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Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites Sagar Chokshi a,⇑, Piyush Gohil b, Darshan Patel a a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Changa, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Education Campus, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M S University, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 September 2019 Received in revised form 19 October 2019 Accepted 23 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Unidirectional Composites Fabrication Testing Simulation Modeling
a b s t r a c t In the present study, the experimental investigations are carried out to find the tensile strength (TS) and flexural strength (FS) of unidirectional composites (UDC). For these, fabrication of composite (FOC) is carried out using hand layup technique by selecting fibers: bamboo fiber, cotton fiber and viscose rayon fiber as a reinforcement and polyester resin as a matrix. The weight fraction of fiber (wf) is varied in the range of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% during FOC. Tensile testing and flexural testing of composites are carried out using the universal testing machine (UTM) to measure TS and FS. Tensile testing and flexural testing of composites are carried out as per the ASTM D3039/3039M-08 as per the ASTM D790-10 respectively. The FEA simulation is also carried out for the prediction of TS using ANSYS 15.0. The comparison of experimental results with simulation results is carried out to check the deviation of simulation results with experimental results. The paper signifies outcomes as the TS of the UDC rises with increase in wf; the FS of the UDC rises with increase in wf; the simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials & Manufacturing Technologies.
1. Introduction Composite material becomes vigorous part of today’s material due to it has various advantages such as of low weight, high fatigue strength, high specific strength, high specific stiffness, corrosion resistance, faster assembly, etc. [1–4]. Numerous composite products are used in industries across the world [5]. Hence, composite material is chosen as an area of the present study. In composite, the strength and stiffness are provided through the fibers and binding is made through the resin [6]. Hence, selection of fiber and resin is important parameter in composite. Natural fiber gives several benefits over traditional fibers such as low cost, low density, biodegradable, recyclable, no skin irritation, relatively high strength and stiffness and eco-friendly behavior to the environment, easily processed, etc. [7–17]. Hence, natural fiber is selected as a reinforcement. Here, bamboo fiber and cotton fibers are selected as fibers in natural fiber category due to it has good strength and easily availability from the market. One semi-synthetic fiber: viscose rayon fiber is also chosen as reinforcement due to it has advantages such ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Chokshi).
as versatile, comfortable, soft, very smooth, breathable, relatively light, strong, robust, and inexpensive [18]. Fibers and fillers are reinforced in polymeric composite material due to it is a multi-phase material and as a result synergistic mechanical properties can be achieved that cannot be achieved from either component alone [19]. Hence, polyester resin is selected as a matrix from polymeric resin. Mechanical characterization of composite generates tremendous amount of interest in students and researchers in the field of composites. Hence, in present study, experimental investigations are carried out to discover the mechanical properties: tensile property and flexural property of UDC. For these, the FOC is carried out using hand lay-up technique and testing: tensile testing and flexural testing are carried out. The FEA simulation is also carried out to find the TS of UDC. 2. Experimental investigations 2.1. Materials procurement Natural fiber: bamboo fiber and cotton fiber are procured in the specific grade of 7 yarn counts and 10 yarn counts respectively from the local market of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Semi-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials & Manufacturing Technologies.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Nomenclatures TS FS Wf FOC UDC
Tensile strength Flexural strength Weight fraction of fiber Fabrication of composite Unidirectional composite
UDBPC UDCPC UDVPC E
Unidirectional bamboo/polyester composite Unidirectional cotton/polyester composite Unidirectional viscose rayon/polyester composite Error
synthetic fiber: viscose rayon fiber is procured from Sampoorna fashion, Surat, Gujrat, India. The fibers are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 (a) shows the bamboo fiber, Fig. 1(b) shows the cotton fiber and Fig. 1 (c) shows the viscose rayon fiber. Polyester resin (general purpose) is procured from Godadiya Enterprise, Surat, Gujarat, India. 2.2. Fabrication The punch and die are developed to achieve the fabricated plate size area of 1 foot 1 foot. The fabrication setup is shown in Fig. 2. The FOC is carried out using hand lay-up technique. For this, Fibers are wrapped on wrapping machine and prepare the unidirectional fiber layers. The fiber layers and resin are poured into the die layer by layer. To accelerate the curing process at room temperature, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide as a hardener and cobalt are used as accelerator, which start the polymerization process of polyester resin. The mini press is used to press the punch into die to achieve the desired thickness up to 4 mm. The fabrication of polyester resin is also carried out without using the fibers to achieve the polyester resin plate as shown in Fig. 3. One plate of polyester resin is prepared. The wf is varied by varying the fiber layers and resin content in the FOC. The fabrication and wf details are shown in Table 1. In the FOC, total 12 plates are prepared. The fabricated composite plates are shown in Fig. 4 for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. Fig. 4 (a) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDBPC with wf – 30%. Fig. 4(b) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDCPC with wf – 35% and Fig. 4(c) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDVPC with wf – 20%. 2.3. Testing Testing of polyester resin and composites are held out on universal testing machine (Make: Tinius Olsen, Model: H50KL). Tensile testing is carried out as per ASTM D638-10 [20] for polyester resin and as per ASTM D3039/3039M-08 [21] for composites. Flexural testing of polyester resin and composites are carried out as per ASTM D790-10 [22]. The specimens are cut as per the ASTM standards using vertical machining center (Make: Jyoti, Model: px10). The specimens are cut in longitudinal direction (fiber direction is
Fig. 2. Fabrication setup.
