Experimental investigation of solar chimney with phase change material (PCM)

Accepted Manuscript Experimental Investigation of Solar Chimney with Phase Change Material (PCM)

Niloufar Fadaei, Alibakhsh Kasaeian, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Seyed Hassan Hashemabadi PII:

S0960-1481(18)30132-0

DOI:

10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.122

Reference:

RENE 9727

To appear in:

Renewable Energy

Received Date:

04 June 2017

Revised Date:

09 January 2018

Accepted Date:

31 January 2018

Please cite this article as: Niloufar Fadaei, Alibakhsh Kasaeian, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Seyed Hassan Hashemabadi, Experimental Investigation of Solar Chimney with Phase Change Material (PCM), Renewable Energy (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.122

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Experimental Investigation of Solar Chimney with Phase Change Material (PCM)

3 4 5

Niloufar Fadaei1, Alibakhsh Kasaeian1*, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh2, Seyed Hassan

6

Hashemabadi3

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

1Department

of Renewable Energies, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Aerospace, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. 3Faculty

of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected], Tel: +98 9121947510, Fax: +98 21 88617087

Abstract The effect of latent heat storage (LHS) on a solar chimney pilot was studied experimentally. Two kinds of experiments including with and without phase change material (PCM) were carried out, and the parameters including temperature and velocity were measured to investigate the solar chimney (SC) performance. Paraffin wax was used as a PCM in the constructed SC with 3 m chimney height and 3 m collector diameter in the campus of University of Tehran. The results show that the maximum absorber surface temperature for the SC with PCM and the conventional solar chimney (CSC) are 72°C and 69°C, respectively. Also, the maximum air velocity for the CSC is 1.9 m/s, while it is 2 m/s for the system equipped with PCM thermal storage. So, the LHS system causes increasing the average mass flow rate of the pilot around 8.33%. As a result, using LHS system in SC leads to improve the solar chimney performance.

Keywords: Solar chimney; latent heat storage; phase change material; paraffin wax; Solar energy; Renewable energy.

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1. Introduction

39

The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) technology has been developed during these years. A solar

40

chimney consists of three main sectors: collector, chimney, and turbine. According to the

41

definition, at first, solar radiation is transferred to the absorber, and then the radiation heats the

42

fluid due to the greenhouse effect. After that, the heat raises the temperature of the fluid and

43

converts it to kinetic energy; then the fluid flows inside the chimney. This flow is used to move

44

the turbine to produce electricity in a generator. An overview of solar chimney power plant can be

45

seen in Fig. 1.

46 47

Fig. 1. A schematic of the SCPP performance.

48 49

In 1931, Hanns Gunther [1] expressed the concept of solar chimney system to generate electricity

50

for the first time. Followed by this expression, in 1980, the first solar chimney power plant was

51

built in Manzanares, Spain. So far, the results of this chimney have been the base of many

52

researchers’ works. Haaf et al. [2,3] studied the performance of SCPP for the first time and

53

compared the results with the Manzanares pilot’s results. With the development of this technology,

54

Koonsrisuk and Chitsomboon [4] investigated several parameters of the system by using

55

dimensionless variables in a small scale solar chimney. Zhou et al. [5] examined the temperature

56

distribution on a constructed SC. They found that air temperature inversion appeared on the top of

57

the chimney after sunrise; because the absorber was not heated enough to make airflow through 2

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the chimney. Generally speaking, the numerical methods for modeling the solar chimney systems

59

is a good idea to evaluate the performance of SCPP and design its optimum conditions, technically

60

and economically. In 2009, Petela [6] presented a thermodynamic model of SCPP that was based

61

on the energy and exergy analysis.

62

Koonsrisuk and Chitsomboon [7] studied the effect of the SCPP geometry. Also, they investigated

63

the solar radiation impact on the SCPP performance. In another work, they examined the flow

64

properties changes using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [8]. Zou and He [9] presented a

65

solar chimney combined with natural draft dry cooling tower. The system not only generated

66

electricity but also dissipated the waste heat. The results showed that the obtained power output

67

was several times greater than the power output of the traditional solar chimney with the same

68

dimensions. In 2016, Ming et al. [10] proposed a new structure of solar chimney power plant,

69

which consisted of black tubes instead of a collector. The black tubes were used as the solar

70

collector. The system not only was able to produce power but also extracted freshwater from the

71

air.

