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Experiments on the strength of several kinds of building stone
Civil Engineering.
168
flats and shores, it reduces the tidal volume in direct proportion with its own.
Trusting that lhe results f,n'nished and the views here given will meet with your approbation, aud a concurrence in the opinion as to the importance of the subject. I am, &e.
F,,r {ho .Inurmd of the Flanklin Institute.
E,,'])er/me~!~ oa
"~.-:,o,gk of several kinds of Buibting S[oTle.
l!,,e ,~.......
By 1{. G. [Lwv;~:m), Architect, New York. fA pap~r rca:l 1,ell)re lhe American Institute of Architects.]
The following are lhe results of experiments made within a few weeks lo lest !he strew~th of such kinds of slone as are in common use in this m vicinity in the constructbn of buildintgs. The pressure applied wa~ by means of a hydraulic press. This press wase,mstructed for me by.\lessrs. R. H o e & Co.,in their best style of worlzmanship ; oil instl,ad of wa'..er is used to avoid corrosion, anii consequent friction. The pressure isindieated at all stages of the experiment b y a n index ',noving over a scale on u circular arc; the index being operated bylevers rm knife-edge bearings ; one of these levers is pressed by a piston playing in a small cylinder, the piston being operated by the oil under pressure. The press h a s a capacity of 60,000 pounds. In the experiments recorded below, I was kindly assisted byour fellow member, Mr. Welsh, :vim contributed many of the specimens. The Resiagance go Cruskn~_,.--[he specimens submitted to this test were two inch cubes of freestone. They were dressed to the shape about asaeeuratelv as cut stone used in the erection of buildings. To prevent anyunequaipress,lre on the p',~rts, they were bedded above and below in a Ibin layer of fine ~xmte sand. 1 I . results given below are the pounds per square inch ,,f lhe surface pressed, required to produce the first fracture. •
Kind. 13cfhwi[le, IN J,, ( ?on imcticut, ])re'chewier, ],iU h, Fal!,% (Jaen,
'
Number ,Jr Spet'iUlt!Ils.
'
O
"
Average resi
Specific Gravit','.
per S{]ll[l~l'e i n c h °
~3 2 5
3522 "~:~19 3115!t .."'a ~JI
,t
~ I)SS
~.3~8 '2.J 52 2".qg I 2.326 :
2.7~ 18
Resistance to Cross' 51r ~ n . - - I he. specimens submiI~ed to this test were
aboul 4 × 6 inches, and t6 inches ]ohg; laid on chairs with aclear beari n g o f one foot inlengib. The figures given below are t h e r e d u e e d relw sults, and exhibit for eachkind the constant, s, in the formula /3-7i2----- s, or the weight required to break a piece of the material one inch square,
.&nerican Patents which issued in December, 1857.
169
and one foot long, dear bearing, the weight concentrated at the middle of the length. Number of Specimens.
]{ind.
I
Blue stone fla~ging, Quincy granite, Little Fails freestone, Belleville "' Granite (blue,) (Another Quarry.) Bclleville fi'eestone, Connecticut " Dorchester Aubignd " Cae/l
Average valve lw ofs~b~.
3 2
~i
I ! Specific Gravity.
125 lbs. t04 96 82 72
2"707 2'658 2"326 2"328 2'604
7[ 52 43 37 25
2'273 2'462 2.289 2'472 2'218
The one specimen of granite giving a result so much below that of the other two specimens, was of a coarse texture, showing in the fracture the crystals of its ingredients large and distinct in form and color. .N'ew York, January 19, 1958.
AMERICAN
PATENTS.
List qf American Palen/s which issued from December 1M, to December 29lh, 1857, (inclusive,) wilh Exemplifications. D E C E M B E R l. 1. For an Improvement in Knillb~g Machines; Walter Aiken, Franklin, N. It. Clct;.m.--" A set or series of traversing needles arranged to slide imlependent of each other, in combination with the stationary plates between the needles to hold the fabric knit, when the stitches are formed, constructed, and operating as described. Also, a vibrating traversing yarn carrier, operated so as to hohl the yarn over or near the selvage, while the carrier is vibrated so as to change the latch opener. Also, a double edged latch opener, in combination with a vibrating yarn carrier, operated so as to change the latch opener. Also, the stationary rocker or supporting bar, so constructed and arranged as to support the outcr ends of the needles beyond the fabric, and under the latch opener."
2. For an Improveme~t i~z Ploughs; Joseph Banks, Dadeville, Alabama. C/alto.--" The arrangemcnt of the double branched colter, so that its rear branch rests on the point or share, and its forward branch supports tile undcr side of said point, in combination with the vertical, and ibrward, and rear adjustments of the colter in the beam." 3. For an Improvement in Speed Indicator; James M. Benekert, Philadelphia, Pa. Claim.--" The arrangement of the double threaded cam, segments, and swivel arm." 4. For an Improved Surveying Level; Christopher Beeker, Brooklyn, New York. " This improvement consists in the simplicity and greater accuracy of my instrument in the manner of supporting the telescope, the arrangement of the spider's thread, and Vet, XXXV.~THIRD SERII~S.--NO.3.IMxacn, 18,58. 15
168
flats and shores, it reduces the tidal volume in direct proportion with its own.