in the direction of the axis of the specimen or fiber angle is 0 degree with the axis of the specimen) in present study. The five specimens are taken as per the ASTM standard and average of five is evaluated for result. Tensile testing setup is shown in Fig. 5 and flexural testing setup is shown in Fig. 6.
3. Simulation The FEA is used for the simulation of the composite using ANSYS 15.0. For this, the modeling of composite is carried out as per the actual size of specimen of composite as shown in Fig. 7. Here, in modeling of composite, rectangular strip of composite is prepared directly instead of preparing layer by layer modeling of fiber and resin because the slipping issue faced due to smoothness of viscose rayon fiber in testing of viscose rayon fiber, as a result, the experimental elastic modulus of fiber cannot be found. The analysis of composite is carried out by assigning the properties of elastic modulus and force/load to composite specimen as
Fig. 1. (a) Bamboo fiber; (b) Cotton fiber; (c) Viscose rayon fiber.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Fig. 3. Polyester resin plate. Fig. 5. Tensile testing setup.
Table 1 Fabrication and wf details of composites. Sr. No.
Constitute
Plate Code
No. of fabricated plates
Achieved wf
1
Bamboo/polyester composite Cotton/polyester composite Viscose rayon/polyester composite
UDBPC
4
UDCPC
4
UDVPC
4
20%, 30%, 20%, 30%, 20%, 30%,
2 3
25%, 35% 25%, 35% 25%, 35%
Fig. 6. Flexural testing setup.
Fig. 4. (a) Fabricated UDBPC; (b) Fabricated UDCPC; (c) Fabricated UDVPC.
per the experimental results of composites for UDBPC, UDBPC and UDVPC. The boundary conditions are considered with keeping all degree of freedom fixed at one surface of size 15 mm 4 mm and load is applied on the opposite surface of size 15 mm 4 mm. load is applied as per the experimental failure of composite. The composite failure criteria is used in the analysis of composites. Tetra mesh is used for the meshing. The TS is found as the result of analysis and its snapshots are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8(a) shows the TS of UDBPC with wf-20%, Fig. 8(b) shows the TS of UDCPC with wf-30% and Fig. 8(c) shows the TS of UDVPC with wf-35%.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Fig. 7. Modeling of composite.
