical properties than others.
2. Materials The Banana bract fiber and palm fiber was collected from college Campus (Dhaanish Ahmed college of Engineering, Chennai,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
2
S. Dinesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2.2. Banana bract fiber
Tamilnadu, India). Kevlar 29 fiber was purchased from Go green products, Chennai-87, Tamilnadu, India. LY556 epoxy resin and HY951 hardener were purchased from hereby Instruments and engineers, Chennai-53, India.
Banana Bract fiber contains cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Banana fiber is widely appreciated for its characteristics such as high strength, strong moisture absorption, good luster, light weight, fast moisture absorption and release, small elongation, easy degradation. Banana fiber is exceptionally durable and low maintenance with minimal wear and tear.
2.1. Kevlar 29 fiber Kevlar is a para aramid synthetic fiber also called heat resistant and strong synthetic fiber. It was enhanced with high tensile strength and flexural properties improved for Kevlar fiber oriented with synthetic fiber (Glass, Carbon) and Ceramic fiber (Graphite, Particulates), Natural fiber (Kneaf, Jute, hemp). When used as a woven materials is suitable for mooring lines and other under water Application (see Figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
2.3. King palm fiber (Archonto phoenix alexandrae) The king palm fibers extracted from the branches of the palm tree is an essential resource for making new light weight composite materials and very good for making packaging materials. Palm fiber is naturally available, bio-degradable and free of cost. Palm fiber possess very low density and high tensile and impact strength. The palm fiber is fabricated with dimensions of bidirectional Rectangular mat (30 cm 30 cm) and have 1.2 mm thickness. 2.4. Chemical process Alkaline treatment of Banana bract was considered to remove dust, impurities and unwanted aging particulate, also to enhance the interface adhesion between fiber and matrix. The fiber fabricated rectangular mat was dried at sunlight for 48 h. The Fig. 2.3(b) and (c) shows the before and After chemical process of Banana bract fiber. The palm fiber is processed from king palm tree (Archonto phoenix alexandrae) in the form of rectangular mat (see Fig. 2.4).
Fig. 2.1. Kevlar fiber 29 (Foam).
3. Fabrications of the hybrid composite using hand layup method Had layup technique is followed for fabrication of composite. Kevlar 29 of areal density 220 gsm and Epoxy resin LY556 premixed and homogenized with hardener HY951 in the ratio 10:1 by volume was used matrix. In this investigation the hybrid composite samples were fabricated by four layers. There were Fig. 2.2. Kevlar fiber 29 (woven).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2.3. Fabrication Process of Banana bract fiber. (a) Banana bract, (b) After 48 Hours at sun light. (c) Processed Banana Bract fiber mat (30 cm 30 cm).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2.4. (a) show the king palm tree, (b) Branch of palm tree, (c) Fabricated palm fiber Rectangular mat.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
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three samples prepared in different layer arrangement, Sample1 (K + B + B + K), Sample 2 (K + P + P + K), Sample 3 (K + B + P + B + K).(K- Kevlar woven fiber, B-Banana Bract fiber bidirectional woven, P- Palm fiber mat. The samples are fabricated as per procedure handy lay technique and applied constant load 24 h at standard atmosphere condition (sun light) for Dried out of the samples. All the samples are prepared 30 cm 30 cm dimensions and below 6 mm thickness.
face plate with wax are placed over the material and over the tile the load is applied. Then after 24 h of drying of samples in the room temperature, the prepared samples are taken away from the base tile then its surface cleaned and dried for testing the strength of the samples. The Fig. 3.1 shows in the Kevlar arrangement and Figs. 3.2, 3.3 show the layer arrangement of Banana Bract fiber, palm fiber respectively. Figs. 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 shows the fabricated samples layer arrangements (see Figs. 3.4 and 3.8).
3.1. Layer arrangement of hybrid composite The samples are prepared layer by layer arrangement, the resin and composite taken ratio 40% and 60% respectively (10% synthetic fiber and 50% Natural fiber). First the base tiles are cleaned and dried and then applied the Greece or wax in it for better adhesiveness of Kevlar with the tile. Then spread the Kevlar on the wax and then the resin is applied over after mixing the epoxy with the hardener in 10:1 ratio. According to the samples the layer by layer arrangement of the materials are made to increase the strength of the sample material. After the layer by layer arrangement of material with resin the sur-
Fig. 3.4. Constant load above on the sample.
