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Experimental Study of Influence of Movements on Airflow Under Stratum Ventilation
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015
Experimental study of influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation Weiqin WUa, Zhang LINb,* a
Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China b Division of Building Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Abstract Stratum ventilation, which could provide quality air in breathing zone and stratified thermal comfort, is a promising technology to meet the challenge of energy saving nowadays. This study is to find the influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation. The experiment is conducted in a full-scale chamber. A moving manikin is used to simulate the movements of an occupant. The results show that the moving manikin blocks some of the supply air when it is passing by the supply air inlet. However, the influence is local and disappears fast, mostly within 20 s. © 2015 2015The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © Published by Elsevier Ltd. This Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL Keywords: stratum ventilation; movements; airflow
1. Introduction Stratum ventilation, which could provide quality air in breathing zone and stratified thermal comfort, is a promising technology to meet the challenge of energy saving nowadays. [1-3]. However, most of studies are done without considering the occupant’s movements. In some places, such as an open plan office or waiting room, the occupants move from time to time. And the influence of occupants’ movements on air distribution in other ventilated rooms is also common. The studies show that the movements disturb the airflow and make it more turbulence when
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-852-34429805; fax: +86-852-34429716. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Lin)
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.185
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Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
movements are frequent [4-5]. Therefore, this study is carried out to find the influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation. 2. Methodology The experiment is carried out in a full-scale chamber (3.75m × 2.85m × 2.60m) as shown in Figure 1. The supply air comes from one square grille, 0.2 m × 0.2 m, located on the mid-level of the wall and returns from one return louver, 0.6 m × 0.6 m, located on the ceiling. The flow rate is 5 ACH. The supply air temperature is 21ºC. There is a simulated sedentary occupant (0.40m × 0.25m × 1.2m) in the room with three bulbs (totally 75 W) inside it. Two lights (72 W each) are on ceiling. A moving manikin (without heat) is used to simulate the movement of an occupant. The dimension of the moving manikin is shown in Figure 2(a). The shape of manikin is complicate enough to simulate the air flow around person [6]. However, the sway of the arms and legs is not considered in this study. The moving speed of the manikin is 1 m/s which is the maximal velocity as shown in Figure 2 (b). The moving route of the manikin is shown in Figure 3. The manikin moving for1 turn (from one side to another side along the route) is tested. As the influence of a movement on velocity is random, this case is repeated for 10 times to find the average result. Nine plumb lines of measurement are set in the room as shown in Figure 3. The velocity is measured very 0.5 s at three levels of 0.4 m, 1.2 m, and 1.9 m along each line.
Fig. 1. Model of the chamber.
moving speed (m/s)
1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
Time (s)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) dimension and (b) moving speed of the moving manikin.
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0
Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
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Fig. 3. Location of the monitor points and moving route.
3. Results and discussion Figure 4 shows the velocity along L1, L5, L8, and L9 at three levels. It is found that the significant peaks appear at 1.2 m level along both lines, which suggests that the eddy is mainly caused by the moving manikin. The peak values at L1, L5, and L8, where the distance from the moving manikin are the same, are almost the same. When the manikin passes by the supply air inlet, it blocks supply air. This can be seen in Fig. 4 (b). However, it is found that the blocking effect appears a moment after the manikin passing by the supply air inlet though the moving manikin blocks the supply air to the sedentary occupant. It is because that actually the peak velocities along these lines are caused by the pumping effect of the moving manikin, not by the supply air. And then the wake behind the manikin disturbs the supply air therefore the velocities along L1and L5 at 1.2 m level decrease after the manikin passing by. Figure 5 shows the velocities along L1, L2, L3, and L4 at the three levels. It is found that significant influence only appears along L1 at 1.2 m level and along L2 at 0.4 m level which means the influence is local. However, from Fig. 4 (b), it is found that the peak value along L9 is higher than that along L2 though they are in the same distance from the moving manikin. It is because when it passing by L1, the manikin is accelerating, while it passing by L9, the manikin is in decelerating. From these two figures, it is found that the moving manikin seldom affects the airflow at 1.9 m level. And the influence at other levels disappears quickly, almost within 20 s. Due to the limit in length of this paper, the data for locations L6 and L7 are omitted.
4. Conclusion The influence of 1 turn movement at 1 m/s (maximal velocity) on air flow under stratum ventilation is studied. The significant influence is mainly at the 1.2 m height. The pumping effect of the manikin causes the peak while the wake behind the manikin results valley values. Although the supply air is blocked by the manikin when it is passing by the supply air inlet, the influence disappears quickly and is local.