4. Results and discussion The results obtained through experimental investigations and simulation are discussed here. The sample stress-strain diagrams for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC are shown in Fig. 9. Here, the diagrams are shown for the tensile testing of five specimens. Fig. 9 (a) shows the stress-strain diagram of UDBPC with wf-35%, Fig. 9 (b) shows the stress-strain diagram of UDCPC with wf-30% and Fig. 9(c) stress-strain diagram of UDVPC with wf-20%. The results obtained through the tensile testing and flexural testing of polyester resin and composites are reported in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 respectively. From Fig. 10, it is observed that the TS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. It is also observed that UDCPC has highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC except
at 20% wf. It may be happened due to cotton fiber may be strong and has higher TS compared to bamboo fiber and viscose rayon fiber. Hence, it may be said that UDCPC has highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC. Furthermore, it is observed that TS of composite is higher than the TS of polyester resin, which shows the effectiveness of composite. From Fig. 11, it is observed that the FS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. It is also observed that UDVPC has highest FS compared to UDBPC. It may be happened due to viscose rayon fiber is semi-synthetic fiber and provides better resistance compared to natural fibers: bamboo fiber and cotton fiber during 3 point bending. Hence, it may be said that UDVPC has highest FS compared to UDBPC and UDCPC. Furthermore, it is observed that UDBPC has higher FS compared to UDCPC. Furthermore, it is observed that FS of composite is extreme higher than the FS of polyester resin, which shows the effectiveness of composite. The simulation results of TS obtained through ANSYS 15.0 for various composites are shown in Fig. 12. From Fig. 12, Similar behavior is also observed in simulation results for TS of composites, which is increased with increase in wf that justify that simulation results are appropriate. The comparison of experimental results of TS and simulation results of TS is carried out to check the variation of simulation results with experimental results. Fig. 13 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDBPC. Fig. 14 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDCPC and Fig. 15 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDVPC. The Errors (E) are also found to check the deviation between experimental results and simulation results as per equation (1).
Error ð%Þ ¼
Experimental results Simulation results 100 Experimental results
ð1Þ
From Fig. 13, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 2.50% error for 20% wf, 0.73% error for 25% wf, 1.89% error for 30% wf and 2.63% for 35% wf for UDBPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDBPC. From Fig. 14, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 0.13% error for 20% wf, 2.08%
Fig. 8. (a) TS of UDBPC with wf-20%; (b) TS of UDCPC with wf-30%; (c) TS of UDVPC with wf-35%.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
S. Chokshi et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 9. (a) Stress-Strain diagram of UDBPC with wf-35% Stress-Strain diagrams; (b) Stress-Strain diagram of UDCPC with wf-30%; (c) Stress-Strain diagram of UDVPC with wf20%.
Fig. 10. Experimental results of the TS of composites.
Fig. 12. Simulation results of TS of composites.
error for 25% wf, 1.38% error for 30% wf and 1.56% for 35% wf for UDCPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDCPC. From Fig. 15, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 3.63% error for 20% wf, 1.56% error for 25% wf, 1.45% error for 30% wf and 3.87% for 35% wf for UDVPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDVPC. 5. Conclusion The following important outcomes are concluded from the present study.
Fig. 11. Experimental results of FS of composites.
TS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. FS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. TS and FS of composites are higher than the TS and FS of polyester resin.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Fig. 13. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDBPC.
Fig. 15. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDVPC.
References
Fig. 14. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDCPC.
UDCPC has the highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC. UDVPC has the highest FS compared to UDBPC and UDCPC. Simulation results of TS are good in consistence with experimental results of TS for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC.
Declaration of Competing Interest