72

Bernardes and Zhou [11] used water bags for analyzing the sensible heat storage effects on a solar

73

chimney. Also, Bernardes [12] investigated the thermal diffusivity and effusivity for different soil

74

materials as the ground for the solar updraft tower. Akbarzadeh et al. [13] examined a desalination

75

process, using solar chimney system, by combining a solar pond with SCPP to produce power.

76

Khanel and Lei [14] studied on an inclined passive wall solar chimney, experimentally. The results

77

showed that the inclination angle had a considerable impact on the air flow velocity inside the air

78

gap width.

79

In 2011, Kasaeian et al. [15] constructed a solar chimney with 12 m chimney height and 10 m

80

collector diameter. The results showed that, by decreasing the entrance size of the collector, the

81

efficiency of the system was improved. In another work, Kasaeian et al. [16] numerically analyzed

82

a solar chimney to conduct a geometric optimization. Then, validated their results with the

83

experimental data from a constructed pilot with 2 m chimney height. They also evaluated the air

84

velocity and temperature distribution of the solar chimney in the campus of the University of

85

Tehran. They found that the air inversion phenomenon depended directly on the geometry of the

86

system [17]. Nasirivatan et al. [18] evaluated the corona wind effect on the thermal performance

87

of solar chimney absorber. The goal of their experimental research was to enhance the solar

88

chimney efficiency. 3

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Energy Storage

90

Energy storage is one of the significant concerns of the current energy technologies, as it can be

91

converted to energy wherever it is needed. The storage of energy not only eliminates the

92

incoordination between the demand and supply but also can improve the application and increase

93

the reliability of the energy systems [19]. Solar energy can be stored in different forms of energy

94

such as kinetic, magnetic, and thermal energies. In order to improve the thermal energy storage

95

capacity, the latent heat storage system has been developed. The system is based on the absorbing

96

and releasing of heat due to the phase change from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, and vice versa

97

[20]. The PCMs, which are used in an LHS system, show an isothermal behavior due to the heat

98

charge and discharge. These materials have a high potential for heat storage with a small change

99

in the temperature so that this little change would lead to improving the operational efficiency

100

significantly. During nights or cloudy days, when the temperature decreases, the phase change

101

process starts and the latent heat of the PCM is released. This thermal energy causes warming the

102

fluid in the absence of solar radiation [21]. There are various types of PCMs which can be utilized

103

in the thermal storage applications. The classification of the PCMs is presented in Fig. 2 [22].

104

In 2008, Chen et al. [23] carried out a numerical work, using MATLAB, to investigate the energy-

105

storing wallboards with a new type of PCM. Benli and Durmus [24] analyzed the thermal

106

performance of CaCl2.H2O as a PCM to design a solar collector in greenhouse heating. The study

107

was based on the experimental results to investigate the thermal behavior of the storage unit due

108

to the phase change process. Avci and Yazici [25] studied the usage of PCM for energy storage in

109

a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger, experimentally. They considered the melting or

110

charging process in their setup. Also, they investigated the solidification and discharging

111

operations. To prepare a better indoor air temperature fluctuation, Meng et al. [26] used a new kind

112

of PCM in the room conditions. The research was carried out experimentally and numerically for

113

two cases as "with PCM" and "without PCM."

114 115 116 117 118 119 4

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Paraffin Compounds Organic

122

Non-Paraffin Compounds

123

Metallic

124 125

Phase Change Material

Inorganic

Salt

126

Salt Hydrate

127 128

Organic-Organic

129 130

Inorganic-Inorganic

Eutectic

131

Inorganic-Organic

132 133

Fig. 2. Category of PCMs.

134 135

Baby and Balaji [27] used two types of PCMs consisting paraffin wax and n-eicosane in a heat

136

sink, including pin fin. They investigated the thermal performance of the heat sink with PCM and

137

without any fin. Also, they studied the impact of the PCM volume fraction on the heat transfer

138

performance of the system. To achieve an ultra-high temperature energy storage, Datas et al. [28]

139

used silicon as a PCM in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells. Cheng et al. [29] carried out a study to

140

investigate the feasibility of storage for the solar cooling application; for achieving that goal, the

141

C-L/O composite PCM was used. Finally, they validated the mathematical model by comparing

142

the experimental data with the numerical results. Rezaei et al. [30] investigated the effect of the

143

melting point of different PCMs on the energy and exergy efficiencies. They considered the price

144

of energy and exergy for the PCMs in their research. Panayiotou et al. evaluated a conventional

5

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dwelling using PCM for the climate of Cyprus. They used the TRNSYS software to simulate the

146

process [31].

