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Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste)
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste) M. Kalpana, Ahoh Tayu Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2019 Received in revised form 5 November 2019 Accepted 9 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Steel waste lightweight concrete Manufacturing sand Chemical admixture (Super plasticizer) Perlite
a b s t r a c t The use of waste materials in concrete has increased rapidly nowadays which is used to increase the structural properties of the concrete at the same time waste recycle. Many studies show that the use of some waste materials reduced the brittleness and increased the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. In this experimental paper, steel waste from industries is used in lightweight perlite concrete. Compressive test, flexural test and tensile test are performed to study the mechanical properties of 28 days reinforced lightweight perlite concrete. 0.5% and 1% in the volume were added to the mix. The results show that there was a significant improvement in the tensile and flexural characteristics of lightweight perlite concrete. At 0.5% compressive strength increases but decreases slightly at 1%, when compared to normal lightweight perlite concrete. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction Generally light weight concrete are used to decrease its self weight which leads to decrease in dimension of foundations which makes it economical for many decades [1–4]. The structural lightweight combination concrete has been employed in many alternative applications like, buildings, bridges, floors, partition walls. Structural light-weight concrete is widely used in industry thanks to some of its advantages like sensible tensile capacity low thermal growth as well as sound insulation capability. Also light-weight concrete in construction decreases the load of the structures and more earthquake forces. This allows the decrease in size of structural and non structural sections as well as cost of construction, due to some defects in its mechanical property which prevented it from getting used as load bearing structural members in construction industry [5–9]. As we know concrete is a brittle material with low shear capacity and bending strength. These characteristics are also present in lightweight concrete for a similar compressive it is being found that addition of steel fibre in concrete mixture will decrease the brittleness. This technique is often used for reducing light-weight combination concrete brittleness. From the previous studies to judge the properties of steel fibre concrete it has been reported that addition of the steel fibres into the lightweight concrete enhances the load carrying capability, prevents
gap of the macro cracks and reduces the dimension of small cracks with associate degree improved resistance against dynamic, impact and unexpected loads. Wang et al. found that industrial fibres have same mechanical properties like fibre reinforced concrete but its requirement is high [10–15]. The waste fibre obtained from milling used in concrete increases the compressive strength. From the review that using steel fiber less than 1% increases the mechanical properties of the concrete. Moreover, steel fibers additionally improve the strength of fiber strengthened concrete. Though several of analysis and studies have conducted on fiber reinforced concrete, this isn’t comparatively economical. Therefore steel wastes from steel industries have been used in this experiment so that it can be economical also save the environment. Perlite is used as aggregate due to its outstanding insulating characteristics and light in weight other than providing thermal insulation. Perlite also increases fire resistivity, reduce noise transmission and protect the concrete from rot, vermin an termite which is good for roof and other applications [16–20]. In this research, by using steel waste in structural light-weight perlite concrete, a number of specimens were made ready and also the compatibility of this sort of steel waste as reinforcement in light-weight concrete was investigated. During this method, compressive, tensile and flexural tests on 28-days age of steel waste reinforced concrete were conducted.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096