[1] A.K. Kaw, Mechanics of Composite Materials, second ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006. [2] R. Martin, Ageing of composites, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2008. [3] R.M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials, second ed., Taylor & Francis, United States of America, 1999. [4] S.R. Reid, G. Zhou, Impact Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Composite Materials and Structures, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000. [5] P.P. Gohil, A.A. Shaikh, Compos. Mech. Comput. Appl. Inter. J. 1 (2010) 1–17. [6] D.L.C. Deborah, Composite Materials: Science and Applications, second ed., Springer, London, 2010. [7] A.K. Mohanty, M.A. Misra, G. Hinrichsen, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 276 (2000) 1– 24. [8] S. Chokshi, P. Gohil, Inter. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 9 (2018) 861–869. [9] M.J. John, S. Thomas, Carbohydr. Polym. 71 (2008) 343–364. [10] M. Garcia, I. Garmendia, J. Garcia, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 107 (2008) 2994–3004. [11] P.K. Bajpai, I. Singh, J. Madaan, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 27 (2014) 52– 81. [12] M. Asim, K. Abdan, M. Jawaid, M. Nasir, Z. Dashtizadeh, M.R. Ishak, M.E. Hoque, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2015 (2015) 1–16. [13] P.R. Hornsby, E. Hinrichsen, K. Tarverdi, J. Mater. Sci. 32 (1997) 443–449. [14] R.W.H. Heijenrath, A.A.J.M. Peijs, Adv. Compos. Lett. 5 (1996) 81–85. [15] K. Oksman, Appl. Compos. Mater. 7 (2000) 403–414. [16] K.P. Mieck, A. Nechwatal, C. Knobeldorf, Melliand Textilber. 11 (1994) 228– 230. [17] A.R. Sanadi, D.F. Calufield, R.M. Rowell, Plast. Eng. 50 (1994) 27–28. [18] Claire, What Is Viscose: Understanding Your Fabrics, (Online) Available: https://www.contrado.co.uk/blog/what-is-viscose/ (accessed 29.08.19.), Contrado, 2017. [19] K.K. Chawla, Composite Materials: Science and Engineering, third ed., Springer, New York, 2012. [20] ASTM D638-10, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States, 2010. [21] ASTM D3039/3039M-08, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States, 2008. [22] ASTM D790–10, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States, 2010.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites Sagar Chokshi a,⇑, Piyush Gohil b, Darshan Patel a a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Changa, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Education Campus, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M S University, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 September 2019 Received in revised form 19 October 2019 Accepted 23 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Unidirectional Composites Fabrication Testing Simulation Modeling
a b s t r a c t In the present study, the experimental investigations are carried out to find the tensile strength (TS) and flexural strength (FS) of unidirectional composites (UDC). For these, fabrication of composite (FOC) is carried out using hand layup technique by selecting fibers: bamboo fiber, cotton fiber and viscose rayon fiber as a reinforcement and polyester resin as a matrix. The weight fraction of fiber (wf) is varied in the range of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% during FOC. Tensile testing and flexural testing of composites are carried out using the universal testing machine (UTM) to measure TS and FS. Tensile testing and flexural testing of composites are carried out as per the ASTM D3039/3039M-08 as per the ASTM D790-10 respectively. The FEA simulation is also carried out for the prediction of TS using ANSYS 15.0. The comparison of experimental results with simulation results is carried out to check the deviation of simulation results with experimental results. The paper signifies outcomes as the TS of the UDC rises with increase in wf; the FS of the UDC rises with increase in wf; the simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials & Manufacturing Technologies.
1. Introduction Composite material becomes vigorous part of today’s material due to it has various advantages such as of low weight, high fatigue strength, high specific strength, high specific stiffness, corrosion resistance, faster assembly, etc. [1–4]. Numerous composite products are used in industries across the world [5]. Hence, composite material is chosen as an area of the present study. In composite, the strength and stiffness are provided through the fibers and binding is made through the resin [6]. Hence, selection of fiber and resin is important parameter in composite. Natural fiber gives several benefits over traditional fibers such as low cost, low density, biodegradable, recyclable, no skin irritation, relatively high strength and stiffness and eco-friendly behavior to the environment, easily processed, etc. [7–17]. Hence, natural fiber is selected as a reinforcement. Here, bamboo fiber and cotton fibers are selected as fibers in natural fiber category due to it has good strength and easily availability from the market. One semi-synthetic fiber: viscose rayon fiber is also chosen as reinforcement due to it has advantages such ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Chokshi).