147

There are several methods to study the solar chimney performance and improve the SC efficiency.

148

The latent heat storage route, which has a significant thermal energy storage capacity, has rarely

149

been considered. In this study, the LHS thermal energy storage in a solar chimney is studied

150

experimentally. For evaluating the effects of PCM on the SC performance, the experimental data

151

are extracted and analyzed for two cases including with and without paraffin wax in the collector

152

of a solar chimney. The most notable benefits of this method and the reason for choosing paraffin

153

wax as a PCM are their low price and availability.

154 155

2. Experimental setup

156

2.1. Solar chimney

157

A solar chimney with 3 m height and 3 m collector diameter was constructed. The chimney was

158

built of polycarbonate pipe with 20 cm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness. The reasons for this

159

choice were factors such as proper thermal resistance and fairly UV resistance of polycarbonate

160

sheets. The collector roof was made of iron-free glass, 3 mm thickness, to provide suitable

161

greenhouse effect. Steel profiles were welded for maintaining the collector structure. A proper gap

162

was considered between the collector edge and the ground to prepare the possibility of air intake

163

through the collector. Also, a combination of steel sheet and chipboard wood pieces constituted

164

the absorber part [32]. Black matt paint was applied for painting the absorber to maximize the

165

emittance, for achieving the highest possible temperature below the collector. The main

166

geometrical parameters of the setup are shown in Table 1.

167 168

Table 1. Geometrical parameters of the SC. Parameter

Size (m)

Collector height

0.06

Collector radius

1.50

Chimney height

3.00

Chimney radius

0.10

169 170 6

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2.2. LHS system

172

In this research, to optimize the thermal performance of the solar chimney and increase the thermal

173

efficiency, an LHS system was applied inside the collector. To prepare the PCM pack, paraffin

174

wax (C20) with “Merck code 107150” was provided. The shape of the paraffin wax and its thermo-

175

physical properties are shown in Fig. 3 and Table 2, respectively. This paraffin wax is a subset of

176

the organic phase change materials, which is solid at the room temperature and begins to melt

177

approximately at 45°C.

178

179

Fig. 3. The prepared sample of paraffin wax as a PCM.

180 181 182 183

Table 2. Thermo-physical properties of paraffin wax (C20).

184 Melting

Heat of Fusion

Thermal

Oil

Specific Heat

Mass of

Point

[ΔHm ,

Conductivity

Content

at 100 °C

Paraffin

[Tm , °C]

(KJ/Kg)]

(Solid Phase)

[%]

[CP,

[m, kg]

[k , (W.m-1.K-1)]

44-46

189

0.21

(KJ/KgK)]

0.25

185 186

7

2.1

40

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In order to make a container for placing the PCM, aluminum foils were used. The sealed PCM

188

pack with the thickness of 1 cm was installed inside the collector of the solar chimney. The PCM

189

container was placed on the absorber, as shown in Fig. 4. Since the collector slope was zero, there

190

was no accumulation in the tank. As a result, there was the same pressure in all directions. In other

191

words, the same thickness was created through the PCM pack during the melting process. It is

192

worth noting that during the preparation of the PCM pack and installing on the absorber, entering

193

the air into the container must be prevented. The reason is that the air inside the container acts as

194

an insulator, and reduces the heat transfer from the PCM pack to the ambient.

195

196 197 198

Fig. 4. A view of the PCM container after installation on the absorber.

199

For measuring the temperature distribution in the SC, 16 sensors of type SMT-160 were used. The

200

data were recorded on a micro-SD card by a data-logger. The sensors configuration in a specific

201

part of the collector is shown in Fig. 5. Two sensors were placed inside the chimney to measure

202

air temperature. Seven sensors were embedded on the collector for the fluid, and six sensors were

203

utilized for the absorber and PCM surface. Also, for measuring the ambient temperature, a thermal

204

sensor was located in the shadow, 1 m over the ground. A pyranometer was applied to measure

205

the vertical solar radiation on the collector, and a hot wire anemometer was placed at the chimney

206

entrance, for measuring the air velocity. Also, an infrared camera was used to verify the 8

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experimental thermal data. The model of the mentioned devices is listed in Table 3, and a photo

208

of the solar chimney is shown in Fig. 6.

209

210 211

Fig. 5. Schematic layout of the thermal sensors.

212 213 214 215

Table 3. Models of the measurement devices. Device

Model

Infrared Camera

ITI P-240

Hotwire Anemometer

Lutron, YK-2004AH

Pyranometer

Hukseflux,CM11

9

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Fig. 6. Photo of the solar chimney applied to the research.

