Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Contribution of Roots to the Shear Strength of a Sandy Soil

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Contribution of Roots to the Shear Strength of a Sandy Soil

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50 9,,7$/,$1&21)(5(1&(2)5(6($5&+(56,1*(27(&+1,&$/...

337KB Sizes 0 Downloads 43 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

9,,7$/,$1&21)(5(1&(2)5(6($5&+(56,1*(27(&+1,&$/(1*,1((5,1*± *HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJLQ0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFKIURP0LFURVFDOHWR5HJLRQDO6FDOH &15,*

([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQRIURRWV WRWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIDVDQG\VRLO 0DUFR0D]]XROLD 5RVVHOOD%RYROHQWDD5LFFDUGR%HUDUGLD D

'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO&KHPLFDODQG(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ ',&&$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI*HQRD9LD0RQWDOOHJUR*HQRD,WDO\

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJDQGVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHVRI&15,* Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016 .H\ZRUGVUHLQIRUFHGVRLOURRWVWULD[LDOWHVWVVRLOELRHQJLQHHULQJ

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIURRWVWRSUHYHQWWKHLQVWDELOLW\DQGWKHHURVLRQRIVRLOIURPKLOOVORSHVKDVEHHQ ORQJREVHUYHGDQGLVLQJHQHUDOUHFRJQLVHG,QGHHGK\GURVHHGLQJDQGVKUXELQVWDOODWLRQVDUHRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKELR DQGWUDGLWLRQDOJHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJZRUNVQRWRQO\WRSUHVHUYHWKHODQGVFDSHDSSHDUDQFHEXWEHFDXVHSURYLGLQJ 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVPDUFRPD]]XROL#XQLJHLW

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.403

46

Marco Mazzuoli et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

WKH GHHSO\ UHPL[HG VRLO ZLWK D QDWXUDO FRDWLQJ VXSSRUWV WKH GXUDELOLW\ RI WKH PDLQ JHRWHFKQLFDO IUDPHZRUNV DQG FRPSOHWHWKHLUIXQFWLRQDOLW\&HUWDLQVSHFLHVRIKHUEVDQGVKUXEVFDQGHYHORSWKHLUURRWV\VWHPLQDIHZPRQWKVWKHUHE\ UDSLGO\ VXSSO\LQJWRWKH VRLO DGGLWLRQDOUHVLVWDQFHWRWKHUXQRIIHURVLRQ HJ>@RU>@IRUDUHYLHZRISUHYLRXV FRQWULEXWLRQV DQGWRWKHQXWULHQWUHPRYDODVZHOODVSRVVLEO\VWDELOL]LQJWKHVXUILFLDOOD\HUVRIVRLOLQWKHPHDQZKLOH WKDWWUHHVGHYHORSGHHSURRWVDQGWKHQDWXUDOHTXLOLEULXPLVUHVWRUHG>±@ 

 )LJ3DQHO D VKRZVWKHJUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDOXVHGRIWKH7;WHVWV3DQHO E VKRZVWKH²@ /, DQG>ή@ $8 

1RQHWKHOHVVDOLWWOHLVNQRZQDV\HWRQWKHPHFKDQLVPRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIURRWV(YHQLQWKHVLPSOLILHGFDVHZKHUH URRWV DUH WUHDWHG PHFKDQLFDOO\ DV ILEHU LQFOXVLRQV QHJOHFWLQJ ERWK ELRORJLFDO DQG K\GURORJLFDO HIIHFWV D SK\VLFDOO\ EDVHGDSSURDFKWRWKHSUREOHPLVH[WUHPHO\GLIILFXOWDQGIRUWKLVUHDVRQDQXPEHURIHPSLULFDOIRUPXODHDUHDYDLODEOH LQWRWKHOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKDUHRIWHQEDVHGRQK\SRWKHVLVWKDWFDQEHVDWLVILHGRQO\LQVSHFLILFILHOGFRQGLWLRQV,QIDFW WKH ³DUFKLWHFWXUH´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

47

Marco Mazzuoli et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

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‫ ܦ‬൐ ʹ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͸Ǥ͹ 7DEOH'LPHQVLRQVRIURRWVXVHGIRUWKHWHQVLRQWHVWV$QJXODUEUDFNHWVLQGLFDWHWKHDYHUDJHRSHUDWRU VSHFLHV