as versatile, comfortable, soft, very smooth, breathable, relatively light, strong, robust, and inexpensive [18]. Fibers and fillers are reinforced in polymeric composite material due to it is a multi-phase material and as a result synergistic mechanical properties can be achieved that cannot be achieved from either component alone [19]. Hence, polyester resin is selected as a matrix from polymeric resin. Mechanical characterization of composite generates tremendous amount of interest in students and researchers in the field of composites. Hence, in present study, experimental investigations are carried out to discover the mechanical properties: tensile property and flexural property of UDC. For these, the FOC is carried out using hand lay-up technique and testing: tensile testing and flexural testing are carried out. The FEA simulation is also carried out to find the TS of UDC. 2. Experimental investigations 2.1. Materials procurement Natural fiber: bamboo fiber and cotton fiber are procured in the specific grade of 7 yarn counts and 10 yarn counts respectively from the local market of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Semi-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials & Manufacturing Technologies.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Nomenclatures TS FS Wf FOC UDC
Tensile strength Flexural strength Weight fraction of fiber Fabrication of composite Unidirectional composite
UDBPC UDCPC UDVPC E
Unidirectional bamboo/polyester composite Unidirectional cotton/polyester composite Unidirectional viscose rayon/polyester composite Error
synthetic fiber: viscose rayon fiber is procured from Sampoorna fashion, Surat, Gujrat, India. The fibers are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 (a) shows the bamboo fiber, Fig. 1(b) shows the cotton fiber and Fig. 1 (c) shows the viscose rayon fiber. Polyester resin (general purpose) is procured from Godadiya Enterprise, Surat, Gujarat, India. 2.2. Fabrication The punch and die are developed to achieve the fabricated plate size area of 1 foot 1 foot. The fabrication setup is shown in Fig. 2. The FOC is carried out using hand lay-up technique. For this, Fibers are wrapped on wrapping machine and prepare the unidirectional fiber layers. The fiber layers and resin are poured into the die layer by layer. To accelerate the curing process at room temperature, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide as a hardener and cobalt are used as accelerator, which start the polymerization process of polyester resin. The mini press is used to press the punch into die to achieve the desired thickness up to 4 mm. The fabrication of polyester resin is also carried out without using the fibers to achieve the polyester resin plate as shown in Fig. 3. One plate of polyester resin is prepared. The wf is varied by varying the fiber layers and resin content in the FOC. The fabrication and wf details are shown in Table 1. In the FOC, total 12 plates are prepared. The fabricated composite plates are shown in Fig. 4 for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. Fig. 4 (a) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDBPC with wf – 30%. Fig. 4(b) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDCPC with wf – 35% and Fig. 4(c) shows the sample fabricated composite plate of UDVPC with wf – 20%. 2.3. Testing Testing of polyester resin and composites are held out on universal testing machine (Make: Tinius Olsen, Model: H50KL). Tensile testing is carried out as per ASTM D638-10 [20] for polyester resin and as per ASTM D3039/3039M-08 [21] for composites. Flexural testing of polyester resin and composites are carried out as per ASTM D790-10 [22]. The specimens are cut as per the ASTM standards using vertical machining center (Make: Jyoti, Model: px10). The specimens are cut in longitudinal direction (fiber direction is
Fig. 2. Fabrication setup.
in the direction of the axis of the specimen or fiber angle is 0 degree with the axis of the specimen) in present study. The five specimens are taken as per the ASTM standard and average of five is evaluated for result. Tensile testing setup is shown in Fig. 5 and flexural testing setup is shown in Fig. 6.
3. Simulation The FEA is used for the simulation of the composite using ANSYS 15.0. For this, the modeling of composite is carried out as per the actual size of specimen of composite as shown in Fig. 7. Here, in modeling of composite, rectangular strip of composite is prepared directly instead of preparing layer by layer modeling of fiber and resin because the slipping issue faced due to smoothness of viscose rayon fiber in testing of viscose rayon fiber, as a result, the experimental elastic modulus of fiber cannot be found. The analysis of composite is carried out by assigning the properties of elastic modulus and force/load to composite specimen as
Fig. 1. (a) Bamboo fiber; (b) Cotton fiber; (c) Viscose rayon fiber.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Fig. 3. Polyester resin plate. Fig. 5. Tensile testing setup.
Table 1 Fabrication and wf details of composites. Sr. No.
Constitute
Plate Code
No. of fabricated plates
Achieved wf
1
Bamboo/polyester composite Cotton/polyester composite Viscose rayon/polyester composite
UDBPC
4
UDCPC
4
UDVPC
4
20%, 30%, 20%, 30%, 20%, 30%,
2 3
25%, 35% 25%, 35% 25%, 35%
Fig. 6. Flexural testing setup.
Fig. 4. (a) Fabricated UDBPC; (b) Fabricated UDCPC; (c) Fabricated UDVPC.
per the experimental results of composites for UDBPC, UDBPC and UDVPC. The boundary conditions are considered with keeping all degree of freedom fixed at one surface of size 15 mm 4 mm and load is applied on the opposite surface of size 15 mm 4 mm. load is applied as per the experimental failure of composite. The composite failure criteria is used in the analysis of composites. Tetra mesh is used for the meshing. The TS is found as the result of analysis and its snapshots are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8(a) shows the TS of UDBPC with wf-20%, Fig. 8(b) shows the TS of UDCPC with wf-30% and Fig. 8(c) shows the TS of UDVPC with wf-35%.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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S. Chokshi et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 7. Modeling of composite.