2
M. Kalpana, A. Tayu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 2 Compressive test results.
2. Materials and methods Cement is used with a bulk density of 1260 kg/m and specific gravity of 3.12 for concrete mixture, perlite is used in this investigation with a maximum size of 5 mm and bulk density between 30–150 kg/m3 .with thermal insulation, perlite also enhances fire ratings, reduces noise transmission through concrete. Perlite has relatively very high water content. Manufacture sand with maximum size of 5 mm was used. M-sand has a very good physical and chemical property which can stand any environmental and climatic conditions due to its advanced durability, greater strength and overall economy. Super plasticizer made up of Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde was used as admixture while mixing the fresh concrete with a constant supply of 8% by weight of cement content. It is brown in appearance with a specific gravity of 1.2. It is used to decrease the water cement ratio without disturbing the workability of the slump. The steel waste in lightweight concrete from industries are very small in size with different shapes. Steel are very good with corrosion resistivity and thermal conductivity. Three parts with volume fraction of 0%, 0.5% and 1% of steel waste reinforced concrete are made. Light weight perlite reinforced concrete is the mixture of ordinary portland cement perlite sand and steel waste with water mixed with super silica gel this all were used to make all the specimen steel waste is used in the proportion of 0.5% and 1%. The mix design used was 2:1:2 with water cement ratio (w/c) of 0.4 with super silica gel as constant amount. Following Table 1 shows the mixture in details. For making the steel waste reinforced lightweight perlite concrete, sand and perlite were mixed thoroughly for a minute then cement was added to that mixture which is mixed again thoroughly during the ongoing mixing of cement, perlite and sand the steel waste are added and mixed for 1–2 min. Finally the required amount of water mixed with silica gel is added slowly to the mixture while mixing was continued for some minute. After the completion of mixing the moulding process is started. For strengthening the concrete specimen is kept in vibrating machine for some seconds like 10–12 S. The specimen is then kept in laboratory at room temperature for 24 h. After 24 h the demoulding process is started and then the specimen is kept in water tank for curing for 28 days. A total of 9 cube, 9 cylinder and 9 prismatic specimen were prepared for compressive, tensile and flexural test. This specimen is being kept in water for 28 days for curing. A total of 9 cube is prepared with a dimensions of 150 150 mm. Out of this 9 cube 3 cube are normal and other 6 cube are mixed with 0.5% and 1% steel waste by volume fraction. The tests were performed by using universal testing machine.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Compressive strength Table 2 and Fig. 1 represents the test result values of compressive strength of steel waste reinforced lightweight concrete (SWRC) compared with plain concrete. The average compressive strength and densities of specimens were found to be between 18 and 23 Mpa and 1708.5–1800 kg/m3, respectively. As it can
Specimen
Plain concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
21.1 19.3 20.4 20.26
23.64 22.7 22.2 22.84
19.4 18.1 18.8 18.76
Fig. 1. Comparisons of average tensile strength.
be seen from Fig. 2, increase in steel waste content from 0% to 0.5%, increases the compressive strength by 13% compared to plain concrete. By adding more steel waste up to 1% the compressive strength decreases even lower than the plain concrete (7%). This decrease in compressive strength at high fiber content (1%) might be because of the trouble of scattering the steel waste in lightweight mix since it shape and size are irregular
3.2. Tensile strength Table 3 and Fig. 2 shows the result tensile strength value of concrete specimen where plain concrete is compared with SWRC (at Fig. 3) the test results shows that unlike compressive strength the tensile strength increases with increase in steel waste content at 0.5% it is increased by 18% and at 1% it is 45% more than the plain concrete this shows that steel waste has a very good effect at tensile strength of the concrete. Also at plain concrete after test the crack is easily visible compared to SWRC which shows that steel waste reduces the brittleness of the concrete.
3.3. Flexural strength The result of flexural test of different mixture are shown in Table 4 and average value is compared at Fig. 3 The outcomes show that all values of first-crack strength (fcs) of SWRC are higher than that of plain concrete. Generally its been found that flexural strength of lightweight concrete at same compressive strength is much lower than the normal weight concrete. Inclusion of steel waste in concrete increases the flexural strength so at 0.5% and at 1% of steel waste the strength is increase with an average of 23% and 52% respectively more than the normal lightweight concrete.
Table 1 Mix proportion. Mixture
Cement
Sand
Perlite
Steel waste content (%)
w/c
Super plasticizer (%)
NORMAL SWRC (0.5%) SWRC (1%)
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1 1
0 0.5 1
0.4 0.4 0.4
8 8 8
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096
M. Kalpana, A. Tayu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
the normal lightweight concrete. It can be concluded that steel waste significantly increase the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. It has a very significant effect on tensile and flexural properties compare to compressive property. So by considering it is economic helps in increasing mechanical properties and decreased the pollution it can be a reasonable choice for reinforcing lightweight concrete. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 2. Comparisons of average tensile strength.
Table 3 Tensile test results.
References
Specimen
Plain concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
19.3 17.8 17.6 18.23
21.6 21.9 20.8 21.43
26.32 25.9 26.8 26.34
[1] [2] [3]
[4]
[5]
[6] [7]
[8]
[9] Fig. 3. Comparisons of average flexural strength.
[10]
Table 4 Flexural test result.