‫>ۄܮۃ‬PP@

‫>ۄ݀ۃ‬PP@

ߙ>@

‫ܧ‬ଶ >03D@

6- /, $8

  

  

  

  

 7KUHH SODQW VSHFLHV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG QDPHO\ VSDUWLXPMXQFHXP 6-  OLJXVWUXP /,  DQG DUEXWXVXQHGR $8  ZKLFKDUHW\SLFDORIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQVFUXE7HQVLRQWHVWVRQLQGLYLGXDOURRWILEHUVZHUHSHUIRUPHGWRTXDQWLI\WKHLU WHQVLOHVWUHQJWK7KHDYHUDJHOHQJWKDQGGLDPHWHURIWKHILEHUVFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHWHVWVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQ7DEOHZLWK ‫ۄܮۃ‬DQG‫ۄ݀ۃ‬UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUHEVKRZVWKHWUHQGRIWKH
 

ZKHUH‫ܧ‬ଶ DQGߙDUHFRQVWDQWVWKDWGHSHQGRQWKHVSHFLHVRISODQWV7KHYDOXHVRI‫ܧ‬ଶ DQGߙIRUWKHSUHVHQWFDVHVDUH OLVWHGLQ7DEOH,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWߙ̱ͳYDU\LQJVOLJKWO\VSHFLHVE\VSHFLHVZKLOHWKHYDOXHVRI‫ܧ‬ଵ DUHLQ WKHUDQJHRIWKHW\SLFDOYDOXHVIRUZRRG)RUWHQVLOHVWUDLQODUJHUWKDQͳΨLHLQWKHUHJLRQ ,, WKH
48

Marco Mazzuoli et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

 )LJ3LFWXUHVRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHPRXOGV D DQGRIWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHURRWHGVDPSOHV E ZKLOH F VKRZVWKHWULD[LDOFHOOGXULQJWKH WHVW/

,QRUGHUWROHWSODQWVGHYHORSLQWKHLURULJLQDOYROXPHRIPDWHULDOVSHFLDOPRXOGVZHUHGHVLJQHGZKLFKFRXOGDOORZ DQHDV\DVVHPEO\DQGGLVDVVHPEO\JXDUDQWHHWKHOLIHRISODQWVE\DVXLWDEOHGUDLQDJHV\VWHPDVZHOODVDYRLGWKHORVV RULPSDLUPHQWRIWKHJUDQXODUPDWUL[0RXOGVFRQVLVWHGPDLQO\RIWKUHHSLHFHV L DF\OLQGHURIWUDQVSDUHQWSRO\PHWK\O PHWKDFU\ODWH DOORZLQJ WKH VXSHUYLVLRQ RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI URRWV ZKHQ DSSURDFKLQJ WKH F\OLQGHU VXUIDFH  VSOLW YHUWLFDOO\LQWRWZRKDOYHVKHOGWRJHWKHUE\PHDQVRIDQ\ORQ]LSWLH LL D³ERWWRPFXS´HTXLSSHGZLWKKROHVRIVXLWDEOH VL]HZKLFKDOORZHGWKHGUDLQDJHRIZDWHUSUHYHQWLQJWKHORVVRIVDQG LLL DFRDWLQJRIGDUNSODVWLFWKDWZDVDSSOLHG H[WHUQDOO\WRWKHPRXOGLQRUGHUWROLPLWWKHGLUHFWVXQUDGLDWLRQWKURXJKWKHWUDQVSDUHQWF\OLQGHU7KHSUHVHQFHRID PRYDEOHERWWRPFXSDOORZHGWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHPHPEUDQHUHTXLUHGIRU7;WHVWVDWWKHVWDJHRISUHSDUDWLRQRIWKH VDPSOH)LJVKRZVWKHPRXOGVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHSODQWV$IWHUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHVDPSOHV SODQWVZHUHOHWJURZIRUൊ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³SRWWHG´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ሺ௠ሻ