4. Results and discussion The results obtained through experimental investigations and simulation are discussed here. The sample stress-strain diagrams for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC are shown in Fig. 9. Here, the diagrams are shown for the tensile testing of five specimens. Fig. 9 (a) shows the stress-strain diagram of UDBPC with wf-35%, Fig. 9 (b) shows the stress-strain diagram of UDCPC with wf-30% and Fig. 9(c) stress-strain diagram of UDVPC with wf-20%. The results obtained through the tensile testing and flexural testing of polyester resin and composites are reported in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 respectively. From Fig. 10, it is observed that the TS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. It is also observed that UDCPC has highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC except
at 20% wf. It may be happened due to cotton fiber may be strong and has higher TS compared to bamboo fiber and viscose rayon fiber. Hence, it may be said that UDCPC has highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC. Furthermore, it is observed that TS of composite is higher than the TS of polyester resin, which shows the effectiveness of composite. From Fig. 11, it is observed that the FS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. It is also observed that UDVPC has highest FS compared to UDBPC. It may be happened due to viscose rayon fiber is semi-synthetic fiber and provides better resistance compared to natural fibers: bamboo fiber and cotton fiber during 3 point bending. Hence, it may be said that UDVPC has highest FS compared to UDBPC and UDCPC. Furthermore, it is observed that UDBPC has higher FS compared to UDCPC. Furthermore, it is observed that FS of composite is extreme higher than the FS of polyester resin, which shows the effectiveness of composite. The simulation results of TS obtained through ANSYS 15.0 for various composites are shown in Fig. 12. From Fig. 12, Similar behavior is also observed in simulation results for TS of composites, which is increased with increase in wf that justify that simulation results are appropriate. The comparison of experimental results of TS and simulation results of TS is carried out to check the variation of simulation results with experimental results. Fig. 13 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDBPC. Fig. 14 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDCPC and Fig. 15 shows the comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDVPC. The Errors (E) are also found to check the deviation between experimental results and simulation results as per equation (1).
Error ð%Þ ¼
Experimental results Simulation results 100 Experimental results
ð1Þ
From Fig. 13, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 2.50% error for 20% wf, 0.73% error for 25% wf, 1.89% error for 30% wf and 2.63% for 35% wf for UDBPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDBPC. From Fig. 14, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 0.13% error for 20% wf, 2.08%
Fig. 8. (a) TS of UDBPC with wf-20%; (b) TS of UDCPC with wf-30%; (c) TS of UDVPC with wf-35%.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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Fig. 9. (a) Stress-Strain diagram of UDBPC with wf-35% Stress-Strain diagrams; (b) Stress-Strain diagram of UDCPC with wf-30%; (c) Stress-Strain diagram of UDVPC with wf20%.
Fig. 10. Experimental results of the TS of composites.
Fig. 12. Simulation results of TS of composites.
error for 25% wf, 1.38% error for 30% wf and 1.56% for 35% wf for UDCPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDCPC. From Fig. 15, it is observed that the experimental TS and simulation TS is close to each other with 3.63% error for 20% wf, 1.56% error for 25% wf, 1.45% error for 30% wf and 3.87% for 35% wf for UDVPC. Hence, it can be said that simulation results are good in consistence with experimental results for UDVPC. 5. Conclusion The following important outcomes are concluded from the present study.
Fig. 11. Experimental results of FS of composites.
TS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. FS of composite rises with increase in wf for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC. TS and FS of composites are higher than the TS and FS of polyester resin.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208
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S. Chokshi et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 13. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDBPC.
Fig. 15. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDVPC.
References
Fig. 14. Comparison of experimental results with simulation results of TS for UDCPC.
UDCPC has the highest TS compared to UDBPC and UDVPC. UDVPC has the highest FS compared to UDBPC and UDCPC. Simulation results of TS are good in consistence with experimental results of TS for UDBPC, UDCPC and UDVPC.
Declaration of Competing Interest
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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Please cite this article as: S. Chokshi, P. Gohil and D. Patel, Experimental investigations of bamboo, cotton and viscose rayon fiber reinforced Unidirectional composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.208