Trusting that lhe results f,n'nished and the views here given will meet with your approbation, aud a concurrence in the opinion as to the importance of the subject. I am, &e.
F,,r {ho .Inurmd of the Flanklin Institute.
E,,'])er/me~!~ oa
"~.-:,o,gk of several kinds of Buibting S[oTle.
l!,,e ,~.......
By 1{. G. [Lwv;~:m), Architect, New York. fA pap~r rca:l 1,ell)re lhe American Institute of Architects.]
The following are lhe results of experiments made within a few weeks lo lest !he strew~th of such kinds of slone as are in common use in this m vicinity in the constructbn of buildintgs. The pressure applied wa~ by means of a hydraulic press. This press wase,mstructed for me by.\lessrs. R. H o e & Co.,in their best style of worlzmanship ; oil instl,ad of wa'..er is used to avoid corrosion, anii consequent friction. The pressure isindieated at all stages of the experiment b y a n index ',noving over a scale on u circular arc; the index being operated bylevers rm knife-edge bearings ; one of these levers is pressed by a piston playing in a small cylinder, the piston being operated by the oil under pressure. The press h a s a capacity of 60,000 pounds. In the experiments recorded below, I was kindly assisted byour fellow member, Mr. Welsh, :vim contributed many of the specimens. The Resiagance go Cruskn~_,.--[he specimens submitted to this test were two inch cubes of freestone. They were dressed to the shape about asaeeuratelv as cut stone used in the erection of buildings. To prevent anyunequaipress,lre on the p',~rts, they were bedded above and below in a Ibin layer of fine ~xmte sand. 1 I . results given below are the pounds per square inch ,,f lhe surface pressed, required to produce the first fracture. •
Kind. 13cfhwi[le, IN J,, ( ?on imcticut, ])re'chewier, ],iU h, Fal!,% (Jaen,
'
Number ,Jr Spet'iUlt!Ils.
'
O
"
Average resi
Specific Gravit','.
per S{]ll[l~l'e i n c h °
~3 2 5
3522 "~:~19 3115!t .."'a ~JI
,t
~ I)SS
~.3~8 '2.J 52 2".qg I 2.326 :
2.7~ 18
Resistance to Cross' 51r ~ n . - - I he. specimens submiI~ed to this test were
aboul 4 × 6 inches, and t6 inches ]ohg; laid on chairs with aclear beari n g o f one foot inlengib. The figures given below are t h e r e d u e e d relw sults, and exhibit for eachkind the constant, s, in the formula /3-7i2----- s, or the weight required to break a piece of the material one inch square,
.&nerican Patents which issued in December, 1857.
169
and one foot long, dear bearing, the weight concentrated at the middle of the length. Number of Specimens.
]{ind.
I
Blue stone fla~ging, Quincy granite, Little Fails freestone, Belleville "' Granite (blue,) (Another Quarry.) Bclleville fi'eestone, Connecticut " Dorchester Aubignd " Cae/l
Average valve lw ofs~b~.
3 2
~i
I ! Specific Gravity.
125 lbs. t04 96 82 72
2"707 2'658 2"326 2"328 2'604
7[ 52 43 37 25
2'273 2'462 2.289 2'472 2'218
The one specimen of granite giving a result so much below that of the other two specimens, was of a coarse texture, showing in the fracture the crystals of its ingredients large and distinct in form and color. .N'ew York, January 19, 1958.
AMERICAN
PATENTS.
List qf American Palen/s which issued from December 1M, to December 29lh, 1857, (inclusive,) wilh Exemplifications. D E C E M B E R l. 1. For an Improvement in Knillb~g Machines; Walter Aiken, Franklin, N. It. Clct;.m.--" A set or series of traversing needles arranged to slide imlependent of each other, in combination with the stationary plates between the needles to hold the fabric knit, when the stitches are formed, constructed, and operating as described. Also, a vibrating traversing yarn carrier, operated so as to hohl the yarn over or near the selvage, while the carrier is vibrated so as to change the latch opener. Also, a double edged latch opener, in combination with a vibrating yarn carrier, operated so as to change the latch opener. Also, the stationary rocker or supporting bar, so constructed and arranged as to support the outcr ends of the needles beyond the fabric, and under the latch opener."
2. For an Improveme~t i~z Ploughs; Joseph Banks, Dadeville, Alabama. C/alto.--" The arrangemcnt of the double branched colter, so that its rear branch rests on the point or share, and its forward branch supports tile undcr side of said point, in combination with the vertical, and ibrward, and rear adjustments of the colter in the beam." 3. For an Improvement in Speed Indicator; James M. Benekert, Philadelphia, Pa. Claim.--" The arrangement of the double threaded cam, segments, and swivel arm." 4. For an Improved Surveying Level; Christopher Beeker, Brooklyn, New York. " This improvement consists in the simplicity and greater accuracy of my instrument in the manner of supporting the telescope, the arrangement of the spider's thread, and Vet, XXXV.~THIRD SERII~S.--NO.3.IMxacn, 18,58. 15