SAMPLE 1
Arrangement of Banana bract hybrid composite 1
Kevlar
Banana(B)2
Banana(B)
Kevlar (k)
Fig. 3.1. Fabrication of Kevlar fiber. Fig. 3.5. Layer Arrangement of sample 1.
SAMPLE 2
Arrangement of palm fiber composites 2
Kevlar2 (K) Palm Fiber (P)
Palm fiber (P)2 kevlar (K)
Fig. 3.6. Layer Arrangement of Sample 2.
Fig. 3.2. Fabrication of Banana bract.
SAMPLE 3
Arrangement of kevlar hybrid composites 3
Kevlar (K) Banana (B) Fig. 3.3. Fabrication of palm fiber.
Banana (B)2 Kevlar(K)
Palm (P)
Fig. 3.7. Layer Arrangements of Sample 3.
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Microscope). The Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 shows specimen holder and SEM analysis set up.
Invesgaon Weight of the samples
Weight (g)
400
310
275
300
4.3. Water absorption test
200
200
The water absorption tests of Kevlar composites was carried out as per ASTM 570 standard by immersion in distilled water at room temperature. All of the specimens were dried in an oven at 50 °C for 24 h and stored in a desicator. The samples were taken out periodically and after wiping out the water from the surface of the sample weighted immediately using a precise balance machine to find out the content of water absorbed. The specimens were weighed regularly at 24 h. The water absorption is calculated by the weight difference.
100 0 Weight of the samples (Gram)
Samples Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Water absorption ð%Þ ¼ ðW2 W1=W1Þ 100
Fig. 3.8. Weight of the various hybrid samples.
where W1- Wet weight W2- Dry weight 4. Experimental procedure
5. Result and discussion
4.1. Tensile testing
5.1. Tensile behavior
The tensile test of composites was conducted by universal testing machine at specified load and cross head speed, range. The experiment conducted and measured according to ASTM D638 standard, each specimen has area 187.20 mm2 and width 12.62 mm, Gauge length 50 mm. The experimental setup and after tension the specimen shown in Fig. 4.1. Fig. 4.1 Image show the tensile test conducted Kevlar hybrid composite specimen on Universal Testing Machine Before and after tension on specimen.
The Table 5.1 shows the various sample layer sequence and tensile strength of the Kevlar hybrid composite. Fig. 5.1 shows the tensile specimen on UTM (Universal testing machine) The Table 5.1 shows the optimum tensile strength of the samples. The Fig. 5.4 shows the yield strength of the sample 1 and Fig. 5.5, Fig. 5.6 shows Tensile strength of sample 2 and sample 3 respectively.
4.2. Morphology analysis The morphologies of NaOH treated fiber and mechanical fractured surface of composite were analyzed using Scanning Electron microscopy at Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The composite was cleaned thoroughly, air dried and were coated with platinum to provide enhanced conductivity and observed in SEM (Scanning Electron
5.2. Water absorption test The Fig. 5.7 shows the percentage of water absorption various time for Kevlar hybrid natural composite. Sample 1 have very less water absorption than others. When added palm fiber in the composite Sample2 then its increase with weight and
Fig. 5.1. Tensile specimen before Test.
Fig. 4.1. Tensile test setup specimen on UTM.
Fig. 5.2. Tensile specimen after Test.
Table 5.1 Tensile behaviors of Kevlar hybrid composite. Sl. No
Specimen Name
Sequences of Layer Arrangement
Tensile modulus (GPa)
Tensile strength (GPa)
Force (KN)
Thickness (mm)
1 2 3
T1 (SKBB) T2 (SKPP) T3 (SKBP)
(K + B + B + K) (K + P + P + K) (K + B + P + B + K)
60.3 42.65 35.42
53.3 40 33.5
4.74 4.02 3.8
5 5 5
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53.3
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Tensile strength of sample 3
40
40 33.5 30 2
Stress (N/mm )
Stress MPa
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Sample 1
sample2
20
10
Sample 3
Tensile Strength of kevlar hybrid composites
0
Fig. 5.3. Tensile Strength of Kevlar hybrid.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain Fig. 5.6. Tensile strength for sample 3.
60
Tensile strength of sample 1 Water absorpons (%)
Stress (N/mm2)
50 40
30
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Times (days)
20 Sample 2
10
Sample1
Sample 3
Fig. 5.7. Water Absorption percentage of Kevlar hybrid composites.
0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Strain Fig. 5.4. Tensile strength of Sample 1.