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Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 L1
L5
L8
L9
L1
0,50
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,30 0,20
L4
0,20 0,10
0,00
0,00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0,10
Time (s)
Time (s) (a) 1.9 m
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,50
0,30 0,20
0,30 0,20
0,10
0,10
0,00
0,00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
L3
0,30
(a) 1.9 m
Time (s)
Time (s)
(b) 1.2 m
(b) 1.2 m 0,50
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,30 0,20
0,30 0,20 0,10
0,00
0,00
Time (s) (c) 0.4 m Fig. 4. Velocity along L1, L5, L8, and L9 (moving start at 10 s).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0,10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
L2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0123456789
Time (s) (c) 0.4 m Fig. 5. Velocity along L1, L2, L3, and L4 (moving start at 10 s).
Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
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Acknowledgements The work described in this paper is supported by a General Research Grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51178407). References [1] Lin Z, Chow TT, Tsang CF, Fong KF, Chan LS. Stratum ventilation – A potential solution to elevated indoor temperatures. Building and Environment 2009; 44: 2256-2269. [2] Tian L, Lin Z, Wang Q. Experimental investigation of thermal and ventilation performances of stratum ventilation. Building and Environment 2011; 46: 1309-1320. [3] Lin Z, Lee CK, Fong S, Chow TT, Yao T, Chan ALS. Comparison of annual energy performances with, different ventilation methods for cooling. Energy and Building 2011; 43: 130-136. [4] Mattsson M, Sandberg M. Velocity field created by moving objects in rooms, In: Proceedings of roomvent’96, 5th international Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, Yokohama, Japan; 1996. [5] Han ZY, Weng WG, Huang QY. Numerical and experimental investigation on the dynamic airflow of human movement in a full-scale cabin. HVAC&R Research 2014; 20: 444-457. [6] Brohus H, Nielsen PV. CFD models of persons evaluated by full-scale wind channel experiments. In: Proceedings of roomvent’96, 5th international Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, Yokohama, Japan; 1996.
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015
Experimental study of influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation Weiqin WUa, Zhang LINb,* a
Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China b Division of Building Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Abstract Stratum ventilation, which could provide quality air in breathing zone and stratified thermal comfort, is a promising technology to meet the challenge of energy saving nowadays. This study is to find the influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation. The experiment is conducted in a full-scale chamber. A moving manikin is used to simulate the movements of an occupant. The results show that the moving manikin blocks some of the supply air when it is passing by the supply air inlet. However, the influence is local and disappears fast, mostly within 20 s. © 2015 2015The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © Published by Elsevier Ltd. This Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL Keywords: stratum ventilation; movements; airflow
1. Introduction Stratum ventilation, which could provide quality air in breathing zone and stratified thermal comfort, is a promising technology to meet the challenge of energy saving nowadays. [1-3]. However, most of studies are done without considering the occupant’s movements. In some places, such as an open plan office or waiting room, the occupants move from time to time. And the influence of occupants’ movements on air distribution in other ventilated rooms is also common. The studies show that the movements disturb the airflow and make it more turbulence when
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-852-34429805; fax: +86-852-34429716. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Lin)
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.185
1208
Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
movements are frequent [4-5]. Therefore, this study is carried out to find the influence of movements on airflow under stratum ventilation. 2. Methodology The experiment is carried out in a full-scale chamber (3.75m × 2.85m × 2.60m) as shown in Figure 1. The supply air comes from one square grille, 0.2 m × 0.2 m, located on the mid-level of the wall and returns from one return louver, 0.6 m × 0.6 m, located on the ceiling. The flow rate is 5 ACH. The supply air temperature is 21ºC. There is a simulated sedentary occupant (0.40m × 0.25m × 1.2m) in the room with three bulbs (totally 75 W) inside it. Two lights (72 W each) are on ceiling. A moving manikin (without heat) is used to simulate the movement of an occupant. The dimension of the moving manikin is shown in Figure 2(a). The shape of manikin is complicate enough to simulate the air flow around person [6]. However, the sway of the arms and legs is not considered in this study. The moving speed of the manikin is 1 m/s which is the maximal velocity as shown in Figure 2 (b). The moving route of the manikin is shown in Figure 3. The manikin moving for1 turn (from one side to another side along the route) is tested. As the influence of a movement on velocity is random, this case is repeated for 10 times to find the average result. Nine plumb lines of measurement are set in the room as shown in Figure 3. The velocity is measured very 0.5 s at three levels of 0.4 m, 1.2 m, and 1.9 m along each line.