217 218 219

2.3. Uncertainty analysis

220

By using GUM (Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) method, the uncertainty

221

of the air velocity and temperature are calculated as following [33].

222

𝑢 =

∑𝑛

(𝑋𝑖 ‒ 𝑋)

2

𝑖=1

(1)

𝑛(𝑛 ‒ 1)

223

Where u, X and 𝑋 are the standard uncertainty, measured parameters (velocity or temperature) and

224

their average values, respectively. Also, n is sample count in this research. The standard

225

uncertainty are 0.74% for the air velocity and 0.81% for the temperature.

226 227

4. Results and discussion

228

In this paper, the solar chimney performance is evaluated by using the phase change material. For

229

this purpose, two kinds of experiments are designed and carried out. Firstly, the performance of

230

the constructed solar chimney without PCM is investigated. Secondly, to study the effects of the

10

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PCM on the SC, paraffin wax is used as a PCM in the collector of the set-up. Finally, the obtained

232

results from the experiments are compared with each other.

233 234 235

4.1. Hourly radiation The experimental data were recorded under the sunny weather conditions with 306 K average

236

ambient temperature. The hourly radiation was an average of the radiation data, which were

237

measured by pyranometer (Fig. 7).

238 1200

(W/m2) Radiation

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0

239 240

2

4

6

8 10 (hr) time

12

14

16

18

20

Fig. 7. Hourly solar radiation on 28th July 2016.

241 242

4.2. PCM temperature during the discharge period

243

According to Fig. 8, after 90 min from the beginning, the PCM temperature reduced with a sharp

244

slope, because the energy was released by the PCM as sensible heat. When the temperature of

245

paraffin reaches approximately at the initial solidification temperature of 45°C, the paraffin begins

246

to be frozen. This condition continues until the whole paraffin inside the container is completely

247

frozen. Actually, after sunset, the temperature of the PCM drops sharply down to the solidification

248

point. After that, the temperature decreases slowly. The solidification duration, containing the

249

discharging process, takes about 12 hrs.

250

11

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Temperature (ºC)

67

62

Temperature

57

52

47

42 12:57

13:26

13:55

14:24

14:52

15:21

15:50

16:19

16:47

17:16

Time (hr) 251 252

Fig. 8. The temperature of the PCM surface within solidification period.

253 254

4.3. Absorber surface temperature

255

For the experiments, to satisfy the certainty requirement, the tests and measurements were

256

conducted for two times. At the first step, the system was considered as a conventional solar

257

chimney without PCM container. The temperature of the absorber surface was logged using the

258

data-logger. After that, the solid paraffin wax container was added into the collector. Fig. 9

259

illustrates the absorber surface temperature distribution during the operation. A specified point of

260

the absorber, where is located at 0.5 m radial distance of the collector, was considered as the

261

temperature report reference. As it is shown in Fig. 9, at the beginning of the set-up without LHS

262

system, the absorber surface temperature is nearly constant. After about 4:00 a.m., the temperature

263

increases quickly. This trend continues until noon when the maximum absorber surface

264

temperature is obtained. For another curve (without PCM), a similar pattern is formed from the

265

starting at 7:30 a.m., but with higher temperature level. At this time, when the temperature reaches

266

to about 46°C, the temperature profile is kept almost constant; because the charging period of the

267

paraffin starts. This process lasts for about 2 hours; then the temperature drops rapidly. At 3:00

268

p.m., the temperature of the LHS system is constant because the discharge period starts around

269

45°C. The discharge process lasts about 12 hrs. For the CSC, the temperature curve has a smooth

270

descending trend after 4:00 p.m., while the temperature level is located at a higher place for the 12

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PCM case. The reason is that, after this time, heat is released from the PCM material due to the

272

phase change.

273

80 with PCM

T (°C)

70

without PCM

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12 14 TIME (H)

16

18

20

22

24

26

274

Fig. 9. Absorber surface temperature, with and without PCM

275 276 277

4.4. Air flow velocity

278

The velocity of the fluid was measured using the hot wire anemometer which was placed at the

279

chimney entrance. Figs. 10-12 illustrate the air velocity for two cases: with and without PCM.