[11]
specimen
Plain Concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
2.68 2.011 2.50 2.397
2.9 2.85 3.1 2.95
3.50 3.80 3.60 3.63
[12] [13] [14]
[15]
4. Conclusion Through this experimental investigation the change in mechanical properties of lightweight concrete due to steel waste is being studied. It is being observed that adding steel waste up to 0.5% increases the compressive strength by 13% more than normal lightweight concrete but decreases when steel waste is added upto 1% by 7% less than normal light weight concrete. SFRC has a very high splitting tensile strength than the plain concrete even at low volume of steel waste it can be seen that splitting tensile strength increases by 18% (at 0.5% steel) and 45% (at 1% steel) this shows that even very low amount of steel waste prevent the SWRC from brittle failure. By adding steel waste the flexural strength is increase by 23% (at 0.5% steel) and 52% (at 1% steel) more than
[16] [17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich, USA, 2005. C. H. Henager, ‘‘Steel fibrous concrete a review of testing procedures,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Fiber Concrete, London, UK, 1980. M.M. Kamal, M.A. Safan, Z.A. Etman, R.A. Salama, Behavior and strength of beam cast ultra high strength concrete containing different types of fibers, HBRC J. 10 (2014) 55–63. M. Pajak, T. Ponikiewski, Flexural behavior of self–coMPacting concrete reinforced with different types of steel fibers, Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2012) 397–408. Jacek Katzer, ‘‘Steel Fibers and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering”. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.7, No.1, May 2006 (Spring), pp. 53-58 M. Hassanpour, P. Shafigh, Mahmud H. Bin, Lightweight aggregate concrete fiber reinforcement: a review, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (2012) 452–461. M.M. Alshihri, A.M. Azmy, M.S. El-Bisy, Neural networks for predicting compressive strength of structural light weight concrete, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6) (2009) 2214–2219. M.S. Meddah, M. Bencheikh, Properties of concrete reinforced with different kinds of industrial waste fiber materials, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10) (2009) 3196–3205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2009.06.017. P. Shafigh, H. Mahmud, M.Z. Jumaat, Effect of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of oil palm shell lightweight concrete, Mater. Des. 32 (7) (2011) 3926–3932. H. Tanyildizi, Effect of temperature, carbon fibers and silica fume on the mechanical properties of lightweight concretes, New Carbon Mater. 23 (4) (2008) 339–344. M.H. Zhang, L. Li, P. Paramasivam, Flexural toughness and impact resistance of steel-fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete, Mag. Concr. Res. 56 (5) (2004) 251–262, https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2004.56.5.251. Effect of Steel Fibers on Strength of Concrete A.G. Dahake and K. S. Charkha J. Eng. Sci. Manage. Educ. Vol-9 (I) 45-51, 2016 A.K. Sharma. 1986. Shear Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams. ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings, 83 (4): 624-628. Shin, S.-W., Oh, J.-K. & Ghosh, S.K. 1994. Shear Behavior of Laboratory-Sized High-Strength Concrete Beams Reinforced with Bars and Steel Fibers. Fiber Reinforced Concrete Developments and Innovations, SP-142, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA: 181-200. N. Sivalinga Rao, Y.RadhaRatnaKumari, V. Bhaskar Desai, B.L.P. SwamiFibre Reinforced Light Weight Aggregate (Natural Pumice Stone) ConcreteInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013. P. Balaguru, A. Foden, Properties of fiber reinforced structural lightweight concrete, ACI Struct. J. 93 (1) (1996) 62–77. G. Campione, Calogero, C., L. la Mendolaand, M. Papia. ‘Experimental investigation on local bond-slip behavior in lightweight fiber reinforced concrete under cyclic actions’ 13th World conference on earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada. August 1-6, 2004, paper No. 2087. T. Ji, D.-D. Zheng, X.-F. Chen, X.-J. Lin, H.-C. Wu, Effect of pre wetting degree of Ceram site on the early-age autogenous shrinkageo flight weight aggregate concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (2015) 102–111. D. Cusson, T. Hoogeveen, ‘‘Internal curing of high performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking, Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (6) (2008) 757–765. S. Ghourchian, M. Wyrzykowski, P. Lura, M. Shekarchi, B. Ahmadi, An investigation on the use of zeolite aggregates for internal curing of concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (2013) 135–144.