7DEOH9DOXHVRIUHOHYDQWTXDQWLWLHVIRUWKH7;WHVWVܸோ YROXPHRIURRWV݁௥௘ௗ LQLWLDOYRLGUDWLRVXLWDEO\UHGXFHGRIWKHURRWVYROXPH‫ܩ‬௦ VSHFLILF ሺ௠ሻ JUDYLW\ߛௗ GU\VSHFLILFZHLJKW ሺ௠ሻ

ሺ௠ሻ

WHVW

VSHFLHV

ܸோ >FP@

݁௥௘ௗ 

‫ܩ‬௦ 

ߛௗ >N1P@

/ / 5 5 0 0

/, /, UHFRQ UHFRQ /, UHFRQ

     

     

     

     

49

Marco Mazzuoli et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

 )LJ'LDJUDPVRI‫ ݍ‬SDQHOD DQGο‫ ݑ‬SDQHOE DVIXQFWLRQVRI‫݌‬ԢDQGߝଵ UHVSHFWLYHO\IRUWHVWV// VROLGOLQHV 5DQG5 EURNHQOLQHV 

+RZHYHUDFOHDUSLFWXUHRIWKHPHFKDQLFDODFWLRQRIURRWVDULVHVIURPWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWHVWV/DQG/ZLWKWHVWV 5DQG5SHUIRUPHGRQQRQURRWHGVDPSOHV3DQHOD RI)LJXUHVKRZVWKHWUHQGRIWKHGHYLDWRULFVWUHVV‫ ݍ‬ൌ ߪଵ െ ߪଷ  DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH LVRWURSLF HIIHFWLYH VWUHVV‫݌‬Ԣ ൌ ሺߪԢଵ ൅ ʹߪԢଷ ሻȀ͵ $IWHU WKH FRQVROLGDWLRQ SKDVH WKH VDPSOHV DUH EURXJKWWRIDLOXUHWKURXJKFRQVWDQWVWUDLQUDWHFRPSUHVVLRQLQXQGUDLQHGFRQGLWLRQ7KHSUHVVXUHο‫ݑ‬ZKLFKGHYHORSV DVߪଵ LQFUHDVHVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHD[LDOVWUDLQߝଵ 7KHSDWKUHODWHGWRURRWHGVDPSOHV /DQG / LQWKH‫݌‬Ԣ‫ ݍ‬െGLDJUDPRI)LJXUHDGRQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUIURPWKDWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQRQURRWHGRQHV 5DQG 5 XQWLOWKHJUDQXODUPDWUL[ORRVHVLWVVWLIIQHVVDQGWHQGVWRGLODWH$WWKLVVWDJHURRWVFRXQWHUDFWWKHODUJHLQFUHDVLQJ UDGLDOGHIRUPDWLRQߝଷ  WKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIURRWVLVDSSUHFLDEOHRQO\IRUWHQVLOHVWUDLQ OHDGLQJWKHSRUHSUHVVXUHWR LQFUHDVHFRQWH[WXDOO\LQVWHDGRIGLVVLSDWLQJWKURXJKWKHUDGLDOH[SDQVLRQ VHH)LJE $VDUHVXOWDWWKHILQDOVWDJHVRI WKHWHVWV/DQG/WKHGHYLDWRULFVWUHVVDEUXSWO\LQFUHDVHVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDZKHUHDVVXFKDEHKDYLRXUDSSHDUV VLJQLILFDQWO\GDPSHGIRUWKHWHVWV5DQG5ZKHUHURRWVZHUHDEVHQW 

 )LJ'LDJUDPVRI‫ݍ‬DVDIXQFWLRQRIߝଵ  SDQHOD DQG‫݌‬Ԣ SDQHOE IRUWKHWHVWV0 EODFN DQG0 UHG %URNHQGRWWHGDQGVROLGOLQHVFRUUHVSRQG WRWKH&,'OLNHSUHORDGVDWXUDWLRQDQGILQDO&,8ORDGSKDVHVUHVSHFWLYHO\

,QRUGHUWRREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHUHDOFRQWULEXWLRQRIURRWVWRWKHVWDELOLW\DQGVWUHQJWKRIWKHVXUILFLDOOD\HUVRI KLOOVORSHVGXULQJDQLQWHQVHVWRUPDQDGKRF7;VWUHVVSDWKZDVGHVLJQHGZKLFKFRQVLVWHGLQWKUHHSKDVHV L GXULQJ WKHILUVWSKDVHDGHYLDWRULFVWUHVVZDVSURJUHVVLYHO\DSSOLHGWRWKHVDPSOHLQGUDLQHGFRQGLWLRQ &,'OLNHWHVW XQWLOWKH YDOXHRI‫ݍ‬ZDVHTXDOWRଶൗଷ‫ݍ‬௖௥ ZKHUH‫ݍ‬௖௥ LVWKHPD[LPXPGHYLDWRULFVWUHVVVXSSRUWHGE\DQRQURRWHGVDPSOHDWIDLOXUH LQXQGUDLQHGFRQGLWLRQV$WWKHHQGRIWKLVSUHORDGSKDVHWKHILQDOVWUHVVFRQGLWLRQUHIHUUHGWRWKDWRIDQHOHPHQWRI VRLOVXEMHFWWRPRELOL]HGVKHDUVWUHVVDORQJDVWDEOHKLOOVORSH LL 7KHQWKHVDPSOHZDVSURJUHVVLYHO\VDWXUDWHGE\ DSSO\LQJDEDFNSUHVVXUHRILQFUHDVLQJPDJQLWXGHWDNLQJFDUHWKDWERWK‫݌‬ԢDQG‫ݍ‬UHPDLQXQFKDQJHGWKURXJKRXWWKH VDWXUDWLRQSURFHGXUH LLL )LQDOO\DVWKHVDPSOHZDVVDWXUDWHGD&,8WHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWXSWRIDLOXUH7KLVSURFHGXUH

50

Marco Mazzuoli et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 45 – 50

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‫ݍ‬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± >@13ROOHQ7HPSRUDODQGVSDWLDOYDULDELOLW\LQURRWUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIVWUHDPEDQNVDFFRXQWLQJIRUVRLOVKHDUVWUHQJWKDQGPRLVWXUH&DWHQD    ± >@)3UHWL)*LDGURVVLFK5RRWUHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGVORSHELRHQJLQHHULQJVWDELOL]DWLRQE\VSDQLVKEURRP VSDUWLXPMXQFHXPO +\GURO(DUWK6\VW 6FL    ± >@0&HFFRQL93DQH31DSROL(&DWWRQL'HHSURRWVSODQWLQJIRUVXUIDFHVORSHSURWHFWLRQ(OHFWURQLF-RXUQDORI*HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ8   ± >@ % 0 6ZLWDOD : :X 1XPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQV RI WKH PHFKDQLFDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH SODQW URRWV WR VORSH VWDELOLW\ LQ 5HFHQW $GYDQFHV LQ 0RGHOLQJ/DQGVOLGHVDQG'HEULV)ORZV6SULQJHUSS± >@%$EHUQHWK\,'5XWKHUIXUG7KHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGVWUHQJWKRIULSDULDQWUHHURRWVLQUHODWLRQWRULYHUEDQNUHLQIRUFHPHQW+\GURO3URFHVV    ± >@6%0LFNRYVNL3'+DOOHWW0)%UDQVE\0&'DYLHV56RQQHQEHUJ$*%HQJRXJK0HFKDQLFDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIVRLOE\ZLOORZ URRWV,PSDFWVRIURRWSURSHUWLHVDQGURRWIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVP6RLO6FLHQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD-RXUQDO    ± >@'+*UD\+2KDVKL0HFKDQLFVRIILEHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQVDQG-*HRWHFK(QJUJ    ± >@'&RKHQ06FKZDU]'2U$QDQDO\WLFDOILEHUEXQGOHPRGHOIRUSXOORXWPHFKDQLFVRIURRWEXQGOHV-RXUQDORI*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFK(DUWK 6XUIDFH )  >@0+0DKHU'+*UD\6WDWLFUHVSRQVHRIVDQGVUHLQIRUFHGZLWKUDQGRPO\GLVWULEXWHGILEHUV-*HRWHFK(QJUJ    ± >@5/0LFKDORZVNL-&HUPDN7ULD[LDOFRPSUHVVLRQRIVDQGUHLQIRUFHGZLWKILEHUV-*HRWHFK*HRHQYLURQ(QJ    ±