Fig. 1. Model of the chamber.
moving speed (m/s)
1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
Time (s)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) dimension and (b) moving speed of the moving manikin.
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0
Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
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Fig. 3. Location of the monitor points and moving route.
3. Results and discussion Figure 4 shows the velocity along L1, L5, L8, and L9 at three levels. It is found that the significant peaks appear at 1.2 m level along both lines, which suggests that the eddy is mainly caused by the moving manikin. The peak values at L1, L5, and L8, where the distance from the moving manikin are the same, are almost the same. When the manikin passes by the supply air inlet, it blocks supply air. This can be seen in Fig. 4 (b). However, it is found that the blocking effect appears a moment after the manikin passing by the supply air inlet though the moving manikin blocks the supply air to the sedentary occupant. It is because that actually the peak velocities along these lines are caused by the pumping effect of the moving manikin, not by the supply air. And then the wake behind the manikin disturbs the supply air therefore the velocities along L1and L5 at 1.2 m level decrease after the manikin passing by. Figure 5 shows the velocities along L1, L2, L3, and L4 at the three levels. It is found that significant influence only appears along L1 at 1.2 m level and along L2 at 0.4 m level which means the influence is local. However, from Fig. 4 (b), it is found that the peak value along L9 is higher than that along L2 though they are in the same distance from the moving manikin. It is because when it passing by L1, the manikin is accelerating, while it passing by L9, the manikin is in decelerating. From these two figures, it is found that the moving manikin seldom affects the airflow at 1.9 m level. And the influence at other levels disappears quickly, almost within 20 s. Due to the limit in length of this paper, the data for locations L6 and L7 are omitted.
4. Conclusion The influence of 1 turn movement at 1 m/s (maximal velocity) on air flow under stratum ventilation is studied. The significant influence is mainly at the 1.2 m height. The pumping effect of the manikin causes the peak while the wake behind the manikin results valley values. Although the supply air is blocked by the manikin when it is passing by the supply air inlet, the influence disappears quickly and is local.
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Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 L1
L5
L8
L9
L1
0,50
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,30 0,20
L4
0,20 0,10
0,00
0,00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0,10
Time (s)
Time (s) (a) 1.9 m
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,50
0,30 0,20
0,30 0,20
0,10
0,10
0,00
0,00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
L3
0,30
(a) 1.9 m
Time (s)
Time (s)
(b) 1.2 m
(b) 1.2 m 0,50
0,40
0,40 Velocity (m/s)
0,50
0,30 0,20
0,30 0,20 0,10
0,00
0,00
Time (s) (c) 0.4 m Fig. 4. Velocity along L1, L5, L8, and L9 (moving start at 10 s).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0,10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
L2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Velocity (m/s)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0123456789
Time (s) (c) 0.4 m Fig. 5. Velocity along L1, L2, L3, and L4 (moving start at 10 s).
Weiqin Wu and Zhang Lin / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1207 – 1211
1211
Acknowledgements The work described in this paper is supported by a General Research Grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51178407). References [1] Lin Z, Chow TT, Tsang CF, Fong KF, Chan LS. Stratum ventilation – A potential solution to elevated indoor temperatures. Building and Environment 2009; 44: 2256-2269. [2] Tian L, Lin Z, Wang Q. Experimental investigation of thermal and ventilation performances of stratum ventilation. Building and Environment 2011; 46: 1309-1320. [3] Lin Z, Lee CK, Fong S, Chow TT, Yao T, Chan ALS. Comparison of annual energy performances with, different ventilation methods for cooling. Energy and Building 2011; 43: 130-136. [4] Mattsson M, Sandberg M. Velocity field created by moving objects in rooms, In: Proceedings of roomvent’96, 5th international Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, Yokohama, Japan; 1996. [5] Han ZY, Weng WG, Huang QY. Numerical and experimental investigation on the dynamic airflow of human movement in a full-scale cabin. HVAC&R Research 2014; 20: 444-457. [6] Brohus H, Nielsen PV. CFD models of persons evaluated by full-scale wind channel experiments. In: Proceedings of roomvent’96, 5th international Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, Yokohama, Japan; 1996.