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste) M. Kalpana, Ahoh Tayu Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2019 Received in revised form 5 November 2019 Accepted 9 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Steel waste lightweight concrete Manufacturing sand Chemical admixture (Super plasticizer) Perlite
a b s t r a c t The use of waste materials in concrete has increased rapidly nowadays which is used to increase the structural properties of the concrete at the same time waste recycle. Many studies show that the use of some waste materials reduced the brittleness and increased the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. In this experimental paper, steel waste from industries is used in lightweight perlite concrete. Compressive test, flexural test and tensile test are performed to study the mechanical properties of 28 days reinforced lightweight perlite concrete. 0.5% and 1% in the volume were added to the mix. The results show that there was a significant improvement in the tensile and flexural characteristics of lightweight perlite concrete. At 0.5% compressive strength increases but decreases slightly at 1%, when compared to normal lightweight perlite concrete. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction Generally light weight concrete are used to decrease its self weight which leads to decrease in dimension of foundations which makes it economical for many decades [1–4]. The structural lightweight combination concrete has been employed in many alternative applications like, buildings, bridges, floors, partition walls. Structural light-weight concrete is widely used in industry thanks to some of its advantages like sensible tensile capacity low thermal growth as well as sound insulation capability. Also light-weight concrete in construction decreases the load of the structures and more earthquake forces. This allows the decrease in size of structural and non structural sections as well as cost of construction, due to some defects in its mechanical property which prevented it from getting used as load bearing structural members in construction industry [5–9]. As we know concrete is a brittle material with low shear capacity and bending strength. These characteristics are also present in lightweight concrete for a similar compressive it is being found that addition of steel fibre in concrete mixture will decrease the brittleness. This technique is often used for reducing light-weight combination concrete brittleness. From the previous studies to judge the properties of steel fibre concrete it has been reported that addition of the steel fibres into the lightweight concrete enhances the load carrying capability, prevents
gap of the macro cracks and reduces the dimension of small cracks with associate degree improved resistance against dynamic, impact and unexpected loads. Wang et al. found that industrial fibres have same mechanical properties like fibre reinforced concrete but its requirement is high [10–15]. The waste fibre obtained from milling used in concrete increases the compressive strength. From the review that using steel fiber less than 1% increases the mechanical properties of the concrete. Moreover, steel fibers additionally improve the strength of fiber strengthened concrete. Though several of analysis and studies have conducted on fiber reinforced concrete, this isn’t comparatively economical. Therefore steel wastes from steel industries have been used in this experiment so that it can be economical also save the environment. Perlite is used as aggregate due to its outstanding insulating characteristics and light in weight other than providing thermal insulation. Perlite also increases fire resistivity, reduce noise transmission and protect the concrete from rot, vermin an termite which is good for roof and other applications [16–20]. In this research, by using steel waste in structural light-weight perlite concrete, a number of specimens were made ready and also the compatibility of this sort of steel waste as reinforcement in light-weight concrete was investigated. During this method, compressive, tensile and flexural tests on 28-days age of steel waste reinforced concrete were conducted.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096