280

According to Figs. 10-12, before noon and before reaching the maximum radiation, both curves

281

have good agreement with each other. But after about 2:30 p.m., when the solar radiation is

282

decreasing, the air velocity level for the curve with PCM starts stands higher than the other one,

283

and the graphs are slowly taken apart. This trend lasts until the phase change of paraffin would

284

start. The reason is that the latent heat of the PCM is released, so this phenomenon creates a heat

285

flux through the collector, which causes warming of the air. One can observe from Figs. 10 to 12

286

that the maximum velocities for the two states as “with” and “without” PCM, are 2 m/s and 1.9

287

m/s, respectively.

288

By assuming steady and one-dimensional flow, the mass flow rate is obtained as below:

289

𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖𝑛

(2)

13

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290

where 𝜌, A and 𝑉𝑖𝑛are density, area and air flow velocity, respectively. For calculating the air flow

291

rate for the states, it is assumed that A= 0.0314 m2 and 𝜌 = 1.225 kg/m3. The air velocity in fully

292

developed region of chimney is shown in Fig. 13.

293 2.5 With PCM

Velocity (m/s)

2 Without PCM 1.5

1

0.5

0 0:00

2:24

4:48

7:12

9:36

12:00

14:24

16:47

19:12

21:35

0:00

Time

294

Fig. 10. The velocity of fluid, with and without PCM on August 22nd.

295 296 297

2.5 Without PCM

Velocity (m/s)

2

With PCM 1.5 1 0.5 0 0:00

2:24

4:48

7:12

9:36 Time

12:00

14:24

16:47

19:12

21:35

0:00

298 299

Fig. 11. The velocity of fluid, with and without PCM on August 23rd. 14

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300

Velocity (m/s)

2.5 2

Without PCM With PCM

1.5 1 0.5 0 0:00

2:24

4:48

7:12 9:36 Time

12:00 14:24 16:47 19:12 21:35

0:00

301 302

Fig. 12. The velocity of fluid, with and without PCM on August 24th.

303 304

The difference between the diagrams is not considerable, but generally, the PCM causes 8.33 %

305

increase in the average mass flow rate compared with the case without PCM. Thus, the usage of

306

PCM in the set-up has a significant effect on the SC efficiency.

307

Velocity (m/s)

2.5 With PCM

2

Without PCM

1.5 1 0.5 0 0

5

10

15

20

25

Distance from chimney wall (cm)

308 309

Fig. 13. The air velocity in the fully developed region of the chimney.

310 311 15

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312 313

4.5. Verification of the experimental data using infrared camera

314

For verifying the accuracy of the sensors, the infrared camera was used. An infrared picture of the

315

solar chimney is shown in Fig. 14. Also, the temperature distribution of the thermal sensor of

316

absorber surface (T5) and the infrared camera results are shown in Fig. 15. In this image, as it is

317

observed, the temperature changes have good agreement with the temperature difference which

318

has been obtained by the sensors.

319

320

Fig. 14. An Infrared image of the solar chimney.

321 322 80

Temperature (ºC)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0:00:00

12:00:00

0:00:00

12:00:00

Time

323 324

Fig. 15. Comparison between thermal sensor data and the Infrared results.

325 16

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326

5. Conclusion

327

In this study, the effect of latent heat storage was investigated experimentally for a solar chimney

328

set-up. The thermal performance of the SC with and without PCM was assessed under similar

329

conditions. Paraffin wax was used as the phase change material in the set-up with 3 m chimney

330

height and 1.5 m collector radius. According to the obtained results, the findings are expressed as

331

below:

332



thermal efficiency of the SC.

333 334



In the absence of sunlight, due to the phase change of liquid paraffin to the solid phase, the latent heat is released.

335 336

The paraffin wax, used in the collector of the pilot as an LHS system, improved the



The maximum absorber surface temperature is obtained at 1:00 p.m. when the solar

337

radiation is in the maximum value. This temperature for the cases of with PCM and

338

without PCM is 72°C and 69°C, respectively.

339



The maximum air velocity through the pilot is 2 m/s for the SC with LHS system and

340

1.9 m/s for the conventional SC. It means that, by using the LHS, the average mass

341

flow rate is increased about 8.33 %; consequently, the SC efficiency is improved.

342



Finally, the sensors` function and accuracy were verified, using an infrared camera.

343

The comparison of the experimental data with numerical results shows a good

344

agreement.

345 346 347

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights:     

The effect of LHS system in a solar chimney is studied experimentally. Performance investigation is carried out for two cases with and without PCM. The maximum absorber temperature, with and without PCM, are 72°C and 69°C. The maximum air velocity, with and without the LHS system, are 2 m/s and 1.9 m/s. PCM causes increasing the SC mass flow rate around the 52.63%.