35
Tensile Strength of Sample 2
25
7. Conclusion
2
Stress (N/mm )
30
surface of Banana Bract fibers are presented in Fig. 5.8(a) and (b). Fig. 5.8(c) the SEM image of sample 2 with magnification of 500 mm in that epoxy resin, palm fiber, Kevlar fiber are identified. The de-bonding is present in this material. The Fig. 5.8(d) of SEM image of magnification 500 mm, in that matrix layer and fiber pull out are viewed. The Fig. 5.8(e) and (f) are with magnification of 500 mm in that the epoxy resin with Banana bract, Palm fiber, Kevlar fiber are identified and fiber pull out are due to the tension act in that area of materials because of tensile stress. In Fig. 5.8(f) the image with magnification of 500 mm in that the air bubble are identified it affects the strength of the material.
20
The combination of natural and synthetic fiber provided enhanced mechanical properties. The composite has been fabricated by the hand layup Technique. This shows the significant results in tensile properties. The following conclusion has been made as follows:
15 10 5 0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain Fig. 5.5. Tensile strength for Sample 2.
increase water absorption. The sample 3 have less absorption compared to sample 2.
6. Micro structural evaluation SEM is an excellent technique for examining the surface morphology of Natural and synthetic fiber. The Sample 1 cross section
The sample 1 Kevlar and Banana Bract reinforced polymer composite has optimum result tensile strength 53.3 MPa at 4.74 kN, less water absorption (0.008%), fabricated sample dimension 30 cm 30 cm rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 200 g. The sample 2 Kevlar and Palm fiber reinforced polymer composite enhanced tensile strength 40 MPa at 4.02 kN, Water absorption 0.15% percentages of 60 days. Fabricated sample dimension 30 cm 30 rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 275 g. The sample 3 hybridization of Kevlar, Banana bract, king palm fiber reinforced polymer composite developed 30 cm 30 cm rectangular plate have thickness of 5 mm and its weight 310 g, Tensile strength 33.25 MPa at 3.85 kN.
Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633
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Banana bract fiber
Kevlar
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Kevlar fib Banana bract Epoxy
(e)
(f)
Fig. 5.8. SEM Micrograph of tensile Fracture surface of Kevlar hybrid composites. (a) & (b) Fracture surface of sample 1, (c) & (d) Fracture and de-bonding layer of Sample 2. (e) and (f) fracture surface and air bubbles formation of sample 3.
Finally, the investigation concluded sample 1 produced optimum result and higher mechanical properties than others. Very less water absorption, Very less Weight, Sample 1 suitable for marine applications and submarine environment used for external sheet, lining materials, Composite wall.
[5] T.P. Mohan, K. Kannay, Compressive characteristics of unmodified and Nano clay treated Banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite cylinders, Compos. Part B (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.071. [6] A. Alavudeen, N. Rajini, S. Karthikeyan, M. Thiruchitrambalam, N. Venkateshwaran, Mechanical properties of banana/kenaf fiber –reinforced hybrid polyester composite, Mater. Des. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matdes.2014.10.067.
Acknowledgment
Further reading
The author wish to thank and acknowledge the continuous support by Anna University, Department of Manufacturing, Guindy, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India for Tensile test and SEM Analysis.
[7] A. Atiqah, M. Jawaid, S.M. Sapuan, M.R. Ishak, Othman Y. Alothman, Thermal properties of sugar palm/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid composites, Compos. Struct. 202 (2018) 954–958. https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822318302976, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2018.05.009. [8] Bashar Dan-Asabe, Thermo-mechanical characterization of banana particulate reinforced PVC composite as piping material, J. King Saud Univ. – Eng. Sci. JKSUES 223 (2016). [9] Saurab Dhakal, B.S. Keerthi Gowda, An experimental study on mechanical properties of banana polyester composite, Mater. Today: Proc. 4 (2017) 7592– 7598. [10] C. Elanchezhian, B. VijayaRamnath, G. Ramakrishnan, M. Rajendrakumar, V. Naveenkumar, K. Saravanakumar, Review on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 1785–1790. [11] S.A.S. Goulart, T.A. Oliveira, A. Teixeira, P.C. Mileo, D.R. Mulinari, Mechanical behaviour of polypropylene reinforced palm fibers composites, Proc. Eng. 10 (2011) 2034–2039.
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Please cite this article as: S. Dinesh, C. Elanchezhian, B. Vijayaramnath et al., Experimental investigation of banana bract fiber and palm fiber reinforced with epoxy hybrid composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.633