2
M. Kalpana, A. Tayu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 2 Compressive test results.
2. Materials and methods Cement is used with a bulk density of 1260 kg/m and specific gravity of 3.12 for concrete mixture, perlite is used in this investigation with a maximum size of 5 mm and bulk density between 30–150 kg/m3 .with thermal insulation, perlite also enhances fire ratings, reduces noise transmission through concrete. Perlite has relatively very high water content. Manufacture sand with maximum size of 5 mm was used. M-sand has a very good physical and chemical property which can stand any environmental and climatic conditions due to its advanced durability, greater strength and overall economy. Super plasticizer made up of Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde was used as admixture while mixing the fresh concrete with a constant supply of 8% by weight of cement content. It is brown in appearance with a specific gravity of 1.2. It is used to decrease the water cement ratio without disturbing the workability of the slump. The steel waste in lightweight concrete from industries are very small in size with different shapes. Steel are very good with corrosion resistivity and thermal conductivity. Three parts with volume fraction of 0%, 0.5% and 1% of steel waste reinforced concrete are made. Light weight perlite reinforced concrete is the mixture of ordinary portland cement perlite sand and steel waste with water mixed with super silica gel this all were used to make all the specimen steel waste is used in the proportion of 0.5% and 1%. The mix design used was 2:1:2 with water cement ratio (w/c) of 0.4 with super silica gel as constant amount. Following Table 1 shows the mixture in details. For making the steel waste reinforced lightweight perlite concrete, sand and perlite were mixed thoroughly for a minute then cement was added to that mixture which is mixed again thoroughly during the ongoing mixing of cement, perlite and sand the steel waste are added and mixed for 1–2 min. Finally the required amount of water mixed with silica gel is added slowly to the mixture while mixing was continued for some minute. After the completion of mixing the moulding process is started. For strengthening the concrete specimen is kept in vibrating machine for some seconds like 10–12 S. The specimen is then kept in laboratory at room temperature for 24 h. After 24 h the demoulding process is started and then the specimen is kept in water tank for curing for 28 days. A total of 9 cube, 9 cylinder and 9 prismatic specimen were prepared for compressive, tensile and flexural test. This specimen is being kept in water for 28 days for curing. A total of 9 cube is prepared with a dimensions of 150 150 mm. Out of this 9 cube 3 cube are normal and other 6 cube are mixed with 0.5% and 1% steel waste by volume fraction. The tests were performed by using universal testing machine.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Compressive strength Table 2 and Fig. 1 represents the test result values of compressive strength of steel waste reinforced lightweight concrete (SWRC) compared with plain concrete. The average compressive strength and densities of specimens were found to be between 18 and 23 Mpa and 1708.5–1800 kg/m3, respectively. As it can
Specimen
Plain concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
21.1 19.3 20.4 20.26
23.64 22.7 22.2 22.84
19.4 18.1 18.8 18.76
Fig. 1. Comparisons of average tensile strength.
be seen from Fig. 2, increase in steel waste content from 0% to 0.5%, increases the compressive strength by 13% compared to plain concrete. By adding more steel waste up to 1% the compressive strength decreases even lower than the plain concrete (7%). This decrease in compressive strength at high fiber content (1%) might be because of the trouble of scattering the steel waste in lightweight mix since it shape and size are irregular
3.2. Tensile strength Table 3 and Fig. 2 shows the result tensile strength value of concrete specimen where plain concrete is compared with SWRC (at Fig. 3) the test results shows that unlike compressive strength the tensile strength increases with increase in steel waste content at 0.5% it is increased by 18% and at 1% it is 45% more than the plain concrete this shows that steel waste has a very good effect at tensile strength of the concrete. Also at plain concrete after test the crack is easily visible compared to SWRC which shows that steel waste reduces the brittleness of the concrete.
3.3. Flexural strength The result of flexural test of different mixture are shown in Table 4 and average value is compared at Fig. 3 The outcomes show that all values of first-crack strength (fcs) of SWRC are higher than that of plain concrete. Generally its been found that flexural strength of lightweight concrete at same compressive strength is much lower than the normal weight concrete. Inclusion of steel waste in concrete increases the flexural strength so at 0.5% and at 1% of steel waste the strength is increase with an average of 23% and 52% respectively more than the normal lightweight concrete.
Table 1 Mix proportion. Mixture
Cement
Sand
Perlite
Steel waste content (%)
w/c
Super plasticizer (%)
NORMAL SWRC (0.5%) SWRC (1%)
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1 1
0 0.5 1
0.4 0.4 0.4
8 8 8
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096
M. Kalpana, A. Tayu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
the normal lightweight concrete. It can be concluded that steel waste significantly increase the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. It has a very significant effect on tensile and flexural properties compare to compressive property. So by considering it is economic helps in increasing mechanical properties and decreased the pollution it can be a reasonable choice for reinforcing lightweight concrete. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 2. Comparisons of average tensile strength.
Table 3 Tensile test results.
References
Specimen
Plain concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
19.3 17.8 17.6 18.23
21.6 21.9 20.8 21.43
26.32 25.9 26.8 26.34
[1] [2] [3]
[4]
[5]
[6] [7]
[8]
[9] Fig. 3. Comparisons of average flexural strength.
[10]
Table 4 Flexural test result.
[11]
specimen
Plain Concrete
SWRC (0.5%)
SWRC (1%)
A B C Average
2.68 2.011 2.50 2.397
2.9 2.85 3.1 2.95
3.50 3.80 3.60 3.63
[12] [13] [14]
[15]
4. Conclusion Through this experimental investigation the change in mechanical properties of lightweight concrete due to steel waste is being studied. It is being observed that adding steel waste up to 0.5% increases the compressive strength by 13% more than normal lightweight concrete but decreases when steel waste is added upto 1% by 7% less than normal light weight concrete. SFRC has a very high splitting tensile strength than the plain concrete even at low volume of steel waste it can be seen that splitting tensile strength increases by 18% (at 0.5% steel) and 45% (at 1% steel) this shows that even very low amount of steel waste prevent the SWRC from brittle failure. By adding steel waste the flexural strength is increase by 23% (at 0.5% steel) and 52% (at 1% steel) more than
[16] [17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich, USA, 2005. C. H. Henager, ‘‘Steel fibrous concrete a review of testing procedures,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Fiber Concrete, London, UK, 1980. M.M. Kamal, M.A. Safan, Z.A. Etman, R.A. Salama, Behavior and strength of beam cast ultra high strength concrete containing different types of fibers, HBRC J. 10 (2014) 55–63. M. Pajak, T. Ponikiewski, Flexural behavior of self–coMPacting concrete reinforced with different types of steel fibers, Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2012) 397–408. Jacek Katzer, ‘‘Steel Fibers and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering”. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.7, No.1, May 2006 (Spring), pp. 53-58 M. Hassanpour, P. Shafigh, Mahmud H. Bin, Lightweight aggregate concrete fiber reinforcement: a review, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (2012) 452–461. M.M. Alshihri, A.M. Azmy, M.S. El-Bisy, Neural networks for predicting compressive strength of structural light weight concrete, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6) (2009) 2214–2219. M.S. Meddah, M. Bencheikh, Properties of concrete reinforced with different kinds of industrial waste fiber materials, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10) (2009) 3196–3205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2009.06.017. P. Shafigh, H. Mahmud, M.Z. Jumaat, Effect of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of oil palm shell lightweight concrete, Mater. Des. 32 (7) (2011) 3926–3932. H. Tanyildizi, Effect of temperature, carbon fibers and silica fume on the mechanical properties of lightweight concretes, New Carbon Mater. 23 (4) (2008) 339–344. M.H. Zhang, L. Li, P. Paramasivam, Flexural toughness and impact resistance of steel-fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete, Mag. Concr. Res. 56 (5) (2004) 251–262, https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2004.56.5.251. Effect of Steel Fibers on Strength of Concrete A.G. Dahake and K. S. Charkha J. Eng. Sci. Manage. Educ. Vol-9 (I) 45-51, 2016 A.K. Sharma. 1986. Shear Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams. ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings, 83 (4): 624-628. Shin, S.-W., Oh, J.-K. & Ghosh, S.K. 1994. Shear Behavior of Laboratory-Sized High-Strength Concrete Beams Reinforced with Bars and Steel Fibers. Fiber Reinforced Concrete Developments and Innovations, SP-142, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA: 181-200. N. Sivalinga Rao, Y.RadhaRatnaKumari, V. Bhaskar Desai, B.L.P. SwamiFibre Reinforced Light Weight Aggregate (Natural Pumice Stone) ConcreteInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013. P. Balaguru, A. Foden, Properties of fiber reinforced structural lightweight concrete, ACI Struct. J. 93 (1) (1996) 62–77. G. Campione, Calogero, C., L. la Mendolaand, M. Papia. ‘Experimental investigation on local bond-slip behavior in lightweight fiber reinforced concrete under cyclic actions’ 13th World conference on earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada. August 1-6, 2004, paper No. 2087. T. Ji, D.-D. Zheng, X.-F. Chen, X.-J. Lin, H.-C. Wu, Effect of pre wetting degree of Ceram site on the early-age autogenous shrinkageo flight weight aggregate concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (2015) 102–111. D. Cusson, T. Hoogeveen, ‘‘Internal curing of high performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking, Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (6) (2008) 757–765. S. Ghourchian, M. Wyrzykowski, P. Lura, M. Shekarchi, B. Ahmadi, An investigation on the use of zeolite aggregates for internal curing of concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (2013) 135–144.
Please cite this article as: M. Kalpana and A. Tayu, Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete added with industrial waste (steel waste), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.096